Sergeant Rutledge is a 1960 American TechnicolorWestern film directed by John Ford and starring Jeffrey Hunter, Constance Towers, Woody Strode and Billie Burke.[1] The title was also used for the novelization published in the same year.[2] Six decades later, the film continues to attract attention because it was one of the first mainstream films in the U.S. to treat racism frankly and to give a starring role to an African-American actor.[3] In 2017, film critic Richard Brody observed that "The greatest American political filmmaker, John Ford, relentlessly dramatized, in his Westerns, the mental and historical distortions arising from the country’s violent origins—including its legacy of racism, which he confronted throughout his career, nowhere more radically than in Sergeant Rutledge."[4]
The film starred Strode as Sergeant Rutledge, a Black first sergeant in a colored regiment of the United States Cavalry, known as "Buffalo Soldiers". At a U.S. Army fort in the early 1880s, he is being tried by a court-martial for the rape and murder of a white girl as well as for the murder of the girl's father, who was the commanding officer of the fort. The story of these events is recounted through several flashbacks.
Plot
The film revolves around the fictional court-martial of 1st Sgt. Braxton Rutledge (Strode) of the 9th U.S. Cavalry in 1881. At the time, the United States Army maintained four colored regiments, including the 9th Cavalry.
His defense is handled by Lt. Tom Cantrell (Hunter), who is also Rutledge's troop officer. The story is told through a series of flashbacks, expanding the testimony of witnesses as they describe the events following the murder of Rutledge's Commanding Officer, Major Custis Dabney, and the rape and murder of Dabney's daughter Lucy, for which Rutledge is the accused. Mary Beecher, a woman in whom Cantrell shows romantic interest, gives evidence in Rutledge's favor, noting that he saved her life when Apaches were attacking.
Circumstantial evidence suggests that Rutledge committed the crimes. Worse still, Rutledge deserts after the killings. Lt. Cantrell tracks Rutledge and arrests him. Subsequently, Rutledge escapes from captivity during an Indian raid. Aware of an impending ambush, he returns to warn his fellow cavalrymen and fights off the attack with them.
He is then brought back in to face a court-martial. A guilty verdict from the all-white military court appears inevitable, and the locals appear to enjoy the spectacle. Cantrell ultimately secures a confession when examining Chandler Hubble, the father of a young local man who was interested in Lucy, and Rutledge is exonerated. Cantrell and Beecher happily look forward to a life together.
Cast
Jeffrey Hunter as 1st Lt. Tom Cantrell, 9th Cavalry (counsel for the defense). Hunter's role in Sergeant Rutledge was the last of his three roles in films directed by Ford. He was previously cast in The Searchers and The Last Hurrah.
Billie Burke as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate. Her part in Sergeant Rutledge was her final film role.
Woody Strode as First Sergeant Braxton Rutledge, C Troop 9th US Cavalry. Sergeant Rutledge was the first of four films Strode made with John Ford. In an interview, Strode recalled how he was cast for the role: 'The big studios wanted an actor like Sidney [Poitier] or [Harry] Belafonte,' recalled Strode. 'And this is not being facetious, but Mr. Ford defended me; and I don't know that this is going on. He said, "Well, they're not tough enough to do what I want Sergeant Rutledge to be."'[5]
Juano Hernández as Sgt. Matthew Luke Skidmore, C Troop 9th US Cavalry
Willis Bouchey as Lt. Col. Otis Fosgate, 9th Cavalry (president of the court-martial)
Carleton Young as Capt. Shattuck, 14th Infantry (prosecutor)
Cover art for the paperback novelization of the screenplay for Sergeant Rutledge.
The screenplay for Sergeant Rutledge was original and was written by the film's co-producer, Willis Goldbeck, and by James Warner Bellah. Bellah has written that he and Goldbeck interested John Ford in directing a film after a screenplay was completed. Bellah had previously written the stories on which John Ford based his "cavalry trilogy" of films: Fort Apache (1948), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), and Rio Grande (1950). The screenplay for Sergeant Rutledge was adapted by Bellah for a novel that was published in conjunction with the film's release.[2]
As illustrated in the poster image above, for the 1960 domestic theatrical release of the film the theater patrons were warned that they could not be seated during the final 10 minutes of the film in order to preserve its suspense. The film did poorly in U.S. theaters. Scott Eyman summarized: "Sergeant Rutledge is a film of considerable formal beauty about the bonds between a black band of brothers. Not surprisingly, it did miserably at the domestic box office, grossing $784,000. It did considerably better overseas, grossing $1.7 million, but was probably still a marginal financial failure."[7]
Other countries
In Spain, the film was shown under the title of El Sargento Negro (The Black Sergeant), in France under the title Le Sergent Noir (The Black Sergeant) and in Italy under the title I dannati e gli eroi (The Damned and the Heroes).
Reception
Black Classic Movies mentions that this is one of the few American films of the 1960s to have a Black man in a leading role and the first mainstream western to do so.[8] Lucia Bozzola at All Movie gave it four out of five stars and mentioned "the expressionistic use of light and color, particularly during Rutledge's encounter with a sympathetic female witness, points to the repressed sexual terror that drives the case against him" and praised Strode's performance.[9]Jonathan Rosenbaum at Chicago Reader considered the film to be "effective", but "slightly long" and mentioned that it is "one of Ford's late efforts to treat minority members with more respect than westerns usually did."[10]Time Out agreed that the film is "often pigeonholed as one of Ford's late trio of guiltily amends-making movies" and although it praised it, it concluded that "he can't confront the cultural fear of miscegenation that mechanises [the movie], only its distorted expression."[11]
In Mike Grost's anthology presenting Ford's movies, the film was described as being one of his best, but also one of his most underrated. It also mentioned how the film mocked traditional femininity as being an "artificial construct".[12]TV Guide said the film "is a fascinating, detailed look at racism" and mentioned how some characters are directly racist, while others suffer from "repressed racism".[13]Variety said that the movie has an "intriguing screenplay which deals frankly, if not too deeply, with racial prejudice in the post-Civil War era."[14]
Home media
A region 1 DVD was released in 2006 in the United States as part of a set of movies directed by John Ford.[15] In 2016 the film's DVD was released individually.[16] A VHS tape had been released in 1988.[17]
^ abBellah, James Warner (1960). Sergeant Rutledge. Bantam Books. OCLC28370899. Novelization of the film's screenplay. Bellah describes the development of the screenplay in the novel's preface.
^Manchel, Frank (1997). "Losing and finding John Ford's 'Sergeant Rutledge' (1960)". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 17 (2): 245–259. doi:10.1080/01439689700260711. Ford's message and his means of delivering it create problems. But his agenda and its relevance to film history are significant. The film itself may not provide the most memorable moments in the director's career, but it is an important contribution to our understanding of race in the 1960s.
^"Sergeant Rutledge". Time Out (magazine). Ford can show us an innocent victim of American racism, and stress in courtroom flashbacks his heroic credentials in white man's uniform, but he can never make the leap to offering us a black who actually rejects the role of honorary white.
^"Sergeant Rutledge". TV Guide. Sergeant Rutledge was the first mainstream western to cast an African-American as the central heroic figure. There already had been other westerns with black characters--from the 1923 silent The Bull-Dogger to Bronze Buckaroo (1938) and Harlem on the Prairie (1939)--but these films were low-budget, all-black productions that were never screened for white audiences. Not only was Sergeant Rutledge produced by a major studio, but also it was directed by one of filmdom's most-respected talents, Ford.
^"Sergeant Rutledge". Variety. December 31, 1959. Give John Ford a troop of cavalry, some hostile Indians, a wisp of story and chances are the director will come galloping home with an exciting film. Sergeant Rutledge provides an extra plus factor in the form of an offbeat and intriguing screenplay which deals frankly, if not too deeply, with racial prejudice in the post-Civil War era.
Brody, Richard (June 26, 2014). "The Direction of Justice: John Ford's cinematic fight for civil rights". The New Yorker. Ford, of course, is most famous for his Westerns, and one of the best of them, "Sergeant Rutledge," from 1960 (July 19), set in Arizona in 1881, stars Woody Strode in the title role.
Gallagher, Tag (1986). John Ford: The Man and His Films. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 373. ISBN9780520063341. Bert Glennon's photography makes it Ford's most expressionistic color film (and possibly his most brilliant - characters set against black, light-streamed fog, trains roaring through the night. ... But suspense is not Ford's forte, and, anyway, Sergeant Rutledge is too much a discombobulation of genres — suspense film, wester, racial melodrama, theoretical expressionism.
Levy, Emanuel (February 19, 2014). "Sergeant Routledge". Cinema 24/7. John Ford's Western of 1960, Sergeant Rutledge, is one of his most underrated films, perhaps because it was misunderstood as just another military courtroom drama. But in actuality, the flashbacks, which show the witnesses' testimonies are far more interesting and dominant in the film.
Miller, Jack (December 9, 2019). "Sergeant Rutledge: Ford's Rashōmon". Indiana University - Establishing Shot. Indiana University. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. the film finds Ford returning, at various points, to a kind of full-blown expressionism, especially during the stormy, nocturnal sequences that mark the first couple of flashbacks, which are rendered in some of the most layered and striking compositions of Ford's oeuvre.
Schwartz, Dennis (September 21, 2010). "Sergeant Rutledge". Ford's film must be given kudos for bringing up real questions about racial relationships that were mostly ignored previously by Hollywood. Rated "B" on an A-F scale.
Steffen, James (April 22, 2010). "Sergeant Rutledge". Turner Classic Movies. Sergeant Rutledge remains notable as the first major studio Western to cast an African-American actor in the lead. It is also quite perceptive and daring for the way it links racism with fear of black male sexuality.
Thompson, Howard (May 26, 1960). "'Sergeant Rutledge'". The New York Times. Admirably, scenarists James Warner Bellah and Willis Goldbeck (co-producer with Patrick Ford) have explored a little-known chapter in Army history: the solid, brave service of a group of Negro recruits, including former slaves, under white officers during the Indian Wars.
Tracy, Andrew (April 2004). "Sergeant Rutledge". Senses of Cinema (31). With an effortlessness which belies the film's clunky flashback structure, Ford deftly traces the manifestations of racist fear in societal life, from the knee-jerks of the subconscious ('It was as though he'd sprung up from the earth… from a nightmare') to the self-deceiving rhetoric of the political establishment ('Incidentally, I'm glad that none of you gentlemen has mentioned the colour of the man's skin').
Webb, Andy. "Sergeant Rutledge (1960)". The Movie Scene. Retrieved December 8, 2020. "an interesting movie because it is slightly different to what you expect from a John Ford western" ... "not the intelligent courtroom drama of say Anatomy of a Murder" ..."relies on Ford's customary use of the flashback".
