Tamang people

Tamang people
Tamang people
Tibetan name
Tibetan	རྟ་དམག
Tibetan Pinyin
Transcriptions
Tibetan Pinyin	Tamang

Tamang
རྟ་དམག; तामाङ;
	Tamang couple in traditional attire
Total population
	c. 1.8 million[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Bhutan	N/A
Nepal	1,639,866
India	183,812
West Bengal	146,203 (2011)
Sikkim	37,609 (2011)
Languages
	Tamang, Nepali and Tibetian
Religion
	Buddhism (87%) Hinduism (9%) Christianity (3.00%),
Related ethnic groups
	Tibetan people, Daman people, Qiang, Gurung, Sherpa, Bhotiya, Thakali

The Tamang (རྟ་དམག་; Devanagari: तामाङ; tāmāṅ), are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group of Nepal, Southern Bhutan and North India. In Nepal, Tamang people constituted 5.6% of the Nepalese population at over 1.3 million in 2001, increasing to 1,539,830 as of the 2011 census.^[5] The Tamang people are concentrated in the central hilly region and himalayan region of Nepal.^[6] Indian Tamangs are found in significant numbers in the state of Sikkim and the districts of Darjeeling and Kalimpong in West Bengal state. Bhutanese Tamangs are native to various districts in the southern foothills of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Such districts include the Tsirang District, the Dagana District, the Samtse District, the Chukha District, the Sarpang District and the Samdrup Jongkhar District.^[7] Tamang language is the fifth most-spoken language in Nepal. Tamang people have followed Buddhism for thousands of years.^[8]

Etymology

Tamang may have been derived from the Tibetan word Tamang, where Ta means "horse" and Mak means "warrior" in Tibetan. However, there are no written documentations of Horse Riders. Some scientific research claims the Tamangs have Pand Genetic roots with tibetan.^[9]

History

Historical accounts show that the Tamang ethnic group originated in Tibet. The word "Ta" in the Tibetan language means horse, and "Mang" means traders; hence, their original way of life evolved around horses and trade.^[10] The Tamangs, who have lived on hills outside the Kathmandu Valley to the southern slopes of Langtang, Ganesh, Jugal Himal and Rolwaling probably since prehistoric times, have been mentioned in various Nepalese and colonial historical records under a variety of names, such as Bhote, Lama, Murmi, Sain, some of which terms erroneously conflate the Tamangs with Uighurs.^[11] The Tibetans called them Rongpa.^[12]

Various Gorkha rulers led campaigns against the indigenous Tamangs. The Gorkha Vamsavali provides details of battles with the Bhotyas of a variety of principalities between 1806 and 1862. In 1739, a ruler named Ghale-Botya attacked Narabhupal Shah as he was marching towards Nuwakot, and Narabhupal Shah also fought several battles against Golma Ghale. In 1762, Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked the Tamangs in Temal, the Tamang cultural heartland. Tamang oral history says that the local chief, Rinjen Dorje, was killed by the Gorkhas. Gorkhali forces had hidden their weapons in the sand on the Sunkoshi riverbank in order to attack the Tamang forces. Afterwards, the Gorkhas washed their weapons in springs at Dapcha Kuwapani, and this is why the modern-day Tamangs do not drink there. Similar stories appear in oral histories throughout the region.^[13]

After the attack on the Tamang region, their traditional homeland area, known as kipat to the Gorkhas, was granted to Gorkha generals or government officials who had pleased the king in some way, displacing the Tamangs from kipat lands. Previously Tamang landholdings had been divided up by clan. Tamangs also had various forced labour obligations, both in times of peace and war, that differed significantly from other regions of Nepal. One reason is the proximity of the Tamang homeland to the centre of royal administration at Kathmandu.^[13]

Tamangs were also involved in the Sino-Nepalese War (1788 to 1792). (Nepali: नेपाल-चीन युद्ध), also known as the Sino-Gorkha war and in Chinese the Campaign of Gorkha (Chinese: 廓爾喀之役).The war was initially fought between Nepalese Gorkhas and Tibetan armies over a trade dispute related to a long-standing problem of low-quality coins manufactured by Nepal for Tibet. A few hundred eventually settled in Tibet, they are known as Daman people in China. Previously stateless, since 2003 the Chinese government has classified them as ethnic Tibetans.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Political participation

Some ethnographers have drawn a link between Tamang people and ancient Mongol populations who emigrated to the Himalayas.^[17] Tamsaling Nepal Rastriya Dal.

Culture

Tamang tradition and culture include a distinct language, culture, dress and social structure. They have over 100 sub-clans. About 87 % of the Tamang people are Buddhist, while 8 % are Hindu ^[18] and around 3 % are Christians.^[19] Their language, Tamang, comes from the Tamangic branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family, and is closely related to Gurung. They follow the Chinese lunar calendar of the 12-year cycle. Colorful printed Buddhist mantra cloths are put up in various places in villages and towns.^[5]

Their typical song and dance style is known as Tamang Selo, and includes songs representing humor, satire, joy and sorrow. It has a brisk movement and rhythmic beat specific to the Tamangs.^[7] A distinctive musical instrument is the damphu, a small, round drum covered with goatskin. Traditional Tamang songs are known as Hwai. Sung by Tamang genealogists called Tamba, Hwai songs are ritualistic and hold tremendous importance in Tamang rituals.^[20]

Festivals

Sonam Lhosar is the main festival of the Tamangs and is celebrated in the month of Magh (February–March).^[21] It is celebrated to welcome the Tamang new year.

Also significant is Buddha Jayanti, a religious festival based on birthday of Gautam Buddha.^[9]

Tamang people in Nepal

The 2011 Nepal census classifies the Tamang people within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati.^[22] At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 1.539,830 people (5.8% of the population of Nepal) were Tamang. The frequency of Tamang people by province was as follows: