Pryor Mountains

Pryor Mountains
Pryor Mountains
	Pryor Mountains
Highest point
Peak	East Pryor Mountain
Elevation	8,776 ft (2,675 m)
Coordinates	45°10′06″N 108°20′07″W / 45.16833°N 108.33528°W
Naming
Native name	Baahpuuo Isawaxaawuua (Crow)
Geography
Country	United States
State	Montana

The Pryor Mountains ^[1] are a mountain range in Carbon and Big Horn counties of Montana, and Big Horn County, Wyoming. They are located on the Crow Indian Reservation and the Custer National Forest, and portions of them are on private land.^[2] They lie south of Billings, Montana, and north of Lovell, Wyoming.^[2]

The mountains are named for Sergeant Nathaniel Hale Pryor, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition who vainly pursued horses stolen from the expedition in the area.^[3] The Crow Nation, a Native American tribe which lived nearby, called the mountains Baahpuuo Isawaxaawuua ("Hitting Rock Mountains") because of the abundance of flint there (which was chipped into arrowheads).^[4]

According to Crow Nation folklore, Little People (a race of 18 in [46 cm]-high dwarf-like people with spiritual powers) lived in these mountains.^[5]

Geology

The Pryor Mountains are a 145,000-square-mile (380,000 km²) region of Montana and Wyoming.^[6] The Pryor Mountains consists of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks^[7] the most prominent unit is limestone (known as the Madison Group limestone) laid down about 300 million years ago.^[8]^[9] The limestone and older sediments rest on Archean metamorphic rock consisting of gneiss and schists.^[7] The gneiss is exposed along the northeast escarpment of East Pryor Mountain.^[7] During the Laramide orogeny in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Period (about 70 to 60 million years ago),^[10] the limestone was faulted and uplifted. The 705 to 740 feet (215 to 226 m) thick limestone blocks^[9] were tilted and uplifted as large blocks with the northeastern corner of the blocks forming the Bighorn and the Pryor Mountains.^[8]^[11]

Caves, carved by groundwater, can be found in the limestone throughout the Pryors.^[12] Among the better known are Big Ice Cave on the eastern edge of Pryor Mountain, Mystery Cave (which contains some of the best speleothems of all the caves in the Pryors),^[13] False Cougar Cave on East Pryor Mountain (which was used by Native Americans at times in the past), Shield Trap Cave (which features a vertical shaft about 33 ft [10 m] deep), Little Ice Cave, and Bell Trap Cave (which is similar to Shield Trap).^[14] Other popular features of the Pryors include Froggs Fault, a huge fissure in the earth, and a buffalo jump near Dry Head Lookout.^[15] Just below Dry Head Lookout is a small pocket in the cliff face surrounded by a low man-made fence of rock. This is a place used by several Native American tribes for vision quests, and as of 1971 was perhaps the last undisturbed such place in the United States.^[15]

The tallest peak in the Pryor Mountains is East Pryor Mountain (elevation 8,822 feet (2,689 m)).^[16]

The Bighorn River flows north from Wyoming and through the plateau between the Bighorn and Pryor mountains. The river flows between the two mountain ranges, and has cut the Bighorn Canyon deep into the limestone.^[8]

Crooked Creek, one of the few perennial streams in the area, divides the Pryors in two and is one of the few places where Yellowstone cutthroat trout may be found.^[17] The Pryors contain the most diverse bat habitat in Montana as well, with 10 species found there.^[17]

Wild horse refuge

The Pryor Mountains are also home to the Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range, a protected area that is home to a herd of free-roaming feral horses.^[18] This herd was the subject of the 1995 documentary film Cloud: Wild Stallion of the Rockies and its sequel, the 2003 documentary film Cloud's Legacy: The Wild Stallion Returns.^[19]^[20]

References

^ "Pryor Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ ^a ^b "Discovering Lewis and Clark-The Pryors". Washburn, North Dakota: The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
^ Clawson and Shandera, p. 40-41.
^ Massingham, p. 134.
^ Saindon, p. 478-481; Frey, p. 68; Montgomery, p. 32.
^ Cruise and Griffiths, p. 185.
^ ^a ^b ^c Geologic Map
^ ^a ^b ^c McRae and Jewell, p. 317.
^ ^a ^b Gordon and Krumm, p. 2.
^ Hodges and Feldman, p. 203.
^ Voight and Voight, p. 12.
^ Aarstad, et al., p. 214.
^ Rowles, p. 101.
^ Committee on Ungulate Management, p. 173; Clawson and Shandera, p. 39.
^ ^a ^b Pospisil, Allan. "Where the Wild Mustangs Play." New York Times. May 2, 1971.
^ Massingham, p. 7; Holt, p. 60.
^ ^a ^b French, Brett. "Wild Horse Range Pressured By Overgrazing." Billings Gazette. July 12, 2009. Accessed 2011-06-07.
^ "Wild Horses." Billings Field Office. Bureau of Land Management. United States Department of the Interior. May 2, 2011. Archived May 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2011-05-18.
^ Hill, p. 361.
^ "Cloud: Wild Stallion of the Rockies ~ About | Nature | PBS". 30 June 2008.

Bibliography

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Clawson, Roger and Shandera, Katherine A. Billings: The City and the People. Billings, Mont.: Billings Gazette, 1993.
Committee on Ungulate Management in Yellowstone National Park, National Research Council. Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone's Northern Range. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002.
Cruise, David and Griffiths, Alison. Wild Horse Annie and the Last of the Mustangs: The Life of Velma Johnston. New York:Scribner, 2010.
Frey, Rodney. The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Gordon, Paul and Krumm, Bob. Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area. Tucson, Ariz.: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 1999.
Hill, Cherry. Cherry Hill's Horsekeeping Almanac: The Essential Month-by-Month Guide for Everyone Who Keeps or Cares for Horses. North Adams, Mass.: Storey Publishing, 2007.
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Holt, Johnny and Diers, Ginny. Coyote Nowhere: In Search of America's Last Frontier. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2004.
Lopez, David A., Geologic Map of the Bridger 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Montana, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Geologic Map Series No. 58, 2000 with the U.S. Geological Survey
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