Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the arborization (tree-like growth) of brain cells are still in use, since the mid-20th century, for educational and training purposes.[4]
Biography
Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born on 1 May 1852 in the town of Petilla de Aragón, Navarre, Spain.[1] As a child he was transferred many times from one school to another because of behavior that was declared poor, rebellious, and anti-authoritarian. An extreme example of his precociousness and rebelliousness at the age of eleven is his 1863 imprisonment for destroying his neighbor's yard gate with a homemade cannon.[5] He was a keen painter, artist, and gymnast, but his father neither appreciated nor encouraged these abilities, even though these artistic talents would contribute to his success later in life.[2] His father apprenticed him to a shoemaker and barber, to "try and give his son much-needed discipline and stability."[2]
Over the summer of 1868, his father took him to graveyards to find human remains for anatomical study. Early sketches of bones moved him to pursue medical studies.[6]: 207 Ramón y Cajal attended the medical school of the University of Zaragoza, where his father worked as an anatomy teacher. He graduated in 1873, aged 21, and then served as a medical officer in the Spanish Army. He took part in an expedition to Cuba in 1874–1875, where he contracted malaria and tuberculosis.[7] To aid his recovery, Ramón y Cajal spent time in the spa-town Panticosa in the Pyrenees mountain range.[8]
After returning to Spain, he received his doctorate in medicine in Madrid in 1877. Two years later, he became director of the Anatomical Museum at the University of Zaragoza and married Silveria Fañanás García, with whom he would have seven daughters and five sons. Ramón y Cajal worked at the University of Zaragoza until 1883, when he was awarded the position of anatomy professor of the University of Valencia.[7][9] His early work at these two universities focused on the pathology of inflammation, the microbiology of cholera, and the structure of epithelial cells and tissues.[10]
Self-portrait as a student, 1870s
In 1887 Ramón y Cajal moved to Barcelona for a professorship.[7] There he first learned about Golgi's method, a cell staining method which uses potassium dichromate and silver nitrate to (randomly) stain a few neurons a dark black color, while leaving the surrounding cells transparent. This method, which he improved, was central to his work, allowing him to turn his attention to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), in which neurons are so densely intertwined that standard microscopic inspection would be nearly impossible. During this period he made extensive detailed drawings of neural material, covering many species and most major regions of the brain.[11]
In 1892, he became professor at Madrid.[7] In 1899 he became director of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene – translated as National Institute of Hygiene, and in 1922 founder of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas – translated as Laboratory of Biological Investigations, later renamed to Instituto Cajal, or Cajal Institute.[7]
He died in Madrid on October 17, 1934, at the age of 82,[12] continuing to work even on his deathbed.[7][13]
Political and religious views
In 1877, the 25-year-old Ramón y Cajal joined a Masonic lodge.[14]: 156 John Brande Trend wrote in 1965 that Ramón y Cajal "was a liberal in politics, an evolutionist in philosophy, an agnostic in religion".[15]
Nonetheless, Ramón y Cajal used the term soul "without any shame".[16] He was said to later have regretted having left organized religion.[14]: 343 Ultimately, he became convinced of a belief in God as a creator, as stated during his first lecture before the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.[17][18]
Discoveries and theories
Ramón y Cajal in his laboratory
Ramón y Cajal made several major contributions to neuroanatomy.[6] Excited by the discoveries of Frederick C. Kenyon, he explored the insect visual nervous system with his colleague Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez. He was stunned by the variety of neuron types.[19] He discovered the axonal growth cone, and demonstrated experimentally that the relationship between nerve cells was not continuous, or a single system as per then extant reticular theory, but rather contiguous;[6] there were gaps between neurons. This provided definitive evidence for what Heinrich Waldeyer would name "neuron theory", now widely considered the foundation of modern neuroscience.[6] He is also considered by some to be the first "neuroscientist" since in 1894 he stated to the Royal Society of London: "The ability of neurons to grow in an adult and their power to create new connections can explain learning." This statement is considered to be the origin of the synaptic theory of memory.[20]
He was an advocate of the existence of dendritic spines, although he did not recognize them as the site of contact from presynaptic cells. He was a proponent of polarization of nerve cell function and his student, Rafael Lorente de Nó, would continue this study of input-output systems into cable theory and some of the earliest circuit analysis of neural structures.[21]
By producing depictions of neural structures and their connectivity and providing detailed descriptions of cell types he discovered a new type of cell, which was subsequently named after him, the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC).[22] This cell is found interleaved among neurons embedded within the smooth muscles lining the gut, serving as the generator and pacemaker of the slow waves of contraction which move material along the gastrointestinal tract, mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to smooth muscle cells.
In his 1894 Croonian Lecture, Ramón y Cajal suggested (in an extended metaphor) that cortical pyramidal cells may become more elaborate with time, as a tree grows and extends its branches.[23]
He studied some psychological phenomena, such as hypnotic suggestion to alleviate pain, which he used to help his wife during labor. A book he had written on these topics was lost during the Spanish Civil War.[24]
During his studies on the optic chiasma, Cajal developed a visual map-based theory offering an evolutionary explanation for the decussation of nerve fibres and the chiasm of the optic tract.[25][26]
Ramón y Cajal received many prizes, distinctions, and societal memberships during his scientific career, including honorary doctorates in medicine from Cambridge University and Würzburg University and an honorary doctorate in philosophy from Clark University.[7] The most famous distinction he was awarded was the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, together with the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system".[7] This caused some controversy because Golgi, a staunch supporter of reticular theory, disagreed with Ramón y Cajal in his view of the neuron doctrine.[27] Before Ramón y Cajal's work, Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen had established the contiguous nature of nerve cells in his study of certain marine life, which Ramón y Cajal failed to cite.[28] Ramón y Cajal was an International Member of both the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.[29][30]
In society and culture
In 1906 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida painted Cajal's official portrait celebrating his Nobel Prize win.[31]
Cajal posed for a statue that was created by the sculptor Mariano Benlliure and was installed in 1924 in the Paraninfo building at the School of Medicine of the University of Zaragoza.
In 1931 a monument was unveiled in Madrid, Spain. This full-body statue stands 3 meters (around 10 ft) high on a narrow pedestal and was created by Lorenzo Domínguez,[32] a Chilean medical student.
1982 a TV mini series was created in Spain titled Ramón y Cajal: Historia de una voluntad.[33]
In 2003, the first major exhibition of Cajal's scientific drawings opened in Madrid, Spain. The exhibition featured hundreds of restored original drawings, micrographic slides, and personal photographs created by Cajal. The accompanying catalog titled Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852–2003) Ciencia y Arte[34] features numerous high quality reproductions of Cajal's drawings and photo essays on the restoration process. Exhibition curators and contributing authors to the catalog include: Santiago Ramón y Cajal Junquera, Miguel Ángel Freire Mallo, Paloma Esteban Leal, Pablo García, Virginia G. Marin, Ma Cruz Osuna, Isabel Argerich Fernández, Paloma Calle, Marta C. Lopera, Ricardo Martínez, Pilar Sedano Espín, Eugenia Gimeno Pascual, Sonia Tortajada, and Juan Antonio Sáez Dégano.
In 2007, sculptures of Severo Ochoa and Santiago Ramón y Cajal created by Víctor Ochoa were unveiled at the Spanish National Research Council central headquarters in Madrid, Spain.[35]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Museum, Ayerbe, Huesca, Spain opened in 2013 and is located in Cajal's childhood home, where he lived with his family for ten years.[36]
In 2014, the National Institutes of Health initiated an ongoing exhibition of original Ramón y Cajal drawings in the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center, located in the NIH central campus in Bethesda, MD, USA. The exhibition concept was spearheaded by NINDS Senior Researcher Jeffery Diamond and NINDS science writer Christopher Thomas and was made possible through close collaboration with the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.[37] The exhibition also includes contemporary artwork curated by Jeff Diamond, which was created by artists Rebecca Kamen and Dawn Hunter.[38] Inspired by Cajal's original drawings, Kamen's and Hunter's artworks are thematically representative of Cajal's aesthetic and are on permanent display for the public at the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center. Through the award of a 2017–2018 Fulbright España Senior Research Fellowship[39][40] to the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain, Hunter continued to develop her creative project about Cajal by referencing original source material.[41][42]
A selection of Cajal's scientific drawings, personal photos, oil paintings, and pastel drawings were curated into the 14th Istanbul Biennial, Saltwater, that was held in Istanbul, Turkey from September 5 – November 1, 2015.[43]
The exhibition Fisiología de los Sueños. Cajal, Tanguy, Lorca, Dalí... opened on October 5, 2015, and ended on January 16, 2016, at the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Cajal's work was the centerpiece topic of the exhibition and the show explored the influence of histological drawings on Surrealism.[44]
From January 31 – May 29, 2016, Cajal's work was featured in the inaugural exhibition for the re-opening of University of California's Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film ArchiveArchitecture of Life. The catalog for the exhibition featured Cajal's drawing of the Purkinje Cell on the front cover.[45]
The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Instituto Cajal, Spain, held collaborative symposiums honoring Cajal on October 28, 2015, and May 24, 2017. The first symposium held at the NIH in 2015 was titled Bridging the Legacy of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a symposium honoring the father of modern neuroscience. Keynote speaker Dr. Rafael Yuste was honored at a reception held at the Spanish Ambassador's, Ramón Gil-Casares, home. The second symposium titled, New Opportunities for NIH-CSIC Collaboration, was held at the Instituto Cajal in 2017. Dawn Hunter's Cajal Inventory art project was exhibited at the symposium for the general public in the institute's library. The Cajal Inventory consists of forty-five 11” x 14” drawings in which Hunter recreated in fine detail Cajal's scientific drawings from primary source, and surreal portrait drawings of Cajal inspired by his photography.[46]
Every year since 2001, more than two hundred postdoctoral scholarships are awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Science to middle career scholars from different fields of knowledge. They are called "Ayudas a contratos Ramón y Cajal" to honor his memory.[47]
An exhibition called The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal travelled through North America, beginning 2017 in the US at the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The exhibition traveled to the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,[48]Grey Art Gallery, New York University, New York City, New York, USA,[49][50][51]MIT Museum, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,[52] and ended in April 2019 at the Ackland Art Museum in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.[53]The Beautiful Brain book, published by Abrams,[54] New York, accompanied the exhibition.
During 2019, the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain opened an exhibition about Cajal titled Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 150 years at the University of Zaragoza. The exhibition had an accompanying catalog that featured the same title.[55] The exhibition opened October 2019 and closed at the end of December 2019.
A short documentary by REDES is available on YouTube.[56]
From November 19, 2020, to December 5, 2021, the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid, Spain, hosted an exhibition featuring Cajal's scientific drawings, photographs, scientific equipment and personal objects from the Legado Cajal, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.[57]
In 2020, over 75 volunteers collaborated as part of The Cajal Embroidery Project across 6 countries to create 81 intricate, exquisite hand-stitched panels of Ramón y Cajal's images, which were then curated and displayed by Edinburgh Neuroscience at the virtual FENS 2020 Forum, and showcased by The Lancet Neurology in their front covers in 2021.[58]
In 2017, UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recognised Cajal's Legacy (which had been kept in a museum from 1945 to 1989) as a World Heritage treasure. Recognising that this cultural treasure deserves a dedicated museum, showcasing not only Cajal's but also his disciples’ legacies, there has been a call for a dedicated museum to commemorate and celebrate Ramón y Cajal's discoveries and impact on neuroscience.[59]
Project Encephalon organised Cajal Week to celebrate his 169th birth anniversary from 1 May to 7 May 2021.[60]
The Brain In Search Of Itself,[61] an English language biography, was published in 2022.
Publications
He published more than 100 scientific works and articles in Spanish, French and German. Among his works were:[7]
Rules and advice on scientific investigation
Histology
Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system
Manual of normal histology and micrographic technique
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1898). "Estructura del quiasma óptico y teoría general de los entrecruzamientos de las vías nerviosas. (Structure of the Chiasma opticum and general theory of the crossing of nerve tracks)" [Die Structur des Chiasma opticum nebst einer allgemeine Theorie der Kreuzung der Nervenbahnen (German, 1899, Verlag Joh. A. Barth)]. Rev. Trim. Micrográfica (in Spanish). 3: 15–65.
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1999) [1897]. Advice for a Young Investigator. Translated by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Swanson. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN0-262-68150-1.
In 1905, he published five science-fiction stories called "Vacation Stories" under the pen name "Dr. Bacteria".[62][63]
Gallery of drawings
First illustration by Cajal (1888) of the nervous system. (A) First page of the article. (B) Vertical section of a cerebellar convolution of a hen. (C) Cerebellum of an adult bird. (D) Higher magnification of (C) showing Purkinje cell. (E) Dendrite of the Purkinje cell.
Drawing of the neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus. Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés, Vols. 1 and 2. A. Maloine. Paris. 1911
Drawing of the cells of the chick cerebellum, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905
Drawing of a section through the optic tectum of a sparrow, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905
From "Structure of the Mammalian Retina" Madrid, 1900
Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899. Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
Drawn in 1899, taken from the book "Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human cortex"
schema of the visual map theory (1898). O=Optic chiasm; C=Visual (and motor) cortex; M, S=Decussating pathways; R, G: Sensory nerves, motor ganglia.
Purkinje cell of the human cerebellum. Golgi method. -a, axon; b, recurrent collateral; c and d, spaces in the dendritic arborization for stellate cells, by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. (See Fig. 9 in Ref.[64])
^ abJosé María López Piñero, "Santiago Ramón y Cajal", Universita de València
^John Brande Trend (1965). The Origins of Modern Spain. Russell & Russell. p. 82. Ramón y Cajal was a liberal in politics, an evolutionist in philosophy, an agnostic in religion...
^DISCURSO DEL SR. D. SANTIAGO RAMÓN Y CAJALTEMA: FUNDAMENTOS RACIONALES Y CONDICIONES TÉCNICAS DE LAINVESTIGACIÓN BIOLÓGICA Sesquicentenario de Santiago Ramon y Cajal, 23 pages, p. 39-40: Y a los que te dicen que la Ciencia apaga toda poesía, secando las fuentes del sentimiento y el ansia de misterio que late en el fondo del alma humana, contéstales que á la vana poesía del vulgo, basada en una noción errónea del Universo, noción tan mezquina como pueril, tú sustituyes otra mucho más grandiosa y sublime, que es la poesía de la verdad, la incomparable belleza de la obra de Dios y de las leyes eternas por Él establecidas. Él acierta exclusivamente a comprender algo de ese lenguaje misterioso que Dios ha escrito en los fenómenos de la Naturaleza; y a él solamente le ha sido dado desentrañar la maravillosa obra de la Creación para rendir a la Divinidad uno de los cultos más gratos y aceptos a un Supremo entendimiento, el de estudiar sus portentosas obras, para en ellas y por ellas conocerle, admirarle y reverenciarle. [English Translation: P. 39-40: To those who tell you that Science quenches all poetry, drying up the sources of feeling and the longing for the mystery that pulses in the depths of the human soul, tell them that in the vain poetry of the people, based on an erroneous notion of Universe, as petty as it is puerile, you substitute a much more grandiose and sublime one, which is the poetry of truth, the incomparable beauty of the work of God and the eternal laws established by him. He is only able to understand something of that mysterious language that God has written in the phenomena of Nature; And he has only been able to unravel the wonderful work of Creation to render to the Divinity one of the most grateful and accepted cults to a supreme understanding, to study his portentous works, for them and for them to know, to admire and to revere him ]
^Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1898). "Estructura del quiasma óptico y teoría general de los entrecruzamientos de las vías nerviosas. (Structure of the Chiasma opticum and general theory of the crossing of nerve tracks)" [Die Structur des Chiasma opticum nebst einer allgemeine Theorie der Kreuzung der Nervenbahnen (German, 1899, Verlag Joh. A. Barth)]. Rev. Trim. Micrográfica (in Spanish). 3: 15–65.
^Ramon Y Cajal, Santiago (2003). Santiago Ramon Y Cajal (1852–2003). La Casa Encendida, Madrid, Spain. ISBN8495321467.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Santiago Ramón y Cajal, "Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates, Volume 1" Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 1999
Mazzarello, Paolo (2010). Golgi: A Biography of the Founder of Modern Neuroscience. Translated by Aldo Badiani and Henry A. Buchtel. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-533784-6.
Further reading
Wilkinson, Alec, "Illuminating the Brain's 'Utter Darkness'" (review of Benjamin Ehrlich, The Brain in Search of Itself: Santiago Ramón y Cajal and the Story of the Neuron, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2023, 447 pp.; and Timothy J. Jorgensen, Spark: The Life of Electricity and the Electricity of Life, Princeton University Press, 2021, 436 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXX, no. 2 (February 9, 2023), pp. 32, 34–35.
Untuk penggubah dan dokter Renaisans Jerman, lihat Georg Forster (penggubah). Georg ForsterGeorg Forster pada umur 26, oleh J. H. W. Tischbein, 1781 (juga dianggap dari Anton Graff)[1]LahirNovember 27, 1754 (1754-11-27)Nassenhuben (Mokry Dwór), Royal Prussia, Crown of the Kingdom of PolandMeninggal10 Januari 1794(1794-01-10) (umur 39)ParisKebangsaanJermanWarga negaraPrusia Polandia (Danziger)Karier ilmiahBidangsejarah alam, etnologiSingkatan penulis (botani)G.Forst. Johan…
ColdplayColdplay setelah konser di Stadion Gelora Bung Karno, November 2023. Kiri ke kanan:Will Champion, Guy Berryman, Chris Martin dan Jonny BucklandInformasi latar belakangNama lainBig Fat Noises (1997)Starfish (1998)Los Unidades (2018)AsalLondon, InggrisGenre Rock alternatif pop rock post-Britpop pop Tahun aktif1997–sekarangLabel Parlophone Atlantic Capitol Warner Music EMI Fierce Panda Situs webcoldplay.comAnggota Chris Martin Jonny Buckland Guy Berryman Will Champion Phil Harvey[a …
Keuskupan Ciudad AltamiranoDioecesis Civitatis AltamirensisDiócesis de Ciudad AltamiranoKatolik Catedral de San Juan BautistaLokasiNegara MeksikoProvinsi gerejawiProvinsi AcapulcoStatistikLuas6.180 sq mi (16.000 km2)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2006)913.000885,000 (96.9%)Paroki28InformasiDenominasiKatolik RomaRitusRitus RomaPendirian27 Oktober 1964 (59 tahun lalu)KatedralKatedral Santo Yohanes PembaptisKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupJoel Ocampo Goros…
FaceAlbum studio karya KeyDirilis26 November 2018 (2018-11-26)Direkam2018GenreK-popDurasi34:28BahasaKoreaLabel SM Entertainment iriver Kronologi Key Face(2018) Hologram(2018) Singel dalam album Face Forever YoursDirilis: 6 November 2018 One of Those NightsDirilis: 26 November 2018 Face adalah album debut dari penyanyi asal Korea Selatan, Key. Album ini dirilis pada tanggal 26 November 2018, melalui SM Entertainment. One of Those Nights dan Forever Yours (featuring Crush dan Soyou, masin…
George William Casey JrNascitaSendai (Giappone), 12 luglio 1948 Mortevivente Dati militariPaese servito Stati Uniti Forza armata United States Army Anni di servizio1970-in servizio GradoGenerale GuerreGuerra in Iraq BattaglieOperazione Joint Endeavor Comandante diCapo di stato maggiore dell'Esercito degli Stati Uniti Coalizione multinazionale in Iraq Vice capo di stato maggiore dell'Esercito degli Stati Uniti 1st Armored Division United States Joint Forces Command 3rd Brigade, 1st …
Philadelphia Public Transit Operator (January 1, 1940 to September 30, 1968) Philadelphia Transportation CompanyA PCC-type trolley and a Brill trackless trolley of PTC, wearing the company's standard paint scheme of green-and-cream in 1968 at 7th Street & Snyder AvenueOverviewLocalePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Transit type Rapid transit Trolley/Streetcar Motor bus Trolley bus Headquarters200 W. Wyoming Avenue,[1]Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaOperationBegan operationJanuary 1, 1940Ende…
Beruang cokelat Ursus arctos Beruang cokelat eurasia Jejak kaki beruang cokelatStatus konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN41688 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoCarnivoraFamiliUrsidaeGenusUrsusSpesiesUrsus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 DistribusiBrown Bear range lbs Beruang cokelat (Ursus arctos) adalah salah satu jenis beruang. Hidup di wilayah timur Eurasia dan Amerika Utara. Beruang cokelat bisa berbobot 130–700 kg (300–1500 pon). Beruang kodiak termasuk jenis beruang cokelat yang te…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: D…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chimbote – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Place in Ancash, PeruChimbote FlagSealNickname(s): The capital of fishing and steelChimboteCoordinates: 9°8′28.36″S 78°35′36.86…
Noodle dish from Myanmar MeeshayMeeshayAlternative namesမြီးရှည်CourseBreakfast, BrunchPlace of originMyanmarRegion or stateShan StateMain ingredientsRice noodles, meat (chicken or pork) sauce, bean sprouts, rice flour gel, onions, garlic, chickpea flour, coriander This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. Meeshay (Burmese: မြီးရှေ; MLCTS: mri: hre, prono…
Wisconsin Scenic BywaysHighway marker for Wisconsin's scenic bywaysHighway namesInterstatesInterstate X (I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)State(State Trunk) Highway X (STH-X or WIS X)Rustic RoadsRustic Road RXSystem links Wisconsin State Trunk Highway System Interstate US State Scenic Rustic Sign on Door County Coastal Byway The Wisconsin Scenic Byways are a system consisting of roads in the U.S. state of Wisconsin that travel through areas of scenic and historic interest. The intent of …
One of the four census regions of the US This article is about the political region. For the geographically southern part of the United States, see Sun Belt. For the cultural region of the southern United States, see Dixie. RegionSouthern United StatesRegion From top, left to right: Houston skyline, Jackson Square in New Orleans, Florida International University in Florida, Rainbow Row in Charleston, Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Tennessee farmland, Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Atlanta s…
Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (août 2011). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Commen…
British politician (1827–1904) The Right HonourableSir William HarcourtKCLeader of the OppositionIn office6 October 1896 – 8 December 1898Preceded byThe Earl of RoseberySucceeded bySir Henry Campbell-BannermanChancellor of the ExchequerIn office18 August 1892 – 21 June 1895Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gladstone The Earl of RoseberyPreceded byGeorge GoschenSucceeded bySir Michael Hicks Beach, BtIn office6 February 1886 – 20 July 1886Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gl…
1866–67 United States Senate elections ← 1864 & 1865 Dates vary by state(and other dates for special elections) 1868 & 1869 → 25 of the 66 (6 vacant)/72 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)34 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Henry B. Anthony[a] Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 4, 1863 Leader's seat Rhode Island Last election 33 seats 9 seats Seats before 3…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Scholar-official – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Learned men in government in Imperial China Scholar-officialPainting that depicts the career of a civil servant. The career path starts with pas…
Kenyan middle-distance runner (born 1988) David RudishaRudisha at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South KoreaPersonal informationBirth nameDavid Lekuta Rudisha[1]Born (1988-12-17) 17 December 1988 (age 35)[1]Kilgoris, Narok County, Kenya[1]Height1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)[1][2]Weight76 kg (168 lb)[1]SportCountryKenyaSportTrack and fieldEvent800 metresAchievements and titlesPersonal bests400 m: 45.…
_portrait_(restored).jpg)
_firt_drawing_of_nervous_system.gif)
