This article is about the libertarian political philosophy within the socialist movement. For the branch of anarchism emphasizing social equality, see Social anarchism. For the type of libertarianism stressing both individual freedom and social equality, see Left-libertarianism. For the political philosophy that incorporates liberal principles to socialism, see Liberal socialism. For the variety of liberalism that endorses a regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights, see Social liberalism.
While its key principles of decentralisation, workers' control and mutual aid are generally shared across the many schools of libertarian socialism, differences have emerged over the questions of revolutionary spontaneity, reformism, and whether to prioritise the abolition of the state or of capitalism.
Libertarian socialists tend to reject the view that political institutions such as the state represent an inherently good, or even neutral, power.[12] Some libertarian socialists, such as Peter Kropotkin, consider the state to be an inherent instrument of landlordism and capitalism, therefore opposing the state with equal intensity as they oppose capitalism.[13]
Libertarian socialism first emerged from the anti-authoritarian faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), after it was expelled from the organisation by the Marxist faction at the Hague Congress of 1872.[23] The libertarian socialist Mikhail Bakunin had rejected Karl Marx's calls for a "dictatorship of the proletariat", as he predicted it would only create a new ruling class, composed of a privileged minority, which would use the state to oppress the working classes. He concluded that: "no dictatorship can have any other aim than to perpetuate itself, and it can only give rise to and instill slavery in the people that tolerates it."[24] Marxists responded to this by insisting on the eventual "withering away of the state", in which society would transition from dictatorship to anarchy, in an apparent attempt to synthesise authoritarian and libertarian forms of socialism.[25]
This put libertarian socialists into direct competition with social democrats and communists for influence over left-wing politics, in a contest which lasted for over fifty years.[23] Libertarian socialism proved attractive to British writers such as Edward Carpenter,[26]Oscar Wilde,[27] and William Morris, the latter of whom developed a kind of libertarian socialism based in a strong critique of civilization, which he aimed to overthrow and replace with what he called a "beautiful society".[28] Morris drove the development of impossibilism, which became increasingly concerned with the bureaucratisation and moderation of the socialist movement, leading to the establishment of the Socialist Party of Great Britain.[29]
By the early 20th century, libertarian socialists had gained a leading influence over the left-wing in the Netherlands, France and Italy and went on to play major roles in the Mexican and Russian Revolutions.[23]
Anarchists also organised among the urban proletariat, forming clandestine factory committees that proved more attractive to revolution-minded workers than the more reformisttrade unions favoured by the Bolsheviks. During the 1917 Revolution, in which libertarian socialists played a leading role, the Bolsheviks changed tack and adopted elements of the libertarian socialist programme in their appeals to the workers. But by 1919, the new Bolshevik government had come to view the libertarian socialists as a threat to their power and moved to eliminate their influence. Libertarian socialist organisations were banned and many of their members were arrested, deported to Siberia or executed by the Cheka.[32]
The Revolutions of 1917–1923 ended in defeat for the libertarian socialists, with either the social democrats, the Bolsheviks or nationalists rising to power. Libertarian socialists responded by reevaluating their positions, emphasising mass organisation over intellectual vanguardism and revolutionary spontaneity over substitutionism.[33] They also came to conceive the "dictatorship of the proletariat" as a form of class power, rather than as the dictatorship of a political party. Many Marxists of the period were attracted to this position, including Rosa Luxemburg in Germany, Antonie Pannekoek in the Netherlands, Sylvia Pankhurst in Britain, György Lukács in Hungary and Antonio Gramsci in Italy.[34]
Spanish Revolution
Libertarian socialism reached its apex of popularity with the Spanish Revolution of 1936, during which libertarian socialists led "the largest and most successful revolution against capitalism to ever take place in any industrial economy".[23]
In Spain, traditional forms of self-management and common ownership dated back to the 15th century. The Levante, where collective self-management of irrigation was commonplace, became the hotbed of anarchist collectivisation.[35] Building on this traditional collectivism, from 1876, the Spanish libertarian socialist movement grew through sustained agitation and the establishment of alternative institutions that culminated in the Spanish Revolution.[36] During this period, a series of workers' congresses, first convoked by the Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA, debated and refined proposals for the construction of a libertarian socialist society. Over several decades, resolutions from these congresses formed the basis of a specific program on a range of issues, from the structure of communes and the post-revolutionary economy to libertarian cultural and artistic initiatives.[37] These proposals were published in the pages of widely distributed libertarian socialist periodicals, such as Solidaridad Obrera and Tierra y Libertad, which each circulated tens of thousands of copies. By the outbreak of the revolution, the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) enjoyed widespread popularity, counting 1.5 million members within its ranks.[38]
During the revolution, the means of production were brought under workers' control and worker cooperatives formed the basis for the new economy.[39] According to Gaston Leval, the CNT established an agrarian federation in the Levante that encompassed 78% of Spain's most arable land. The regional federation was populated by 1,650,000 people, 40% of whom lived on the region's 900 agrarian collectives, which were self-organised by peasant unions.[40]
Although industrial and agricultural production was at its highest in the anarchist-controlled areas of the Spanish Republic, and the anarchist militias displayed the strongest military discipline, liberals and communists alike blamed the "sectarian" libertarian socialists for the defeat of the Republic in the Spanish Civil War. These charges have been disputed by contemporary libertarian socialists, such as Robin Hahnel and Noam Chomsky, who have accused such claims of lacking substantial evidence.[41]
Decline
Following the defeat of the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, libertarian socialism fell into decline.[42]Left-wing politics throughout the world came to be dominated either by social democracy or Marxism-Leninism, which attained power in a number of countries and thus had the means to support their ideological allies. In contrast, libertarian socialists were not able to gain influence within the labour movement. At a time when reformist trade unions were consistently winning concessions, the libertarian socialists' anti-reformist message gained little traction. Their platform of workers' self-management also failed to appeal to industrial workers, who were increasingly falling in line under scientific management.[43] Until the 1960s, libertarian socialists were limited mostly to making critiques of authoritarian socialism and capitalism, although these arguments were largely overshadowed by those from neoconservatives and Marxists respectively.[44]
New Left
Libertarian socialist themes received a revival during the 1960s, when it was reconstituted as part of the nascent New Left.[45] This revival occurred largely unconsciously, as new leftists were often unaware of their libertarian socialist predecessors. The concepts of grassroots democracy, workers' control, solidarity and autonomy were thus reinvented by the new generation.[46] They also picked up the principles of decentralisation, participatory democracy and mutual aid.[47] These libertarian socialist themes drove the growth of the New Left, which by this point was disillusioned by the mainstream social democratic and Marxist-Leninist political groupings, due to the capitalistic tendencies of the former and the rigid authoritarianism of the latter.[45]
A specific and explicit libertarian socialist tendency also began to emerge. While some more libertarian Marxists adopted the term in order to distinguish themselves from authoritarian socialists,[50] anarchists began calling themselves "libertarian socialist" in order to avoid the negative connotations associated with anarchism.[51] The libertarian socialist Daniel Guérin specifically attempted to synthesise anarchism and Marxism into a single tendency, which inspired the growth of the French libertarian communist movement.[52] For a time, even the American anarcho-capitalist theorist Murray Rothbard attempted to make common cause with libertarian socialists, but later shifted away from socialism and towards right-wing populism.[53]
While most sections of the New Left expressed a form of libertarian socialism, others were instead being inspired by the Cuban and Chinese Communist Revolutions to embrace forms of authoritarian socialism such as Maoism–Third Worldism.[62] As such, the New Left failed to form a coherent ideological program or establish lasting support to carry forward the momentum of the late 1960s, resulting in many dropping out of activism altogether.[63]
New social movements
A minority from the New Left continued their radical activism within the new social movements of the 1970s and 1980s, becoming involved in second-wave feminism, the gay liberation movement, environmental movement and eventually the anti-globalization movement.[63] According to Robin Hahnel, new social movements continued the New Left's tendency of failing to develop a "comprehensive libertarian socialist theory and practice". Libertarian socialist activism became focused on achieving practical reforms and theoretical developments centred around common "core values" such as economic democracy, economic justice and sustainable development, without building a coherent critique of capitalism.[64] During this period, alternative models to capitalism proposed by libertarian socialists were often incoherent and reformist campaigns subsumed their commitment to anti-capitalism. Many libertarian socialists abandoned "big picture politics" in favour of single-issue campaigns, resulting in the compartmentalisation of these movements.[65]
These movements were somewhat successful in achieving their goals: the movement for gay and women's rights changed societal outlook on gender oppression; the anti-racist movement proved it necessary to tackle the social aspects of racialisation; the anti-imperialist movement reconceived of anti-imperialism outside of economic terms; and the environmentalist movement launched a wave of ecological defense and restoration. Together they broke from the class reductionism prevalent in traditional forms of libertarian socialism, proving intersectional oppressions other than class also demanded attention.[66] Through the new social movements, libertarian socialism developed an awareness of different aspects of oppression, beyond class analysis.[67]
Contemporary era
Libertarian socialism again received a revival of interest in the wake of the fall of communism and concurrent rise of neoliberalism.[42] It proved particularly attractive to people from the former Eastern Bloc, who saw it as an alternative both to western capitalism and Marxism-Leninism.[68] Since the end of the Cold War, there have been two major experiments in libertarian socialism: the Zapatista uprising in Mexico and the Rojava Revolution in Syria.[69]
Principally this regards the currents of classical anarchism, developed in the 19th century, in their commitments to autonomy and freedom, decentralization, opposing hierarchy, and opposing the vanguardism of authoritarian socialism.
Anarcho-syndicalist Gaston Leval explained: "We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organised society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion".[83]
A onetime cabinet minister in the United Kingdom, Labour Party politician Peter Hain, has written in support of libertarian socialism.[86] Hain identifies an axis involving a "bottom-up vision of socialism, with anarchists at the revolutionary end and democratic socialists [such as himself] at its reformist end" as opposed to the axis of state socialism with Marxist–Leninists at the revolutionary end and social democrats at the reformist end.[87] In addition to Hain, Robin Cook, who was a contemporary mainstream Labour politician in the late 20th and early 21st century, has been described as a libertarian socialist as well.[88] The Democratic Socialists of America, the largest socialist organization in the United States, has a Libertarian Socialist Caucus.[89]
Debates
Reasons for decline
American economist Robin Hahnel claimed that libertarian socialists "were by far the worst underachievers among 20th century anticapitalists."[90] He contrasted libertarian socialist failings with those of social democracy, arguing that while the latter had abandoned their principles of economic democracy and justice in favour of reformism, the former had proved incapable of sustaining anti-capitalist uprisings and largely ignored the importance of political and economic reform.[91] Hahnel consequently suggested that, in the 21st century, libertarian socialists should work together with other anti-capitalist social movements, organize for reform without abandoning anti-capitalist principles and strive to build grassroots institutions of self-management, even if those projects are "imperfect".[23]
Priorities
While most libertarian socialists consider it necessary to combat both economic and political power in tandem, regarding each as fundamental to the survival of the other, some consider it a priority to combat one or the other first.[92] Some, such as Mikhail Bakunin and Alexander Berkman, considered capitalism to rely on the support and protection of the state. They thus concluded that if the state were to be abolished, capitalism would naturally dissolve in its wake.[93] But others, including Noam Chomsky, believe that the state is only inherently oppressive because of its control by a plutocratic class and that "society is governed by those who own it". Chomsky holds that government, while not benign, can at least be held accountable, while corporate power is neither benign nor accountable.[94] Though he holds the abolition of the state to be desirable, Chomsky considers the abolition of capitalism to be of greater urgency.[95]
See also
Freiwirtschaft ("free economy"), idea based on the "natural economic order"
Sociocracy, governance system using consent, rather than majority voting
Libertarianism, a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core principle
^ abFrère, Bruno; Reinecke, Juliane (2011). "A Libertarian Socialist Response to the 'Big Society': The Solidarity Economy". In Hull, Richard; Gibbon, Jane; Branzei, Oana; Haugh, Helen (eds.). The Third Sector. UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 125–126. doi:10.1108/S2046-6072(2011)0000001015. hdl:2268/172850. ISBN978-1-78052-280-7. ISSN2046-6072. The libertarian socialist cooperative movement was one of the two forms of socialist responses to the rise of capitalism and the concentration of private ownership in the middle of the 19th century." "Proudhon's left libertarian socialism promotes the decentralisation of power and public sovereignty ... through the formation of locally managed mutual and cooperative organisations ....
^ abcdKan, Sergei (2023). A Maverick Boasian: The Life and Work of Alexander A. Goldenweiser. Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology Series. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN978-1-4962-3348-6. Libertarian socialism ... tends to advocate a worker-oriented system of production and organization in the workplace that in some ways departs radically from neoclassical economics in favor of democratic cooperatives or common ownership of the means of production.
^ abIntropi, Pietro (2022-06-01). "Reciprocal libertarianism". European Journal of Political Theory. 23: 23–43. doi:10.1177/14748851221099659. hdl:2262/98664. ISSN1474-8851. I show that reciprocal libertarianism can be realised in a framework of individual ownership of external resources or in a socialist scheme of common ownership (libertarian socialism).
^Asimakopoulos, John (April–June 2016). "A radical proposal for direct democracy in large societies". Brazilian Journal of Political Economy. 36 (2): 430–447. doi:10.1590/0101-31572016v36n02a10. ISSN0101-3157. Direct democracy is what today is referred to as libertarian socialism including anarchism. The very idea upon which libertarian socialism is founded is that every person in the community represents themselves and votes directly with the community on matters related to its governance.
Berry, David (2012). "The Search for a Libertarian Communism: Daniel Guérin and the 'Synthesis' of Marxism and Anarchism". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 187–209. ISBN978-0-230-28037-3.
Boraman, Toby (2012). "Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 251–274. ISBN978-0-230-28037-3.
Cornell, Andrew (2012). "'White Skin, Black Masks': Marxist and Anti-racist Roots of Contemporary US Anarchism". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–186. ISBN978-0-230-28037-3.
Hahnel, Robin (2012). "The Economic Crisis and Libertarian Socialists". In Shannon, Deric; Nocella, Anthony J.; Asimakopoulos, John (eds.). The Accumulation of Freedom: Writings on Anarchist Economics. AK Press. pp. 159–177. ISBN978-1-84935-094-5. LCCN2011936250.
Hirsch, Steven J.; van der Walt, Lucien (2010a). "Rethinking Anarchism and Syndicalism: the colonial and postcolonial experience, 1870–1940". In Hirsch, Steven J.; van der Walt, Lucien (eds.). Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940. Studies in Global Social History. Vol. 6. Leiden: Brill. pp. xxxi–lxxiii. ISBN978-9004188495. OCLC868808983.
Hirsch, Steven J.; van der Walt, Lucien (2010b). "Final Reflections: the vicissitudes of anarchist and syndicalist trajectories, 1940 to the present". In Hirsch, Steven J.; van der Walt, Lucien (eds.). Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940. Studies in Global Social History. Vol. 6. Leiden: Brill. pp. 395–412. ISBN978-9004188495. OCLC868808983.
Levy, Carl (2012). "Antonio Gramsci, Anarchism, Syndicalism and Sovversivismo". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 96–115. ISBN978-0-230-28037-3.
Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN978-1-4411-1928-5.
Pinta, Saku; Berry, David (2012). "Towards a Libertarian Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 294–303. ISBN978-0-230-28037-3.
Pinta, Saku; Kinna, Ruth; Prichard, Alex; Berry, David (2017). "Preface". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, David (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red (2nd ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. ISBN978-1-62963-390-9. LCCN2016959590.
Price, Wayne (2012). "The Anarchist Method: An Experimental Approach to Post-Capitalist Economies". In Shannon, Deric; Nocella, Anthony J.; Asimakopoulos, John (eds.). The Accumulation of Freedom: Writings on Anarchist Economics. AK Press. pp. 313–325. ISBN978-1-84935-094-5. LCCN2011936250.
Shannon, Deric; Nocella, Anthony J.; Asimakopoulos, John, eds. (2012). "Anarchist Economics: A Holistic View". The Accumulation of Freedom: Writings on Anarchist Economics. AK Press. pp. 11–39. ISBN978-1-84935-094-5. LCCN2011936250.
Vrousalis, Nicholas (April 2011). "Libertarian Socialism: A Better Reconciliation between Equality and Self-Ownership". Social Theory & Practice. 37 (2). Florida State University: 211–226. ISSN2154-123X. JSTOR23558541.
Artikel ini bukan mengenai S-train (Kopenhagen).S-TRAINRangkaian Seibu seri 40000 yang digunakan pada layanan S-TrainIkhtisarSistemlayanan kereta komuter dengan kursi yang dipesan (Reservasi)StatusAktifTerminusTokorozawa (Hari Kerja) Seibu-Chichibu (Akhir Pekan) Toyosu (Hari Kerja) Motomachi-Chukagai (Akhir Pekan)Situs webhttps://www.seiburailway.jp/railway/reservedtrain/s-train/OperasiDibuka25 Maret 2017OperatorSeibu Railway, Tokyo Metro, Tokyu Corporation, dan Yokohama Minatomirai RailwayRangk…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. BingAlbum studio karya Grace SimonDirilis1976GenrePopLabelPurnama RecordsKronologi Grace Simon Bing (1976) Tirai (1979)Tirai1979 Bing merupakan album musik utama karya Grace Simon. Dirilis pada tahun 1976. Lagu utamanya di album ini ialah Bing dan O …
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Isches. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiIsches merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ameuvelle An…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir DAF. Diocèse aux Armées françaises(la) Ordinariatus castrensis Galliæ Logo officiel du Diocèse aux armées françaises. Informations générales Rite liturgique Romain Type de juridiction Diocèse Création Vicariat : 26 juillet 1952, Ordinariat : 21 juillet 1986 Province ecclésiastique Directement subordonné au Saint-Siège Siège Paris Conférence des évêques Conférence des évêques de France Titulaire actuel Antoine de Romanet Statistique…
Ini adalah nama Tionghoa; marganya adalah Chen. Chen WeixingWeixing (2012)Personal informationNama lengkapChen WeixingKebangsaan AustriaLahir27 April 1972 (umur 51)Mongolia Dalam, ChinaGaya bermainAttacking Chopper Rekam medali Putra Tenis meja Mewakili Austria World Cup 2007 Magdeburg Team 2010 Dubai Team European Championships 2003 Courmayeur Doubles 2003 Courmayeur Mixed Doubles 2005 Aarhus Mixed Doubles 2005 Aarhus Team 2002 Zagreb Mixed Doubles Chen Weixing (Simplified Chine…
Fattah AminFattah diwawancarai di acara MeleTOP di Astro Ria pada tanggal 23 September 2014.LahirAbdul Fattah bin Mohd Amin14 September 1990 (umur 33)Setiawangsa, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPendidikanGelar Manajemen Industri KreatifAlmamater Universiti Teknologi MARA (UITM) Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Pekerjaan Pemeran penyanyi pembawa acara model duta pengusaha Tahun aktif2011–sekarangTinggi183 cm (6 ft 0 in)BeratMakan Empat Kali Sehari, Badan Fattah Amin Naik 20kg Ast…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يونيو 2020) هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين …
Saturated soil type Distribution of Gleysols A gleysol or gley soil is a hydric soil that unless drained is saturated with groundwater for long enough to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. The pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish, or yellowish colours at surfaces of soil particles and/or in the upper soil horizons mixed with greyish/blueish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. Gleysols are also known as Gleyzems, meadow soils, Aqu-suborders of Entisols, …
العلاقات التشادية السنغافورية تشاد سنغافورة تشاد سنغافورة تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات التشادية السنغافورية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين تشاد وسنغافورة.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة…
العلاقات اليابانية المالطية اليابان مالطا اليابان مالطا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات اليابانية المالطية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين اليابان ومالطا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة الي…
Resolusi 1684Dewan Keamanan PBBLokasi Rwanda di Uni AfrikaTanggal13 Juni 2006Sidang no.5.455KodeS/RES/1684 (Dokumen)TopikPengadilan Pidana Internasional untuk RwandaRingkasan hasil15 mendukungTidak ada menentangTidak ada abstainHasilDiadopsiKomposisi Dewan KeamananAnggota tetap Tiongkok Prancis Rusia Britania Raya Amerika SerikatAnggota tidak tetap Argentina Denmark Ghana Jepang Rep. Kongo Peru Qatar Slowakia Tanzani…
2002 German filmFührer ExDirected byWinfried BonengelWritten by Winfried Bonengel Ingo Hasselbach Douglas Graham Produced byLaurens StraubClementina HegewischRainer MockertStarring Aaron Hildebrand Christian Blümel CinematographyFrank BarbianEdited byMonika SchindlerMusic byLoek DikkerMichael BeckmannProductioncompaniesMBP (Germany)Next FilmStudioCanalRelease dateAugust 31, 2002 (2002-08-31)Running time107 min.CountryGermanyLanguageGermanBudget€5 000 000 Führer Ex is a German…
Jacqueline SimoneauInformasi pribadiKewarganegaraan KanadaLahir29 September 1996 (umur 27)Chambly, Quebec, KanadaTinggi163 cm (5 ft 4 in)Berat59 kg (130 pon) (130 pon) OlahragaOlahragaRenangStrokRenang indahKlubCanada Artistic Swimming Rekam medali Mewakili Kanada Renang indah Kejuaraan Renang Junior Dunia Helsinki 2014 Solo Volos 2012 Solo Pesta Olahraga Pan Amerika Toronto 2015 Duet putri Toronto 2015 Tim putri Lima 2019 Duet putri Lima 2019 Tim putri J…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Marga Tiga, Lampung Timur – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Marga TigaKecamatanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiLampungKabupatenLampung TimurPemerintahan • CamatA. SoimKode Kemenda…
Native American tribe of the Great Plains For other uses, see Mandan (disambiguation). MandanPortrait of Sha-kó-ka, a Mandan girl,by George Catlin, 1832Total population1,171 (2010)[1]Regions with significant populations United States ( North Dakota)LanguagesEnglish • Hidatsa • formerly MandanRelated ethnic groupsHidatsa, Arikara The Mandan are a Native American tribe of the Great Plains who have lived for centuries primarily in what is now North …
Artikel ini sudah memiliki daftar referensi, bacaan terkait, atau pranala luar, tetapi sumbernya belum jelas karena belum menyertakan kutipan pada kalimat. Mohon tingkatkan kualitas artikel ini dengan memasukkan rujukan yang lebih mendetail bila perlu. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Ba…
American politician This article is about the son. For the father, see Elisha Dyer. Elisha Dyer Jr.45th Governor of Rhode IslandIn officeMay 25, 1897 – May 29, 1900LieutenantAram J. PothierWilliam GregoryPreceded byCharles W. LippittSucceeded byWilliam Gregory23rd Mayor of Providence, Rhode IslandIn officeJanuary 1906 – November 29, 1906Preceded byAugustus S. MillerSucceeded byPatrick J. McCarthyMember of the Rhode Island SenateIn office1877–1904Member of the Rhod…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'operazione dell'invasione russa dell'Ucraina del 2022, vedi Offensiva su Kiev (2022). Offensiva su Kievparte del fronte orientale della seconda guerra mondialeLe truppe sovietiche entrano a Kiev liberataData3-13 novembre 1943 LuogoKiev, Ucraina Esitovittoria sovietica Schieramenti Germania Unione Sovietica Comandanti Erich von Manstein Hermann Hoth Nikolaj Vatutin Pavel Rybalko Effettivi400.000 soldati400 mezzi corazzati655 aerei[1]671.000…