Workers' self-management, also referred to as labor management and organizational self-management, is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce. Self-management is a defining characteristic of socialism, with proposals for self-management having appeared many times throughout the history of the socialist movement, advocated variously by democratic, libertarian and market socialists as well as anarchists and communists.[1]
There are many variations of self-management. In some variants, all the worker-members manage the enterprise directly through assemblies while in other forms workers exercise management functions indirectly through the election of specialist managers. Self-management may include worker supervision and oversight of an organization by elected bodies, the election of specialized managers, or self-directed management without any specialized managers as such.[2] The goals of self-management are to improve performance by granting workers greater autonomy in their day-to-day operations, boosting morale, reducing alienation and eliminating exploitation when paired with employee ownership.[3]
An enterprise that is self-managed is referred to as a labour-managed firm. Self-management refers to control rights within a productive organization, being distinct from the questions of ownership and what economic system the organization operates under.[4] Self-management of an organization may coincide with employee ownership of that organization, but self-management can also exist in the context of organizations under public ownership and to a limited extent within private companies in the form of co-determination and worker representation on the board of directors.
An economic system consisting of self-managed enterprises is sometimes referred to as a participatory economy, self-managed economy, or cooperative economy. This economic model is a major version of market socialism and decentralized planned economy, stemming from the notion that people should be able to participate in making the decisions that affect their well-being. The major proponents of self-managed market socialism in the 20th century include the economists Benjamin N. Ward, Jaroslav Vanek and Branko Horvat.[5] Horvat says that participation is not simply more desirable, but also more economically viable than traditional hierarchical and authoritarian management as demonstrated by econometric measurements which indicate an increase in efficiency with greater participation in decision-making. Writing from the perspective of socialist Yugoslavia in the early 1980s, Horvat suggested that the larger world was moving toward a self-governing socialistic mode of organization as well.[6]
Labor managed firm
The theory of the labor managed firm explains the behavior, performance and nature of self-managed organizational forms. Although self-managed (or labor-managed) firms can coincide with worker ownership (employee ownership), the two are distinct concepts and one need not imply the other.
Neoclassical economics
According to traditional neoclassical economic theory, in a competitive market economy ownership of capital assets by labor (the workforce of a given firm) should have no significant impact on firm performance.[7]
Much of the research on labor-managed firms in the neoclassical tradition revolved around the question of the presumed maximand (objective function) of such firms (i.e. the answer to the question "what do labor-managed firms maximize?", e.g. income per worker or profits) and its implications.[8] The first model of a labor-managed firm in this tradition has been suggested by American economist Benjamin Ward in 1958 who was interested in the analysis of Yugoslav firms.[9] According to Ward, the labor-managed firm strives to maximize income per worker as contrasted with the traditional capitalist firms' objective function of maximizing profit for external owners. Based on this assumption, Ward presented an analysis that was critical of labor-managed firms. In particular, he argued that a supply curve of a labor-managed firm has a negative slope: an increase in the market price of the product produced by a labor-managed firm will not make it increase production and hire new members. It followed that an economy consisting of labor-managed firms would have a tendency to underutilize labor and tend toward higher rates of unemployment. Ward's model was developed further by Evsey Domar and generalized by Jaroslav Vaněk.[10]
These purely theoretical analyses were criticized by Yugoslav economist Branko Horvat in 1971 who argued for empirical analysis of actually existing labor-managed Yugoslav firms and practices utilized by their members. In particular, he noted that workers fix wages at the beginning of a year and then adjust them based on the earnings of the enterprise. He noted that this behavioral rule, if made a part of the theoretical model, implies that the market behavior of a labor-managed firm is, contrary to theses by Ward and his followers, much more similar to the hypothetical behavior of a "traditional", profit-maximizing firm.[11]
Building on a larger body of empirical studies, contemporary Canadian economist Gregory Dow has carried out extensive theoretical research on labor-managed firms from the neoclassical perspective, focussing on explaining the rarity of labor-managed firms relative to capital-managed ones.[12]
Classical economics
In the 19th century, the idea of a self-managed economy was first fully articulated by the anarchist philosopher and economist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.[13] This economic model was called mutualism to highlight the mutual relationship among individuals in this system and involved cooperatives operating in a free-market economy.
The classical liberal philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill believed that worker-run and owned cooperatives would eventually displace traditional capitalist (capital-managed) firms in the competitive market economy due to their superior efficiency and stronger incentive structure. While both Mill and Karl Marx thought that democratic worker management would be more efficient in the long run compared with hierarchical management, Marx was not hopeful about the prospects of labor-managed and owned firms as a means to displace traditional capitalist firms in the market economy.[14] Despite their advantages in efficiency, in Western market economies the labor-managed firm is comparatively rare.[15]
The Soviet-type economic model as practiced in the former USSR and Eastern Bloc (самоуправление; samoupravlenie[17]) was introduced in the state-owned enterprises in the 1980s.[18] It is criticized by socialists for its lack of widespread self-management and management input on the part of workers in enterprises.[19]
Management science
In his book Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us, Daniel H. Pink argues on the basis of empirical evidence that self-management/self-directed processes, mastery, worker autonomy and purpose (defined as intrinsic rewards) are much more effective incentives than monetary gain (extrinsic rewards). According to Pink, for the vast majority of work in the 21st century self-management and related intrinsic incentives are far more crucial than outdated notions of hierarchical management and an overreliance on monetary compensation as reward.
More recent research suggests that incentives and bonuses can have positive effects on performance and autonomous motivation.[20] According to this research, the key is aligning bonuses and incentives to reinforce, rather than hamper, a sense of autonomy, competence and relatedness (the three needs that self determination theory identifies for autonomous motivation).
Guild socialism is a political movement advocating workers' control of industry through the medium of trade-related guilds "in an implied contractual relationship with the public".[21] It originated in the United Kingdom and was at its most influential in the first quarter of the 20th century. It was strongly associated with G. D. H. Cole and influenced by the ideas of William Morris. One significant experiment with workers' self-management took place during the Spanish Revolution (1936–1939).[22] In his book Anarcho-Syndicalism (1938), Rudolf Rocker stated:
But by taking the land and the industrial plants under their own management they have taken the first and most important step on the road to Socialism. Above all, they (the Workers' and peasants self-management) have proved that the workers, even without the capitalists, are able to carry on production and to do it better than a lot of profit-hungry entrepreneurs.[23]
After May 1968 in France, LIP factory, a clockwork factory based in Besançon, became self-managed starting in 1973 after the management's decision to liquidate it. The LIP experience was an emblematic social conflict of post-1968 in France. CFDT (the CCT as it was referred to in Northern Spain), trade-unionist Charles Piaget led the strike in which workers claimed the means of production. The Unified Socialist Party (PSU) which included former RadicalPierre Mendès-France was in favour of autogestión or self-management.[24]
In Greece, solidarity-based distribution is partially the result of austerity policies' privatization of public services, which exacerbates on-the-ground solidarity activities. These have mostly emerged as a consequence of ambitious politicized thinking and mobilization, as well as a practical formulation that ensures degrees of living by transforming informal solidarity networks into remunerative distribution cooperatives. This dialectic, echoes the idea of formally managing the crisis, which reproduces itself not in spite of, but because of, official policy initiatives to combat it.[32] Workers' collectives and cooperatives, Self-Help Groups, Local Exchange Trade Systems (LETS), Freecycle networks and Timebanks, and the first worker-occupied factory are examples of non-capitalist social experiments and innovations that have emerged in Greece since 2012.[33]
Yugoslavia
At the height of the Cold War, Yugoslavia, as a consequence of the Tito-Stalin split, pursued and advocated for, what was officially called, socialist self-management in distinction from the Eastern Bloc countries, all of which practiced central planning and centralized management of their economies. It replaced central planning with planning basic proportions that was supposed to stop "the chaos of social production and distribution that is innate to capitalism".[34] It was organized according to the theories of Josip Broz Tito and more directly Edvard Kardelj. Yugoslav economist Branko Horvat also made a significant contribution to the theory of workers' self-management (radničko samoupravljanje) as practiced in Yugoslavia. Due to Yugoslavia's neutrality and its leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement, Yugoslav companies exported to both Western and Eastern markets. Yugoslav companies carried out construction of numerous major infrastructural and industrial projects in Africa, Europe and Asia.[35][36]
In 1950, the Law on self-management introduced worker's councils. The "beginning of the end of bureaucracy" was declared along the pretenses of the Marxist concept of withering away of the state under the "Factories to the workers'!" parole. According to Boris Kanzleiter, the inspiration for workers' councils came from the People's councils – the revolutionary governing bodies of the People's Liberation Army and the Paris Commune.[37] The 1953 Yugoslav Constitutional Law, introduced self-management in the constitutional matter and transformed state property into social property. The 1963 Yugoslav Constitution, also called the Charter of Self-management, defined self-management and social property as supreme values and it defined Yugoslavia as a "socialist self-managed democratic community".[38]
The Law of Associated Labor of 1976 represented the last stage of the development of Yugoslav self-management. On the grounds of the 1974 Yugoslav constitution, it created a completely autonomous system grounded in direct sovereignty of the worker and citizen. It foresaw the formation of Basic Organizations of Associated Labor (BOAL) as the basic economic units that every worker had to be a part of based on the precise role played by that worker in the production process. It associated with other BOALs to form an Organization of Associated Labour (OAL) that could, with other OALs form Complex Organizations of Associated Labor. The assembly that consisted of all the workers' of a BOAL elected a delegate, which was bound with an imperative mandate, into the workers' council of the OAL that decided on all matters: from electing the director, to decisions on salaries, investments, association, development and specific production goals. Another feature of Yugoslav self-management were Self-management agreements and Social compacts, these replaced classical contracts.[39] The goal of OALs was not for-profit but a social goal – it was supposed to facilitate education, healthcare, employment and resolving the housing issue.[40]
Macro-economic reforms and structural adjustment programs that were imposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank brought an end to workers' self-management in Yugoslavia.[41][42]
Empresas recuperadas movement
English-language discussions of this phenomenon may employ several different translations of the original Spanish expression other than recovered factory. For example, worker-recuperated enterprise, recuperated/recovered factory/business/company, worker-recovered factory/business, worker-recuperated/recovered company, worker-reclaimed factory, and worker-run factory have been noted.[43] The phenomenon is also known as autogestión.[43]
Argentina's empresas recuperadas movement emerged in response to the run up and aftershocks of Argentina's 2001 economic crisis.[44]Empresas recuperadas means "reclaimed/recovered/recuperated enterprises/factories/companies". The Spanish verb recuperar means not only "to get back", "to take back" or "to reclaim", but also "to put back into good condition".[45]
The movement emerged as a response to the years of crisis leading up to and including Argentina's 2001 economic crisis.[44] By 2001–2002, around 200 Argentine companies were recuperated by their workers and turned into worker co-operatives. Prominent examples include the Brukman factory, the Hotel Bauen and FaSinPat (formerly known as Zanon). As of 2020, around 16,000 Argentine workers run close to 400 recuperated factories.[45]
The phenomenon of empresas recuperadas ("recovered enterprises") is not new in Argentina. Rather, such social movements were completely dismantled during the so-called Dirty War in the 1970s. Thus, during Héctor Cámpora's first months of government (May–July 1973), a rather moderate and left-wing Peronist, approximately 600 social conflicts, strikes and factory occupations had taken place.[46]
The proliferation of these "recuperations" has led to the formation of a recuperated factory movement which has ties to a diverse political network including socialists, Peronists, anarchists and communists. Organizationally, this includes two major federations of recovered factories, the larger Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas (National Movement of Recuperated Businesses, or MNER) on the left and the smaller National Movement of Recuperated Factories (MNFR)[47] on the right.[48]
The movement led in 2011 to a new bankruptcy law that facilitates take over by the workers.[49] The legislation was signed into law by President Cristina Kirchner on June 29, 2011.[50]
W. L. Gore and Associates, one of the oldest, largest and most innovative self-managed companies worldwide
Notes
^Steele, David (1992). From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court Publishing Company. p. 323. ISBN978-0875484495. The proposal that all the workers in a workplace should be in charge of the management of that workplace has appeared in various forms throughout the history of socialism. [...] [A]mong the labels attached to this form of organization are 'self-management', 'labor management', 'workers' control', 'workplace democracy', 'industrial democracy' and 'producers' cooperatives'.
^Steele, David (1992). From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court Publishing Company. p. 323. ISBN978-0875484495. The self-management idea has many variants. All the workers may manage together directly, by means of an assembly, or indirectly by electing a supervisory board. They may manage in co-operation with a group of specialized managers or they may do without them.
^O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN978-0-415-24187-8. In eliminating the domination of capital over labour, firms run by workers eliminate capitalist exploitation and reduce alienation.
^Prychito, David L. (2002). Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism. Edward Elgar Pub. p. 71. ISBN978-1840645194. The labor-managed firm is a productive organization whose ultimate decision making rights rest in the workers of the firm...In this sense workers' self-management – as a basic principle – is about establishing control rights within a productive organization, while it leaves open the issue of de jure ownership (that is, who enjoys legal title to the physical and financial assets of the firm) and the type of economic system in which the firm is operating.
^Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (2004). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century (7th ed.). George Hoffman. pp. 145–146. ISBN978-0-618-26181-9.
^Horvat, Branko (1983). The Political Economy of Socialism: A Marxist Social Theory. M.E Sharpe Inc. p. 173. ISBN978-0873322560. Participation is not only more desirable, it is also economically more viable than traditional authoritarian management. Econometric measurements indicate that efficiency increases with participation...There is little doubt that the world is moving toward a socialist, self-governing society at an accelerated pace.
^Paul Samuelson, Wages and Interest: A Modern Dissection of Marxian Economic Models, 47 Am.Econ.Rev. 884, 894 (1957): "In a perfectly competitive market it really doesn't matter who hires whom: so have labor hire 'capital'...")
^Nuti, Mario (1996). "Efficiency, equality and enterprise democracy.". In Pagano, Ugo; Rowthorn, RObert (eds.). Democracy and Efficiency in the Economic Enterprise. London: Routledge. pp. 184–206. A massive body of literature from Ward's seminal model of the "Illyria" firm (1958) and its generalization by Vanek (1970) to date, probably larger than for any other single economic issue, has accumulated on the economic implications of the presumed maximand of self-managed enterprises.
^Horvat, Branko (1971). "Yugoslav Economic Policy in the Post-War Period: Problems, Ideas, Institutional Developments". The American Economic Review. 61 (3). Theoretical analysis of the behavior of the Yugoslav firm has only begun. Oddly or understandably enough, the pioneering work was done by a foreigner, B. Ward of the University of California at Berkeley.
^Horvat, Branko (1971). "Yugoslav Economic Policy in the Post-War Period: Problems, Ideas, Institutional Developments". The American Economic Review. 61 (3). In a similar analysis eight years later, Domar showed that by generalizing the production function to include several products and several factors and by introducing the demand curve for labor the results are changed and begin to resemble the traditional conclusions about the behavior of the firm (Domar, 1966).
^Horvat, Branko (1971). "Yugoslav Economic Policy in the Post-War Period: Problems, Ideas, Institutional Developments". The American Economic Review. 61 (3). Instead of postulating what should be rational, the present author observes the actual practice of Yugoslav enterprises which fix wages in advance for the current year, and at least once a year make corrections (positive or negative) depending on the income earned. If this behavioral rule is used in the analysis, the results are again the same as in the traditional theory of the firm.
^Where Did Mill Go Wrong?: Why the Capital-Managed Firm Rather than the Labor–Managed Enterprise Is the Predominant Organizational Form in Market Economies, by Schwartz, Justin. 2011. Ohio State Law Journal, vol. 73, no. 2, 2012: "Why, then, is the predominant form of industrial organization in market societies the traditional capital-owned and managed firm (the capitalist firm) rather than the labor-managed enterprise owned and managed by the workers (the cooperative)? This is exactly the opposite of the result predicted by John Stuart Mill over 150 years ago. He thought that such worker-run cooperative associations would eventually crowd capitalist firms out of the market because of their superior efficiency and other advantages for workers."
^Where Did Mill Go Wrong?: Why the Capital-Managed Firm Rather than the Labor-Managed Enterprise Is the Predominant Organizational Form in Market Economies, by Schwartz, Justin. 2011. Ohio State Law Journal, vol. 73, no. 2, 2012: "Mill was mistaken, and Marx correct, at least about the tendency for labor-managed firms to displace capital-managed firms in the ordinary operation of the market."
^O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 836. ISBN978-0-415-24187-8. it influenced Marx to champion the ideas of a "free association of producers" and of self-management replacing the centralized state.
^Amann, Ronald; Cooper, Julian, eds. (1986). "Self-management (samoupravlenie)". Technical Progress and Soviet Economic Development. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 156. ISBN0-631-14572-9.
^Robinson, Neil (1995). Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System: A Critical History of Soviet Ideological Discourse. Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Co. p. 101. ISBN1-85898-167-0.
^Ellman, Michael (1989). Socialist Planning. Cambridge University Press. p. 312. ISBN978-0-521-35866-8. In general, it seems reasonable to say that the state socialist countries have made no progress whatsoever towards organizing the labour process so as to end the division between the scientist and the process workers. This is scarcely surprising, both in view of the Bolshevik attitude toward Taylorism and in view of Marx's own thesis that a society in which the labour process has been transformed would be one in which technical progress had eliminated dreary, repetitive, work. Such a state of affairs has not yet been reached in even the most advanced countries.
^Tomašević, Tomislav (2018). Commons in Southeast Europe: Case of Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Macedonia (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Institute for Political Ecology. p. 61. ISBN978-953-58938-3-7.
^Lebowitz, Michael (2004). Lecciones de la autogestión yugoslava (in Spanish). Caracas: Encuentro Mundial de Solidaridad con la Revolución Bolivariana. p. 9.
^Allen, Bob (1999). Why Kosovo? Anatomy of a Needless War. National Office, BC Office: Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives. pp. 11–13. ISBN0-88627-963-1.
Vieta, Marcelo (2020). Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-9004268968.
Further reading
Curl, John. For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America, PM Press, 2009, ISBN978-1-60486-072-6.
Széll, György. "Workers' Participation in Yugoslavia." in The Palgrave Handbook of Workers' Participation at Plant Level (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2019) pp. 167–186.
Vieta, Marcelo. Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión , Brill, 2020, ISBN978-9004268968.
Reinventing Organizations, Frederic Laloux. Nelson Parker, 2014, 378 pp. ISBN978-2960133509.
Documentary-film
Living Utopia (original, 1997: Vivir la utopía. El anarquismo en Espana) is a documentary film by Juan Gamero. It consists of 30 interviews with activists of the Spanish Revolution of 1936 and one of the biggest examples of workers' and peasants self-management during the social revolution
Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Bae. Pada nama panggung/nama pena, nama belakangnya adalah Tak. Tak Jae-hoonNama asal탁재훈LahirBae Sung-woo24 Juli 1968 (umur 55)Seoul, Korea SelatanPekerjaanPenyanyipresenter televisiAgenPan Stars CompanyKarier musikGenre Dance pop Instrumen Vocals, Guitar Tahun aktif1990–2013, 2016-sekarangNama KoreaHangul배성우 Hanja裵晟佑 Alih AksaraBae Seong-uMcCune–ReischauerPae Sŏng'uNama panggungHangul탁재훈 Alih AksaraTak Jae-hunMc…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2023. Zygmunt HübnerLahir(1930-03-23)23 Maret 1930Warsawa, PolandiaMeninggal12 Januari 1989(1989-01-12) (umur 58)Warsawa, PolandiaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1958-1988 Zygmunt Hübner (23 Maret 1930 – 12 Januari 1989) adalah seorang p…
Dutch game show presenter Not to be confused with Willem Ruys or Willem Duys. Willem RuisWillem Ruis (1976)BornKlaas Willem Ruis(1945-03-29)29 March 1945Haarlem, NetherlandsDied4 August 1986(1986-08-04) (aged 41)Dénia, SpainNationalityDutchOccupation(s)Television presenter, broadcasterEmployer(s)KRO, VARAKnown forDutch game show presenter Klaas Willem Ruis (29 March 1945 in Haarlem – 4 August 1986 in Dénia) was a Dutch game show presenter. He presented the Willem Ruis Show for the …
Kabinet Jendral Burhanuddin HarahapKabinet Pemerintahan IndonesiaDibentuk12 Agustus 1955Diselesaikan3 Maret 1956Struktur pemerintahanKepala negaraSoekarnoKepala pemerintahanBurhanuddin HarahapJumlah menteri23Total jumlah menteri23Partai anggotaMajelis Syuro Muslimin IndonesiaPartai Indonesia RayaPartai Syarikat Islam IndonesiaDemokratNahdlatul UlamaPartai Sosialis IndonesiaPartai Katolik Republik IndonesiaPartai BuruhPartai Rakyat NasionalPartai Republik Indonesia RayaPartai Rakyat IndonesiaPart…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang pasal 5 Kitab Bilangan dalam Alkitab Kristen atau Ibrani. Untuk bilangan dalam arti angka 5, lihat 5 (angka). Bilangan 5Kitab Bilangan lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008.KitabKitab BilanganKategoriTauratBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen4← pasal 4 pasal 6 → Bilangan 5 (disingkat Bil 5) adalah pasal kelima Kitab Bilangan dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Termasuk dalam kumpulan kita…
Berau MarineNama lengkapBerau Marine Football ClubJulukanThe MarinersBerdiri2005; 19 tahun lalu (2005)StadionStadion BatiwakkalTanjung Redeb, Berau(Kapasitas: 2,000)PemilikForum Komunitas Maritim BerauCEOHasanul Haq Batubara[1]LigaLiga 3 Kalimantan Timur2021ke-3 di Grup B Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Berau Marine Football Club adalah klub sepak bola Indonesia yang berasal dari Tanjung Redeb, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Saat ini mereka bermain di Liga 3 Zona Kalimantan Timur.…
Gunpei YokoiLahir(1941-09-10)10 September 1941Kyoto, JepangMeninggal4 Oktober 1997(1997-10-04) (umur 56)Komatsu, Ishikawa, JepangSebab meninggalKecelakaan lalu lintas jalanAlmamaterUniversitas DoshishaPekerjaanDesainer permainanTahun aktif1970–1997 Gunpei Yokoi, atau kadang dieja Gumpei Yokoi (横井 軍平 Yokoi Gunpei) (10 September 1941 – 4 Oktober 1997) adalah seorang karyawan Nintendo yang menciptakan konsol permainan video Game Boy dan seri permainan Metroi…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Diporiphora bennettii Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN22528664 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasReptiliaOrdoSquamataFamiliAgamidaeGenusDiporiphoraSpesiesDiporiphora bennettii Gray, 1845 DistribusiEndemikAustralia lbs Diporiphora bennettii, Kim…
Kerinyu limau Aloysia citrodora TaksonomiDivisiTracheophytaSubdivisiSpermatophytesKladAngiospermaeKladmesangiospermsKladeudicotsKladcore eudicotsKladasteridsKladlamiidsOrdoLamialesFamiliVerbenaceaeTribusLantaneaeGenusAloysiaSpesiesAloysia citrodora Paláu, 1784 lbs Aloysia citrodora, kerinyu limau, adalah spesies tumbuhan berbunga dalam keluarga kerinyu Verbenaceae, yang berasal dari Amerika Selatan. Nama umum lainnya termasuk semak lebah limau . [1] Minyak ini dibawa ke Eropa oleh Spany…
Ibadan merupakan kota terbesar ketiga Nigeria sekaligus juga ibu kota dari negara bagian Oyo. Ibadan terletak di barat daya Nigeria. 128 km dari timur laut Lagos dan 530 km dari barat daya Abuja. Penduduknya berjumlah 3.560.000 jiwa (2005). Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Nigeria ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs
Bandar Udara Internasional KamuzuIATA: LLWICAO: FWKI LLWLokasi bandar udara di MalawiInformasiJenisPublikPemilikDepartemen Penerbangan SipilMelayaniLilongwe, MalawiKetinggian dpl1,230 mdplKoordinat13°47′21″S 033°46′51″E / 13.78917°S 33.78083°E / -13.78917; 33.78083Landasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan m kaki 14/32 3,540 11,614 Aspal Sumber: DAFIF[1][2] Bandar Udara Internasional Kamuzu (IATA: LLW, ICAO: FWKI) adalah bandar udara y…
Coelacanth Indonesia Spesimen Latimeria menadoensis, Tokyo Sea Life Park (Kasai Rinkai Suizokuen), Jepang Status konservasi Rentan (IUCN 3.1)[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Domain: Eukaryota Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinistia Ordo: Coelacanthiformes Famili: Latimeriidae Genus: Latimeria Spesies: L. menadoensis Nama binomial Latimeria menadoensisPouyaud, Wirjoatmodjo, Rachmatika, Tjakrawidjaja, Hadiaty & Hadie, 1999 Wilayah L. menadoensis warna ungu Coelacanth Indon…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع كورنوال (توضيح). كورنوال علم الإحداثيات 45°01′39″N 74°44′24″W / 45.0275°N 74.74°W / 45.0275; -74.74 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1784 سبب التسمية كورنوال تقسيم إداري البلد كندا[2][3] خصائص جغرافية المساحة 61.56 كيلومتر مربع[4] ارت…
Intel CPU microarchitecture launched in 2019 Sunny Cove redirects here. For the park in Resurrection Bay, see Sunny Cove State Marine Park. Sunny CoveGeneral informationLaunchedSeptember 2019; 4 years ago (September 2019)Designed byIntelCommon manufacturer(s)IntelCacheL1 cache80 KB per core: 32 KB instructions48 KB dataL2 cache512 KB per coreL3 cache2 MB per coreArchitecture and classificationTechnology nodeIntel 10 nm FinFET processInstruction…
Setan BudegSutradaraFindo Purwono HWProduser(Executive Producer) Yoen K, Ody Mulya HidayatSkenarioAlim SudioCeritaYoen KPemeranDewi PerssikSaiful JamilUli AulianiKiwilEdi BrokoliPenata musikAndi RiantoSinematograferBoy FerdinalPenyuntingAskan LarepandDistributorMaxima PicturesTanggal rilis 2008 (2008) Durasi83 menitNegaraIndonesiaSekuelPaku Kuntilanak Setan Budeg merupakan film Indonesia yang dirilis pada tahun 2008. Film ini dibintangi antara lain oleh Dewi Perssik, Saiful Jamil, Uli…
SMA Negeri 18 MedanInformasiAkreditasiB[1]Nomor Statistik Sekolah30.1.07.60.01.002Jurusan atau peminatanIPA dan IPSRentang kelasX IPA, X IPS, XI IPA, XI IPS, XII IPA, XII IPSKurikulumKurikulum 2013AlamatLokasiJl. Wahidin 15A, Medan, Sumatera UtaraMoto SMA Negeri (SMAN) 18 Medan SMANDELAS, merupakan salah satu Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri yang ada di Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Sama dengan SMA pada umumnya di Indonesia masa pendidikan sekolah di SMAN 18 Medan ditempuh dalam waktu …
Mohammad Isnaeni Wakil Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat/Majelis Permusyawaratan RakyatBidang Industri dan Pembangunan (1971—77)Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat (1977—82)Masa jabatan17 Mei 1966 – 28 Januari 1982PresidenSoekarnoSoehartoKetua MPR/DPRAchmad SjaichuIdham ChalidAdam MalikDaryatmoAnggota Dewan Perwakilan RakyatRepublik IndonesiaMasa jabatan1966 – 30 Januari 1982 PenggantiSriyati SlametDaerah pemilihanJawa Tengah(1971—77)DKI Jakarta(1977—82) Informasi pribadiLahir(…
Walibi World adalah salah satu taman hiburan terbesar di Belanda. Taman ini terletak di Biddinghuizen (Dronten kotamadya) di provinsi Flevoland Belanda. Dulunya disebut taman Six Flags Holland, Walibi Flevo dan bahkan lebih lama sebelum Flevohof lalu. Yang pertama Walibi terletak di Belgia, taman ini dibuat oleh seorang pengusaha Belgia Eddy Meeùs. Nama Walibi berkaitan dengan tiga kota di mana taman itu berada: Wavre, Limal dan Bierges, Belgia. Bawah nama Flevohof taman dimulai sebagai taman p…