Discrediting opponent's argument by accusing them of being a radical leftist
Red-baiting, also known as reductio ad Stalinum (/ˈstɑːlɪnəm/) and red-tagging (in the Philippines),[1] is an intention to discredit the validity of a political opponent and the opponent's logical argument by accusing, denouncing, attacking, or persecuting the target individual or group as anarchist, communist,[2]Marxist, socialist, Stalinist, or fellow travelers towards these ideologies.[3] In the phrase, red refers to the color that traditionally symbolized left-wing politics worldwide since the 19th century, while baiting refers to persecution, torment, or harassment, as in baiting.[4]
Communist and associates, or more broadly socialist, have been used as a pejorativeepithet against a wide range of individuals, political movements, governments, public, and private institutions since the emergence of the communist movement and the wider socialist movement. In the 19th century, the ruling classes were afraid of socialism because it challenged their rule. Since then, socialism has faced opposition, which was often organized and violent. During the 20th century, as socialism became a mainstream movement and communism gained power through communist parties, their main opponents were the political right, alongside organized anti-communists and critics of socialism.[5] The United States is a notable exception among the Western world in not having had a major socialist party, and for having engaged in red-baiting, resulting in two historic Red Scare periods during the 1920s (First Red Scare) and 1950s (Second Red Scare). Such usage as an insult has been used as a tactic by the Republican Party against Democratic Party candidates, and has continued into the 21st century, including conflating German fascist Nazism as socialism and for left-wing politics.[5]
In the United States, the term red-baiting dates to as far back as 1927.[6] In 1928, blacklisting by the Daughters of the American Revolution was characterized as a "red-baiting relic".[7] A term commonly used in the United States, red-baiting in American history is most famously associated with McCarthyism, which originated in the two historic Red Scare periods.[8] While red-baiting does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the Revolutions of 1989,[9] some pundits posit that notable events in 21st-century American politics indicate a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the Cold War era.[10]
Both communist and socialist movements have faced hostility since their breakthrough in the 19th century. Friedrich Engels stated that in 1848, at the time when The Communist Manifesto was first published, socialism was respectable, while communism was not. The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that proclaimed the necessity of radical change denoted themselves communists; this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany.[11] While democrat liberals looked to the Revolutions of 1848 as a democratic revolution, which in the long run ensured liberty, equality, and fraternity, communists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working-class ideals by a bourgeoisie indifferent to the legitimate demands of the proletariat.[12]
Since the 1930s, the political elite of Peru used fear mongering tactics to influence the public by targeting foreign communist movements according to historian Antonio Zapata of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, beginning with Joseph Stalin and later with Fidel Castro.[25]Terruqueos began to appear during the 1980s and would occur throughout the internal conflict in Peru.[26][27][28] The basis of the terruqueo began during the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde when Legislative Decree 46 broadly defined terrorism as "any form of glorification or defense of the political discourse of subversive organizations".[29] Into the 1990s, authoritarian president Alberto Fujimori utilized terruqueos with the help of the National Intelligence Service to discredit those who opposed him, including dissenters from his own government, with political scientist Daniel Encinas saying that this would evolve into conservative politicians using the attack to target those opposed to Fujimori's neoliberal economic policies and that the right-wing used the terruqueo as a "strategy of manipulating the legacy of political violence".[26][27][30] Ultimately, a culture of fear was created by Fujimori according to Jo-Marie Burt, with individuals fearing that they would be described as a terrorist.[31]
The terruqueo would then become so prominent that political discussions in Peru often devolved into the attacks, especially during elections.[27] According to Fernando Velásquez Villalba, terruqueos are a latent phenomenon that appear more frequently in times of crisis.[29]Terruqueos were intense against Pedro Castillo; he was portrayed as a "communist threat" that would bring "terrorism" and humanitarian disaster similar to Venezuela.[29] When the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests occurred, right-wing groups and the government of Dina Boluarte used the terruqueo to label protesters as terrorists, providing an excuse for authorities to use violence with impunity.[32][33] Experts of the United Nations condemned its usage during the protests.[33]
In the Philippines, red-tagging poses threats to the lives or safety of its targets[34] and impinges on the right to free expression and dissent.[1] Red-tagged individuals also tend to become vulnerable to death threats[35] and allegations of terrorism.[1] The United Nations warns that red-tagging is a "criminalizing discourse" that undermines the value of the work of human rights defenders and places them at risk of violence and various forms of harassment.[36]
Communism has generally been viewed with disfavor and particular distrust by large sectors of Philippine society ever since the country gained independence from the United States on 4 July 1946 through the Treaty of Manila. Shared ideological preferences with the United States, resulting from more than four decades of benevolent assimilation and exacerbated by the onset of the Cold War, have resulted in some Filipinos being predisposed to suspicion of communist sympathies.[37] This predisposition makes red-tagging an effective fear appeal tool used by players in the political arena, given that it authorizes law-enforcement agencies and the military to act on the taggings.[38]
In the early 1950s, Liberal Party leaders like Robert Menzies red-baited Labor politicians and described them as insufficiently tough on the People's Republic of China.[43]: 93
Red-baiting was employed in opposition to anarchists in the United States as early as the late 1870s when businessmen, religious leaders, politicians and editorial writers tried to rally poor and middle-class workers to oppose dissident railroad workers and again during the Haymarket affair in the mid-1880s. Red-baiting was well established in the United States during the decade before World War I. In the post-war period of 1919–1921, the United States government employed it as a central tactic in dealing with labor radicals, anarchists, communists, socialists, and foreign agents. These actions in reaction to the First Red Scare and the concurrent Red Terror served as part of the organizing principle shaping counter-revolutionary policies and serving to institutionalize anti-communism as a force in American politics.[44]
The history of anti-communist red-baiting in general and McCarthyism in particular continues to be hotly debated and political divisions this controversy created continue to make themselves felt. Conservative critics contend that revelations such as the Venona project decryptions and the FBI Silvermaster File at least mute if not outright refute the charge that red-baiting in general was unjustified.[46] Historian Nicholas von Hoffman wrote in The Washington Post that evidence revealed in the Venona project forced him to admit that McCarthy was "still closer to the truth than those who ridiculed him" but has continued to believe that McCarthy did not identify the correct people.[47] A similar view was expressed by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who led the Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy declassifying the Venona decryptions.[48]Liberal scholars contend that even if someone could prove that the United States government was infiltrated by Soviet spies, McCarthy was censured by the Senate because he was in fact reckless and politically opportunistic, and his red-baiting ruined the lives of countless innocent people.[49] In 1950, United States president Harry S. Truman had called McCarthy "the greatest asset the Kremlin has."[50] Historian Ellen Schrecker wrote that "McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did".[51]
Although red-baiting in the United States does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the fall of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the 1990s,[9] some pundits posit that events in 21st-century American politics indicates a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the 1950s.[10] The United States government's measures in 2008 to address the subprime mortgage crisis such as the Troubled Asset Relief Program were not only criticized as corporate welfare but red-baited as a "gateway to socialism".[52] Political activist and author Tim Wise says that the emergence of such red-baiting may have been motivated by, and given additional force by, racism towards President Barack Obama and fear that the progressive policies of his administration would erode white privilege in the United States.[53]
Some commentators posit that red-baiting was used by John McCain, Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States presidential election, when he commented that Obama's improvised comments on wealth redistribution to Joe the Plumber was a promotion of socialism.[54] Journalist David Remnick, who wrote the biography The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama,[55] countered that it should be obvious that after one year in office Obama is a center-left president and the majority of his policies are in line with the center-left Democratic tradition.[56] In July 2011, The Fiscal Times columnist Bruce Barlett wrote that an honest examination of the Obama presidency must conclude that he has in fact been a moderately conservative Democrat, and that it may take twenty years before Obama's basic conservatism is widely accepted.[57] Author and columnist Chris Hedges posits that the Obama administration's policies have been mostly right-wing.[58]
In May 2009, a number of conservative members of the Republican National Committee were pressing the committee and by extension chairman Michael Steele to officially adopt the position that the Democratic Party is socialist. Over a dozen members of the conservative wing of the committee submitted a new resolution, to be eventually voted on by the entire committee, that would call on the Democratic Party to rename itself the Democrat Socialist Party; had this resolution been adopted, the committee's official view would have been that Democrats are socialists.[61] On 20 May 2009, supporters of the resolution agreed to accept language urging Democrats to "stop pushing our country towards socialism and government control", ending a fight within the ranks of the Republican Party that reflected the divide between those who want a more centrist message and those seeking a more aggressive, conservative voice such as the one expressed by the Tea Party movement.[62] Frank Llewellyn, the national director of Democratic Socialists of America, commented that Republicans never really define what they mean by socialism, and are simply engaging in the politics of fear.[63]
In July 2009, talk show host Glenn Beck began to devote what would become many episodes on his TV and radio shows, focusing on Van Jones, a special advisor in President Obama's White House Council on Environmental Quality. Beck was especially critical of Jones' previous involvement in radical protest movements and referred to him as a "communist-anarchist radical".[64] In September 2009, Jones resigned his position in the Obama administration after a number of his past statements became fodder for conservative critics and Republican officials.[64]Time credited Beck with leading conservatives' attack on Jones,[65] who characterized it as a "vicious smear campaign" and an effort to use "lies and distortions to distract and divide".[66]
Insult usage
Communist or socialist have been used as a pejorative within red-baiting, mainly in reference to authoritarian state socialist regimes and Communist states but also for any proposal that may further expand the role of the government,[67] by anti-communists and the political right for both communists and socialists, and for those who are neither but are alleged to be adopting socialist policies, as is done by Republicans for Democratic candidates in the United States.[5] Those terms have also been used as an insult for several left-wing politicians in center-left socialist parties to describe them as farthest left and more extreme than they actually are in an effort to marginalize them.[nb 3] For some scholars, communist and socialist, and the memories of such authoritarian regimes, are used as an insult to dismiss any criticism of capitalism and support for socialism by positing that any form of communism or socialism would always and inevitably result in 20th-century Communism and authoritarian regimes.[75]
The 1994 federal election saw a "red socks" campaign used by the center-right, including the CDU/CSU and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), to scare off a possible red–red–green coalition alliance (SPD–PDS–The Greens). Analysts have stated that such a strategy likely paid off, as it was seen as one of the decisive elements for the narrow victory of Helmut Kohl for the CDU/CSU–FDP. The red-baiting campaign was criticized as an obvious attempt to discredit the whole left; the PDS reinterpreted it for itself by printing red socks.[76]
As the CDU/CSU was falling down while the SPD was surging in the polls, the 2021 federal election saw a Red Scare campaign against a possible red–red–green federal government,[76] which was feared by conservatives,[77] who engaged in red-baiting by promoting a Red Scare.[78] A capital flight to Switzerland ensued due to fear of increased taxes for the very rich through higher inheritance taxes and a wealth tax.[79] As The Left underperformed, a left-wing coalition was ruled out by just a few seats in the Bundestag,[80] and the German financial market rallied as a result, as such threat was eliminated.[81]
In the United Kingdom, former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn was often labelled a communist or Marxist,[82] and a communist spy by commentators in mainstream national newspapersThe Daily Mail, The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times, despite experts and researchers stating that no evidence exists.[83] During the 2017 general election campaign, Steve Bush and George Eaton of the New Statesman commented that the Labour Party's manifesto was more Keynesian than anything,[84] with Eaton stating that the adopted policies "would be regarded as mainstream in most European countries".[85] According to some studies, media coverage of Corbyn has often been hostile and misrepresentative of his views.[86]
During the 20th century, the United States underwent two Red Scares, first in the 1920s and then in the 1950s through McCarthyism.[87] In a speech on 10 October 1952,[nb 4] outgoing United States president Harry S. Truman (Democratic Party) lambasted Republicans for having "opposed almost all our programs to help the economic life of the country" and "having blindly turned [their] back on the tradition of public action for the public good", referencing then-Republican United States senator Robert A. Taft, who made the 1952 United States presidential election campaign about "creepy socialism", a scare word "they have hurled at every advance the people have made in the last 20 years" according to Truman.[88]Socialism and socialization have been mistakenly used to refer to any state or government-operated industry or service (the proper term for such being either municipalization or nationalization); both terms have also been incorrectly used to mean any tax-funded programs, whether government-run or privately run.[89]
Into the 21st century, with the rise in popularity and to the mainstream of self-declared democratic socialist United States senator Bernie Sanders, socialist has continued to be used as an insult, mainly by conservatives.[90] Among conservatives, socialist is used as an insult to imply that Nazism, and by extension fascism, was a left-wing ideology, which is contrary to the consensus among scholars of fascism as a far-right ideology.[91] An example of this is conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg's book Liberal Fascism, where modern liberalism and progressivism are described as the child of fascism, which is considered to be socialist.[91] For conservative figures such as Dinesh D'Souza and Candace Owens, American Left figures like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren are not only socialists but since the Nazis are wrongly considered to be socialists in this view, they are dangerous, and in turn any who oppose them cannot have any link to Nazism or the far right.[91] The use of socialist as an insult to falsely imply that the Nazis were leftists is seen as a way to disavow far-right history, erase leftist victims of Nazi violence, and justify violence against leftists.[92]Monopoly Socialism, a version of the Monopoly board game by Hasbro, was criticized for confusing socialism with communism, and mocking left-wing ideas in general. Some noted that the original game was created as a satire of capitalism, which is not widely known nowadays.[93]
[Republican Senator Robert] Taft explained that the great issue in this campaign is "creeping socialism." Now that is the patented trademark of the special interest lobbies. Socialism is a scare word they have hurled at every advance the people have made in the last 20 years.
Socialism is what they called public power.
Socialism is what they called social security.
Socialism is what they called farm price supports.
Socialism is what they called bank deposit insurance.
Socialism is what they called the growth of free and independent labor organizations.
Socialism is their name for almost anything that helps all the people.
When the Republican candidate inscribes the slogan "Down With Socialism" on the banner of his "great crusade," that is really not what he means at all.
What he really means is, "Down with Progress — down with Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal," and "down with Harry Truman's fair Deal." That is what he means.[88]
^ abFeline Freier, Luisa; Castillo Jara, Soledad (13 January 2021). ""Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 18 November 2021. It was in this context that Martha Chávez, ... accused demonstrators of being linked to the terrorist left ... As absurd as it may seem, this kind of attack is common in Peru, and recently there is even a name for it: terruqueo, the mostly groundless accusation of being connected to once powerful communist terrorist organizations. ... After the end of the conflict, the term came to be used carelessly and often as a racially charged political insult, targeting progressive or left-wing politicians or activists, organizations committed to the defense of human rights, and, at least historically, people of indigenous origin.
^Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN978-1-350-23394-2.
Barson, Michael (1992). Better Red Than Dead: A Nostalgic Look at the Golden Years of Russiaphobia, Redbaiting, and other Commie Madness (paperback ed.). New York City, New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN9781562829742.
Carleton, Don E.; Faulk, John Henry (2014). Red Scare: Right-Wing Hysteria, Fifties Fanaticism, and Their Legacy in Texas (paperback ed.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN9780292758551.
Kling, Andrew A. (2011). The Red Scare (hardcover ed.). San Diego, California: Lucent Books. ISBN9781420506808.
Murray, Robert K. (2003) [1955]. Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (paperback ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Textbook Publishers. ISBN9780758119759.
Nichols, John (2011). The S Word: A Short History of an American Tradition ... Socialism (paperback ed.). New York City, New York: Verso Books. ISBN9781844678211.
Sabin, Arthur J. (1999). Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order (paperback ed.). Copenaghen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. ISBN9788772895819.
Schmidt, Regin (2000). Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943 (paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN9780812217049.
Woods, Jeff (2004). Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-Communism in the South, 1948–1968 (paperback ed.). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. ISBN9780807129265.
Pahl, Ronald H. (1993). "Michael Barson's Better Red Than Dead—A Nostalgic Look at the Golden Years of Russiaphobia, Redbaiting, and other Commie Madness, published by Hyperion (114 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10011) in 1992". The Social Studies. 84 (6). London: Routledge: 276. doi:10.1080/00377996.1993.9956274.
Benedek, Wolfgang; Kettemann, Matthias C. (2014). Freedom of Expression and the Internet (reprint ed.). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. ISBN9789287178206.
Berman, Sheri (2006). The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century (hardcover ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521817998.
"Communism". Columbia Encyclopedia (hardcover, 6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN9780231144469.
Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System (paperback ed.). Bury St Edmunds: Arena Books. ISBN9781906791469.
Damiani, Marco (2020). Populist Radical Left Parties in Western Europe (hardcover ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN9781138496026.
Dolack, Peter (2016). It's Not Over: Learning from the Socialist Experiment (paperback ed.). Ropley: Zero Books. ISBN9781785350498.
Engel-Di Mauro, Salvatore; et al. (4 May 2021). "Anti-Communism and the Hundreds of Millions of Victims of Capitalism". Capitalism Nature Socialism. 32 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/10455752.2021.1875603. S2CID233745505.
Evans, Robert John Weston; Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge, eds. (2000). The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction (hardcover ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780198208402.
Foner, Eric (Spring 1984). "Why Is There No Socialism in the United States?". History Workshop. 17 (17). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 57–80. doi:10.1093/hwj/17.1.57. JSTOR4288545.
Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies (hardcover ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN9780719073625.
Lafontaine, Oskar (2009). Left Parties Everywhere. Socialist Renewal, 7th series (paperback ed.). Nottingham: Spokesman Books. ISBN9780851247649.
Lansford, Thomas (2007). Communism (illustrated ed.). New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. ISBN9780761426288.
Leeden, Michael Arthur (1987). West European Communism and American Foreign Policy (hardcover ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Books. ISBN9780887381409.
Lipset, Seymour Martin; Marks, Gary (2000). It Didn't Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States (paperback ed.). New York City, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN9780393322545.
March, Luke (2011). Radical Left Parties in Europe (hardback ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN9780415425605.
McAuliffe, Mary S. (September 1976). "Liberals and the Communist Control Act of 1954". The Journal of American History. 63 (2). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 351–367. doi:10.2307/1899641. JSTOR1899641.
Major, Patrick (1997). The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956 (hardcover ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780198206934.
Petaux (2009). Democracy and Human Rights for Europe: The Council of Europe's Contribution (paperback ed.). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. ISBN9789287166678.
Pierson, Christopher (1995). Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism (paperback ed.). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press. ISBN9780271014791.
Romano, Flavio (2006). Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way (paperback 1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN9780415646710.
Sabry, Mohamed Ismail (2017). The Development of Socialism, Social Democracy and Communism: Historical, Political and Socioeconomic Perspectives (hardcover ed.). Bringley: Emerald Publishing. ISBN9781787433748.
Todorova, Maria (2020). The Lost World of Socialists at Europe's Margins: Imagining Utopia, 1870s–1920s (hardcover ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN9781350150331.
Walker, William T. (2011). McCarthyism and the Red Scare: A Reference Guide (hardcover ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN9781598844375.
"Dax nach Bundestagswahl im Aufwind" [Dax on the rise after the federal election]. Aktuelle Nachrichten Online (in German). 27 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
"Red-baiting". Merriam-Webster. 21 February 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
"Redbaiting". The Free Dictionary. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
Schrecker, Ellen (Winter 2000). "Comments on John Earl Haynes". Journal of Cold War Studies. Harvard University—Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
The RubyAlbum mini karya AprilDirilis16 Oktober 2018 (2018-10-16)Direkam2018Genreretrodance-popsynth-popDurasi16:26BahasaKoreanLabelDSP MediaKakao MKronologi April The Blue(2018) The Ruby(2018) Da Capo(2020) Singel dalam album The Ruby Oh! My MistakeDirilis: 16 Oktober 2018 The Ruby adalah album mini keenam oleh grup musik wanita Korea Selatan April. Album ini dirilis pada 16 Oktober 2018, oleh DSP Media. Album mini ini dibarengi oleh singel utama retro Oh! My Mistake.[1] The Ru…
Roffredo Epifanio (1170 circa – dopo 1243) è stato un giurista italiano, della scuola dei glossatori. Summa artis notariae, manoscritto, XIII-XIV secolo. Brugge, Stadsbibliotheek, Manuscripten, Ms. 382. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Opere 2.1 Manoscritti 3 Altri progetti 4 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Roffrédo Epifànio da Benevento, secondo la tradizione, fu discendente del longobardo Rofrit, vissuto intorno al IX secolo, membro della famiglia degli Epifani. Roffredo fu lettore di diritto prima al…
City-state in maritime Southeast Asia This article is about the country. For other uses, see Singapore (disambiguation). Republic of SingaporeMalay:Republik SingapuraMandarin:新加坡共和国Tamil:சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு Flag Coat of arms Motto: Majulah Singapura (Malay)Onward SingaporeAnthem: Majulah Singapura (Malay)Onward SingaporeCapitalSingapore (city-state)[a]1°17′N 103°50′E / 1.283°N 103.833°E…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il modello di autovettura con nome simile, vedi Volkswagen Gol. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento automobili è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamen…
Peta Arena pertarungan daring multipemain. Arena pertarungan daring multipemain (bahasa Inggris: Multiplayer Online Battle Arena; atau MOBA) adalah sebuah sub-genre dari video game strategi yang bermula sebagai sub-genre strategi waktu nyata. Dalam permainan ini seorang pemain mengendalikan satu karakter dalam sebuah tim yang bertarung melawan tim pemain lainnya. Tujuannya adalah menghancurkan struktur utama tim lawan dengan bantuan unit-unit yang dikendalikan oleh bot komputer. Genre ini di…
Invasi Jepang ke ThailandBagian dari Perang Dunia IITanggal8 Desember 1941LokasiThailandHasil Gencatan senjata, Thailand bersekutu dengan Jepang, Thailand menyatakan perang terhadap Britania Raya dan Amerika SerikatPihak terlibat Kerajaan Thailand Kekaisaran JepangTokoh dan pemimpin Plaek Phibunsongkhram Shojiro Iida Tomoyuki YamashitaKekuatan 5 divisi 2 angkatan bersenjata Invasi Jepang ke Thailand terjadi pada tanggal 8 Desember 1941. Pasukan Jepang hendak menduduki negara Thailand sebagai wil…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Raijin-2 (Rising-2) adalah mikro-satelit Jepang diluncurkan pada 2014. Satelit itu dibangun di sekitar diameter 10 cm. Referensi RISING-2 mission equipment Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine. Eoportal RISING-2 page
EU funding programme European Union Space ProgrammeFormed2021 (as EUSP) 2007 (as ESP)ManagerEUSPAPrimary spaceportGuiana Space CentreAnnual budget€1.997-2.221bn[1] The European Union Space Programme[2] is an EU funding programme established in 2021 along with its managing agency, the European Union Agency for the Space Programme,[3] in order to implement the pre-existing European Space Policy established on 22 May 2007 when a joint and concomitant meeting at the ministe…
This is a list of accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-3[Note A] that occurred in 1968, including aircraft based on the DC-3 airframe such as the Douglas C-47 Skytrain and Lisunov Li-2. Military accidents are included; and hijackings and incidents of terrorism are covered, although acts of war involving military aircraft are outside the scope of this list. January LC-117Ds of the United States Navy 8 January: Douglas C-47B YU-ABK of Jugoslovenski Aerotransport was operating an intern…
Giovanni da Pian del CarpineBiografiKelahiran1182 Magione Kematian1r Agustus 1252 (69/70 tahun)Bar Archbishop of Bar (en) 1248 – – Geoffroy of Bar (en) → Keuskupan: Keuskupan Agung Bar Data pribadiAgamaGereja Katolik Roma KegiatanPekerjaanExplorer (en), imam Katolik, diplomat, sejarawan, penulis dan Misionaris Murid dariFransiskus dari Assisi Ordo keagamaanFransiskan dan Ordo Fratrum Minorum KonsekrasiPaus Inosensius IV Karya kreatifKarya terkenal Ystoria Mon…
Artikel bermasalah Ini adalah artikel yang memenuhi kriteria penghapusan cepat artikel tentang tokoh yang tidak mengindikasikan kepentingan subjeknya. Kriteria ini hanya berlaku untuk artikel tentang orang tersebut, bukan buku, album, acara, perangkat lunak, dll. yang dibuat olehnya. Lihat KPC A7.%5B%5BWP%3ACSD%23A7%7CA7%5D%5D%3A+Artikel+yang+tidak+dapat+memberikan+klaim+kepentingan+subjekA7 Jika artikel ini tidak memenuhi syarat KPC, atau Anda ingin memperbaikinya, silakan hapus pemberi…
Deklarasi Kemerdekaan AlbaniaNaskah asli deklarasi kemerdekaanDibuat28 November 1912Ratifikasi28 November 1912LokasiVlorë, AlbaniaPenulisIsmail QemaliPenandatangan83 delegasiTujuanKemerdekaan dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Albania (bahasa Albania: Shpallja e Pavarësisë, atau Deklarata e Pavarësisë) adalah deklarasi kemerdekaan Albania dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Kemerdekaan Albania diproklamasikan di Vlorë pada 28 November 1912. Segera setelah itu, delapan puluh tiga pemi…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of Israeli Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Lists of Israelis By ethnicity Israeli Jews: Ashkenazi JewsEthiopian JewsMizrahi and Sephardi Jews Arab …
Pau Grand PrixCircuit de Pau-VilleInformasi lombaJumlah gelaran72Pertama digelar1933Terbanyak menang (pembalap) Jim Clark (4)Terbanyak menang (konstruktor) Dallara (12)Panjang sirkuit2.760 km (1.714 mi)Jarak tempuh91.1 km (56.562 mi)Lap33Balapan terakhir (2022)Pole position Oliver GoetheTeam Motopark1:09.174Podium 1. Vladislav LomkoCryptoTower Racing00:31:03.378 2. Christian MansellCryptoTower Racing+2.128 s 3. Oliver GoetheTeam Motopark+9.157 s Lap tercepat Oliver …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2023. Peta Honduras Honduras (Spanyol: República de Hondurascode: es is deprecated ), adalah sebuah negara republik di Amerika Tengah. Negara ini sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Spanish Honduras untuk membedakannya dari Honduras Britania (sekarang Belize). Negara ini…
Taiwanese politician In this Chinese name, the family name is Weng. Weng Chang-liang翁章梁Official portrait, 201813th Magistrate of ChiayiIncumbentAssumed office 25 December 2018Deputy See list Wu Jung-huiLiu Pei-tung Preceded byHelen ChangDeputy Minister of the Council of AgricultureIn office20 May 2016 – 8 February 2017MinisterTsao Chi-hung Personal detailsBorn (1965-05-28) 28 May 1965 (age 58)Yizhu, Chiayi County, TaiwanPolitical partyDemocratic Progressive PartyAlma ma…
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (January 2016) This is a list of cabinet ministers in Finland who have resigned from their office. There are no Cabinet reshuffles or fall of cabinets in the list. List Year of resignation Post Minister Cabinet Party affiliation Reason Successor Party affiliation 1918 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry…
Untuk Kemudian krajaan Merovingian, lihat Neustria. Kerajaan Soissons457–486Kerajaan Soissons pada tahun 486StatusDivisi dari Kekaisaran Romawi BaratIbu kotaNoviodunum (Soissons modern)Bahasa yang umum digunakanLatin, GaliaAgama Kekristenan dan PaganismePemerintahanRomawi Negara RomawiDux • 457-464 Aegidius• 464-486 Syagrius Era SejarahAkhir zaman purbakala• Didirikan 457• Dibubarkan 486 Mata uangMata Uang Romawi Didahului oleh Digantikan oleh krjKerajaan …
BanjaranyarDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenBanyumaskecamatanSokarajaKode pos53181Kode Kemendagri33.02.19.2010 Luas258,25 HaJumlah pendudukLaki-laki: 2.696 Jiwa Perempuan: 2.820 Jiwa Total: 5.516 jiwaKepadatan2.136 jiwa/km²Situs webhttps://www.banjaranyar.desa.id/ Banjaranyar adalah desa di kecamatan Sokaraja, Banyumas, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Desa ini memiliki pertanian sebagian besar mata pencaharian masyarakatnya. Wilayah desa Banjaranyar secara geografis letaknya termasu…
Anjing air Cantabria Anjing air Cantabria Nama lain Perro de lanas Merlucero Nama panggilan CWD, PAC Negara asal Cantabria, Spanyol Ciri-ciri Klasifikasi & standar Anjing air Cantabria (Spanyol: perro de agua cantábricocode: es is deprecated ; Inggris: Cantabrian water dogcode: en is deprecated ) adalah satu ras anjing yang dikembangkan di pesisir Cantabria, Spanyol utara, sebagai pembantu nelayan. Ras ini dikelaskan dan diiktiraf oleh Komite Ras Kementerian Lingkungan Spanyol pada 22 Maret…