Liberalism and radicalism in Romania

This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Romania. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in this scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary for a party to have actually labeled itself as a liberal party.

Background

Liberalism has been one of the major political forces in Romania since the Wallachian Revolution of 1848, which was later mainly organized in the centre-right historical National Liberal Party (PNL), especially at governmental level.

As of July 2022, the contemporary National Liberal Party (PNL) is the head of the Romanian government with its incumbent Prime Minister, Nicolae Ciucă, with elected members in both houses of the Romanian Parliament (more specifically 80 in the Chamber of Deputies and 37 in the Senate) as well as in the European Parliament (where it is the largest Romanian party, having 10 MEPs out of 33 allocated for Romania). At European Parliament level, the PNL is a member party of European People's Party (EPP) and thereby part of the European People's Party Group (EPP Group).

The National Liberal Party (PNL) has historically had many spin-offs (or breakaway factions) and mergers alike with other centre-right parties (many of which were former breakaway factions returning to the main party). For example, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) was such a notable relatively recent spin-off/breakaway faction. Furthermore, the Romanian ALDE was a junior partner in a coalition government along the Social Democratic Party (PSD) between 2017 and 2019, before merging again in the PNL in early 2022.

History

Precursors

1822: Ionică Tăutu, representing a group of low-ranking boyars in Moldavia, proposed a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles
1834: Ion Câmpineanu leads the liberal opposition to Russian influence in Wallachia's National Assembly
1840: Mitică Filipescu led a radical, carbonari-inspired conspiracy in Wallachia
1840: Mihail Kogălniceanu published the short-lived Dacia Literară, a Romantic nationalist and liberal magazine, engendering a literary society
1843: Nicolae Bălcescu and others led the Frăţia radical conspiracy in Wallachia
1845: Radical students from both Wallachia and Moldavia founded Societatea Studenţilor Români (the "Society of Romanian Students") in Paris
1848: The unsuccessful Moldavian revolution, during which Moldavian liberals issued a Petition-Proclamation
1848: The liberal-minded Blaj Assemblies in Transylvania, in the context of revolutions inside the Austrian Empire
1848: The Wallachian revolution – liberals formed a Provisional Government in Bucharest, and were divided over the issue of land reform, with a radical current forming around Bălcescu
1856: The liberal current formed the majority in Partida Naţională, a loose group supporting the union of the Danubian Principalities
1859: After the union, liberals formed a distinct faction in the Parliament of Romania
1864: Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza established a personal regime, in order to pass liberal legislation against mounting opposition
1866: Mainstream liberals supported Cuza's removal from the throne; a faction of the liberal current opposed to the new constitution formed the Moldavian-based Fracţiunea liberă şi independentă, influenced by Simion Bărnuțiu and led by Nicolae Ionescu

National Liberal Party (PNL)

1875: The liberal current organised itself in the National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional-Liberal), led by Ion Brătianu
1884: A faction formed the Radical Party, led by C.A. Rosetti and George Panu
1899: The National Liberal Party absorbs the right-wing of the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
1918: The Peasants' Party absorbs a left-wing tendency in the National Liberal Party formed around Constantin Stere
1929: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Brătianu
1931: A faction formed the Liberal Democratic Party, which remained unsuccessful. The same year a majority of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party
1938: The rest of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party
1938: The party is banned by King Carol II
1944: The party resumed its activities
1944: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Tătărescu
1947: The Brătianu faction dissolves itself
1990: A party claiming the National Liberal legacy is founded by Radu Câmpeanu
1990: A youth faction of the National Liberal Party formed the ⇒ Liberal Party Youth Wing
1991: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention
1995: The ⇒ Liberal party 1993 merged into the National Liberal Party, the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu seceded from the party
1998: The party absorbed the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party
2002: The Alliance for Romania (Alianţa pentru România) merged into the National Liberal Party
2003: The Union of Right-Wing Forces (Uniunea Forţelor de Dreapta) and the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu merged into the party

National Liberal Party-Brătianu (PNL-B)

1929: A breakaway faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party–Brătianu (Romanian: Partidul Naţional Liberal-Brătianu), supporting Gheorghe I. Brătianu as its president;
1931: Most of the party returned to the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL);
1938: The party reunited with the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

National Liberal Party–Tătărescu (PNL-T)

1944: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party–Tătărescu (Romanian: Partidul Naţional Liberal-Tătărescu, PNL-T) which was presided initially by former Prime Minister and PNL member Gheorghe Tătărescu (who was also previously a member of the National Renaissance Front, FRN) and then, subsequently, by Petre Bejan towards the end of its political existence;
1946: The party ran in that year's Romanian general election with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) and the Ploughmen's Front (FP), being part of the People's Democratic Front (Romanian: Frontul Democrației Populare, FDP) which at that time ran as the Bloc of Democratic Parties (Romanian: Blocul Partidelor Democratice, BPD). The election was fraudulently won by the Communists. The party was briefly part of the Communist-dominated governmental coalition led by Petru Groza between 1946 until 1947;
1948: The party decided to ran separately in that year's Romanian legislative election, in opposition towards the Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD). It entered the unicameral Parliament (or, as it was now back then, the Great National Assembly) with a very feeble number of elected representatives, more specifically 7. For that year's legislative election, the party leadership switched from Tătărescu to Bejan and remained as such during the upcoming years;
1950: The party ceased its political activity, being banned (or dissolved) by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR).

From National Liberal Party Youth Wing (PNL-AT) to Liberal Party 1993 (PL '93)

1990: A youth faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party Youth Wing (Romanian: Partidul Naţional Liberal-Aripa Tînără, PNL-AT) in opposition to then leadership of the party which was presided by Radu Câmpeanu;
1992: The party was renamed Liberal Party (Romanian: Partidul Liberal) and was led by Horia Rusu;
1993: The Liberal Party merged with the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (PNL-CD) and the Group for Moral and Political Reforms into the Liberal Party 1993 (Romanian: Partidul Liberal 1993, PL '93), joined by a faction of the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party (PAC);
1995: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Civic Alliance Party (PAC)

1991: A section of the Civic Alliance (PAC) non-governmental organization established the Civic Alliance Party (Romanian: Partidul Alianţa Civică), led by Nicolae Manolescu;
1993: A faction joined the ⇒ Liberal Party 1993;
1998: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (PNL-CD)

1991: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (Romanian: Partidul Naţional Liberal-Convenţia Democrată, PNL-CD), in opposition to Radu Câmpeanu, then incumbent PNL president, who withdrew the party from the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) shortly before the 1992 Romanian general election;
1993: The party merged into the ⇒ Liberal Party 1993.

National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu (PNL-C)

1995: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) centered around former PNL president, Provisional Council of National Unity (CPUN) vice-president, and Senate vice-president Radu Câmpeanu formed the National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu (Romanian: Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Câmpeanu, PNL-C);
2003: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Alliance for Romania (ApR)

1997: A faction of the ⇒ Party for Social Democracy of Romania (PDSR) formed the Alliance for Romania (Romanian: Alianța pentru România, ApR) presided by former FDSN Minister of Foreign Affairs Teodor Meleșcanu;
2002: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Democratic Liberal Party (PDL)

1990: The National Salvation Front (FSN) was founded;
1992: Conflict broke between FSN leaders Ion Iliescu and Petre Roman which led to the break-away of the wing supporting Iliescu known as the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN);
1993: Under the leadership of former FSN Prime Minister Petre Roman, the FSN changed its name to the Democratic Party (PD), adopting social democracy and social liberalism as main ideologies;
2004: The National Liberal Party (PNL) and Democratic Party (PD) formed the ⇒ Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) and joined a government coalition after the 2004 legislative and presidential elections;
2005: PD abandons social democracy and social liberalism in favour of social conservatism and neoliberalism;
2006: The Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) was disbanded and a faction of the National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat Liberal, PLD) presided by former PNL president and former FSN Prime Minister Theodor Stolojan;
2007: The Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) merged with the Democratic Party (PD) and formed ⇒ the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL);
2014: The Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE)

2014: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the Liberal Reformist Party (Romanian: Partidul Liberal Reformator, PLR);
2015: The Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) merged into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Romanian: Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților, ALDE);
2022: The party merged into ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Force of the Right (FD)

2021: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) led by former Prime Minister and PNL president Ludovic Orban formed the Force of the Right (Romanian: Forța Dreptei, FD) in opposition to current PNL presidency officially led by Nicolae Ciucă and unofficially by Klaus Iohannis.

Presidents of the National Liberal Party (1875–present)

Nº	Name	Term start	Term end
1	Ion Brătianu	1875	1891
2	Dumitru Brătianu	1891	1892
3	Dimitrie Sturdza	1892	1908
4	Ion I. C. Brătianu	1908	24 November 1927
5	Vintilă Brătianu	November/December 1927	1930
6	Ion Duca	1930	30 December 1933
7	Dinu Brătianu	December 1933	1948
	none (party dissolved/banned during Romanian Communist Party rule)	1948	1989
8	Radu Câmpeanu	January 1990	February 1993
9	Mircea Ionescu-Quintus	February 1993	February 2001
10	Valeriu Stoica	February 2001	August 2002
11	Theodor Stolojan	August 2002	October 2004
12	Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu	October 2004	March 2009
13	Crin Antonescu	March 2009	June 2014
14	Klaus Iohannis	June 2014	December 2014
15	Vasile Blaga	December 2014	September 2016
16	Alina Gorghiu	December 2014	December 2016
–	Raluca Turcan (acting/ad interim)	December 2016	June 2017
17	Ludovic Orban	June 2017	September 2021
18	Florin Cîțu	September 2021	April 2022
–	Gheorghe Flutur (acting/ad interim)	April 2022	April 2022
19	Nicolae Ciucă	April 2022	Incumbent