Nifene
Chemical compound
Nifene is a high affinity, selective nicotinic α4β2* receptor partial agonist used in medical research for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , usually in the form of nifene (18 F ) [ 1] [ 2] as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer .[ 3] [ 4]
Nifene has been used to assess the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in animal models, because the neurotransmitter acetylcholine competes with the binding of nifene at the nicotinic receptor site.[ 5] [ 6] Learning and behavior studies in animal models using nifene have suggested a potential role of the nicotinic receptors located in distinct white matter tracts.[ 7] Nifene studies in animal models of lung cancer have suggested an upregulation of the nicotinic receptor in the lung tumors.[ 8] [ 9] Novel PET and SPECT imaging agents as potential receptor antagonists have been developed based on the structure of nifene; niodene for SPECT,[ 10] nifrolene for PET [ 11] and niofene for PET/SPECT.[ 12] These new derivatives take advantage of the unique in vivo imaging properties of nifene.[ 13] Human studies with (18 F )-nifene make it a promising nicotinic α4β2* receptor PET radiotracer for scientific research and has exhibited reliable test-retest reproducibility.[ 14] Human white matter thalamic radiations (or tracts) were well demarcated and quantified using (18 F )-nifene.[ 15]
References
^ Pichika R, Easwaramoorthy B, Collins D, Christian BT, Shi B, Narayanan TK, et al. (April 2006). "Nicotinic alpha4beta2 receptor imaging agents: part II. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-[18F]fluoro-3-[2-((S)-3-pyrrolinyl)methoxy]pyridine (18F-nifene) in rodents and imaging by PET in nonhuman primate". Nuclear Medicine and Biology . 33 (3): 295–304. doi :10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.12.017 . PMID 16631077 .
^ Leung K (2004). "2-18 FFluoro-3-2-((S )-3-pyrrolinyl)methoxypyridine". PMID 20641387 .
^ Kant R, Constantinescu CC, Parekh P, Pandey SK, Pan ML, Easwaramoorthy B, Mukherjee J (June 2011). "Evaluation of F-nifene binding to α4β2 nicotinic receptors in the rat brain using microPET imaging" . EJNMMI Research . 1 : 6. doi :10.1186/2191-219X-1-6 . PMC 3203019 . PMID 22039577 .
^ Hillmer AT, Wooten DW, Slesarev MS, Ahlers EO, Barnhart TE, Murali D, et al. (September 2012). "PET imaging of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: quantitative analysis of 18F-nifene kinetics in the nonhuman primate" . Journal of Nuclear Medicine . 53 (9): 1471–80. doi :10.2967/jnumed.112.103846 . PMC 3580212 . PMID 22851633 .
^ Easwaramoorthy B, Pichika R, Collins D, Potkin SG, Leslie FM, Mukherjee J (January 2007). "Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the binding of nicotinic alpha4beta2 receptor PET radiotracer, (18)F-nifene: A measure of acetylcholine competition". Synapse . 61 (1): 29–36. doi :10.1002/syn.20338 . PMID 17068780 . S2CID 85303757 .
^ Hillmer AT, Wooten DW, Farhoud M, Higgins AT, Lao PJ, Barnhart TE, et al. (December 2013). "PET imaging of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor-induced effects on α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding" . Synapse . 67 (12): 882–6. doi :10.1002/syn.21698 . PMC 3806056 . PMID 23913347 .
^ Bieszczad KM, Kant R, Constantinescu CC, Pandey SK, Kawai HD, Metherate R, et al. (May 2012). "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat forebrain that bind 18 F-nifene: relating PET imaging, autoradiography, and behavior" . Synapse . 66 (5): 418–34. doi :10.1002/syn.21530 . PMC 3292694 . PMID 22213342 .
^
Galitovskiy V, Kuruvilla SA, Sevriokov E, Corches A, Pan ML, Kalantari-Dehaghi M, et al. (June 2013). "18F-Nifene PET/CT using A/J mice treated with NNK" . Journal of Cancer Research & Therapy . 1 (4): 128–137. doi :10.14312/2052-4994.2013-20 . PMC 5443253 . PMID 28553544 .
^ Tang W, Kuruvilla SA, Galitovskiy V, Pan ML, Grando SA, Mukherjee J (2014). "Targeting histone deacetylase in lung cancer for early diagnosis: (18)F-FAHA PET/CT imaging of NNK-treated A/J mice model" . American Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging . 4 (4): 324–32. PMC 4074498 . PMID 24982818 .
^ Pandey SK, Pan S, Kant R, Kuruvilla SA, Pan ML, Mukherjee J (December 2012). "Synthesis and evaluation of 3-123 I-iodo-5-[2-(S)-3-pyrrolinylmethoxy]-pyridine (niodene) as a potential nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agent" . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters . 22 (24): 7610–4. doi :10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.012 . PMC 3508149 . PMID 23116890 .
^ Pichika R, Kuruvilla SA, Patel N, Vu K, Sinha S, Easwaramoorthy B, et al. (January 2013). "Nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agents. Part IV. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinyl methoxy)-5-(3'-18 F-fluoropropyl)pyridine (18 F-Nifrolene) using PET" . Nuclear Medicine and Biology . 40 (1): 117–25. doi :10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.09.009 . PMC 3514651 . PMID 23141552 .
^ Kuruvilla SA, Hillmer AT, Wooten DW, Patel A, Christian BT, Mukherjee J (2014). "Synthesis and evaluation of 2-(18)F-fluoro-5-iodo-3-[2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinylmethoxy]pyridine ((18)F-Niofene) as a potential imaging agent for nicotinic α4β2 receptors" . American Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging . 4 (4): 354–64. PMC 4074501 . PMID 24982821 .
^ Hillmer AT, Wooten DW, Slesarev MS, Ahlers EO, Barnhart TE, Schneider ML, et al. (November 2013). "Measuring α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density in vivo with [(18)F]nifene PET in the nonhuman primate" . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism . 33 (11): 1806–14. doi :10.1038/jcbfm.2013.136 . PMC 3824181 . PMID 23942367 .
^ Lao PJ, Betthauser TJ, Tudorascu DL, Barnhart TE, Hillmer AT, Stone CK, Mukherjee J, Christian BT (August 2017). "[18 F]Nifene test-retest reproducibility in first-in-human imaging of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors" . Synapse . 71 (8). New York, N.Y.: e21981. doi :10.1002/syn.21981 . PMC 5541262 . PMID 28420041 .
^ Mukherjee J, Lao PJ, Betthauser TJ, Samra GK, Pan ML, Patel IH, Liang C, Metherate R, Christian BT (January 2018). "Human brain imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2* receptors using [18 F]Nifene: Selectivity, functional activity, toxicity, aging effects, gender effects, and extrathalamic pathways" . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 526 (1): 80–95. doi :10.1002/cne.24320 . PMC 5788574 . PMID 28875553 .
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