Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008
The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years' War / Guerre de Sept Ans, or by French-Canadians, La Guerre de la Conquête. It was signed by Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. Preferring to keep Guadeloupe, France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent.
At first only the imperial powers of Europe had the resources to support and expand settlements in North America. As time went on the colonies became more powerful and sought independence from the Old World. These demands for more autonomy sparked several wars, including the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821). The last major colonial power on the continent, the United Kingdom, granted dominion status to Canada in 1867 and slowly turned over its remaining land to that country over the next 100 years, with the last land transfer being the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949. Throughout this period, France maintained the small North American territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of the island of Newfoundland.[1]
From independence, the United States expanded rapidly to the west, acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803 and fighting a war with Mexico to push west to the Pacific. At the same time, British settlement in Canada increased. US expansion was complicated by the division between "free" and "slave" states, which led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Likewise, Canada faced tensions between settlers, including French and English communities, and the colonial administration that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837. Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Texas, which declared itself the Republic of Texas in 1836. In 1845, Texas joined the United States and in 1867 the United States acquired Alaska from Russia. The last major territorial change occurred when Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949,[2] but there have been a number of small adjustments like the Boundary Treaty of 1970 where the city of Rio Rico, Texas, was ceded to Mexico.[3]
France is still listed as a nation in North America throughout its history because of their possession of the small islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the Canadian coast of Newfoundland (the island).[1]
Republic of Madawaska (1827) is represented on the map as the disputed territory between Maine (U.S.) and Canada. The area, known as Madawaska Valley, was transferred to Quebec in 1842, then transferred to New Brunswick at some point in the 1850s (see Mitchell maps of Canada-East of 1850 & 1860).
Territories of a nation are represented by a lighter color than that for that nation's states or provinces.
his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had until now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants" – French King[4]
By the Royal Proclamation of 1763, King George III of Great Britain created the Province of Quebec in the St. Lawrence valley, the part of the former French province of Canada that was settled by people of French descent. The Great Lakes basin was barred to European settlement, reserved as exclusive “hunting grounds” for the “several nations or tribes of Indians” under the king's “protection.”[5]
1774
By the Quebec Act, the territory of the Province of Quebec was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve, including much of what is now southern Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota.[6]
1775
To ensure their claim on the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Bruno de Hezeta and Francisco Mourelle in the Santiago and Sonora sailed to what is now Vancouver Island and then south along the coast before continuing north as far as modern day Alaska.[7]
In another attempt to assert Spanish authority over the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Ignatio de Arteaga in La Princesa to what is now Prince of Wales Island and as far north and west as Unalaska.[7]
1783
January 20, 1783
Great Britain surrendered East Florida and West Florida to Spain; British inhabitants had 18 months from the date of ratification to leave.[9]
In 1784, Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov, who later set up the Russian-Alaska Company that colonized early Alaska, arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island with two ships, the Three Saints and the St. Simon.[11] The indigenous Koniag harassed the Russian party and Shelikhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest. Having established his authority on Kodiak Island, Shelikhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska (after Unalaska) on the island's Three Saints Bay.
August 23, 1784
Delegates from the North Carolina counties of Washington, Sullivan, Spencer (now Hawkins) and Greene — all in present-day Tennessee — convened in the town of Jonesborough and declared the lands the State of Frankland, independent of North Carolina. A constitution modeled on that of North Carolina was adopted with few changes, and the state name was changed to "Franklin". By 1790, the state government had collapsed entirely and the territory was again firmly under the control of North Carolina.[12]
October 28, 1790
In 1789, in attempt to assert its sovereignty over the Pacific coast the Spanish seized British ships in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island. This action sparked an international incident that resulted in the Nootka Convention which was signed on October 28, 1790. The conventions stated that the English had the right to found settlements anywhere on the Pacific claimed by Spain but never settled by Spain. As a result, claims of sovereignty on the Pacific were determined by settlement or feet on the ground as opposed to claims based on prior discovery.[13]
1791
March 4, 1791
The Vermont Republic, which included land claimed by New York and New Hampshire and, while unrecognized by the United States, was a de facto independent country, was admitted to the US as the 14th state, Vermont.[10]
December 26, 1791
The Province of Quebec was divided into two parts, Lower Canada and Upper Canada. The Province of Upper Canada (French: province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario in Canada. Upper Canada officially existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841. Its name reflected its position higher up the river or closer to the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada, present-day southern Quebec. The division was effected so that Loyalist American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada could have English laws and institutions, and the French-speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain French civil law and the Catholic religion.[14]
Sitka was originally settled by the native Tlingit people. Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov, the governor of Russian America. Baranov arrived under the auspices of the Russian-American Company, a "semi-official" colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I.[18]
In the secretly negotiated Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana), Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France.[20]
Amiens Treaty of 1802 specified that Saint Pierre and Miquelon would again be returned to France, although it took until 1816 for the British to honor the Treaty and allow the French to return.[21]
The North West Company organized an overland expedition from Montreal to James Bay and a second expedition by sea. In September 1803, the overland party met the company's ship at Charlton Island in what is now Nunavut. There, they lay claim to the territory that drained into the Arctic in the name of the North West Company.[24]
Illinois Territory was split from Indiana Territory. Illinois Territory included present-day Illinois, northeastern Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Indiana Territory included the present-day borders of Indiana, with its western and eastern borders continuing northward; thus, it also included the central portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan, as well as Door Peninsula of present-day Wisconsin.[19]
US President James Madison proclaimed the annexation of the Baton Rouge and Mobile Districts of West Florida, declaring them part of the Louisiana Purchase. The US Army occupied the capital, St. Francisville, on December 6 and Baton Rouge on December 10, bringing an end to the Republic of West Florida after 79 days.[26]
The southern portion of Illinois Territory was admitted as the 21st state, Illinois. The remainder was reassigned to Michigan Territory. The unorganized lands which had been a part of Indiana Territory prior to the admission of Indiana as a state were also assigned to Michigan Territory.[19]
1819
February 22, 1819
The Adams-Onís Treaty or Transcontinental Treaty was signed in Washington, establishing a defined border between the United States and New Spain. The treaty ceded Spain's claims to Oregon Country to the United States and American claims to Texas to Spain; moved portions of present-day Colorado, Oklahoma, and Wyoming, and all of New Mexico and Texas, to New Spain; and all of Spanish Florida as well as a small portion of modern-day Colorado to the United States.[30] The new borders intruded on Arkansaw Territory'sMiller County, created on April 1, 1820, which dipped below the Red River and into land ceded to Spain. However, the remoteness of the region caused no serious conflict with Spain.[31]
In 1821, the North West Company of Montreal and the Hudson's Bay Company merged, with a combined territory that was further extended by a license to the watershed of the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the west.[33]
August 10, 1821
The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted to the US as the 24th state, Missouri. The remainder became unorganized. Missouri did not include its northwestern triangle at this point, that being added later in the Platte Purchase.[34]
1824
October 4, 1824
The 1824 Constitution of Mexico was enacted, creating the United Mexican States and replacing the Mexican Empire, which had collapsed on March 19, 1823. The constitution organized the country into 19 states and four territories. In the aftermath of the end of the empire, Central American regions, which had been a part of Mexico since 1822, mostly voted not to stay a part of Mexico, with Chiapas, formerly part of Guatemala, being the only area that favored remaining in Mexico. However, rebels in one part of Chiapas, Soconusco, proclaimed its separation from Mexico on July 24, 1824, and it was formally annexed by the Federal Republic of Central America on August 18, 1824.[35]
Arkansas Territory was shrunk further, attaining the present-day borders of Arkansas, with the remainder again becoming unorganized, excepting the land it still claimed as Miller County.[36]
Voicing the same concerns as Texas, the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas declared independence from Mexico as the Republic of the Rio Grande; since the border of Texas was never conclusively decided, they claim a northern border of the Nueces River, while Texas claims a southern border of the Rio Grande.[39] The rebellion lasted until November 6, 1840. The nation was never fully established, and only existed in the minds of a few.
The Russians were forced to sell Fort Ross due to its economic failure. A private investor, John Sutter, agreed to pay $30,000 (US$886,065 in 2024) over a three-year period.[41]
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled the border between the United States and lands held by the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains, ending the disputes over the northern border of the state of Maine and northeastern border of Wisconsin Territory, which today resides in present-day Minnesota.[42]
The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border (so it did not include Vancouver Island) with the lands held by the United Kingdom. The sharing of Oregon Country ended, and the American portion becomes unorganized territory.[45]
December 28, 1846
The southeast portion of Iowa Territory was admitted to the US as the 29th state, Iowa. The remainder became unorganized.[19]
The Compromise of 1850 divided the Mexican Cession and land claimed by Texas but ceded to the federal government in exchange for taking on its debts. The western portion was admitted to the US as the 31st state, California, most of the rest was organized as Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory, and a small portion became unorganized land.[49] New Mexico Territory consisted of most of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, as well as a southern portion of Colorado and the southern tip of Nevada. Utah Territory consisted of present-day Utah, most of Nevada, and portions of Colorado and Wyoming.
A peculiarity appeared at this time, when a small strip of land north of Texas was not officially assigned by any state or territory; this came to be called the Neutral Strip or "No Man's Land", which corresponds to the present-day panhandle of Oklahoma.[53]
A boundary commission was set up to delineate the border between Vancouver Island and the Washington State coast. The commission could not come to agreement on where the middle of the Strait was so in 1859 things came to a head during the bloodless Pig War.[56]
1861
January 29, 1861
The eastern portion of Kansas Territory was admitted as the 34th state, Kansas. The western portion was added to Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861, but for the month between statehood for Kansas and the formation of Colorado Territory, it appears to have had no official status.[57]
The Union created its own Arizona Territory, splitting it off from New Mexico Territory, making both territories correspond to their present-day states, except for Arizona Territory including the southern tip of present-day Nevada.[60]
March 4, 1863
Idaho Territory was created from portions of Washington, Dakota, and Nebraska Territories, consisting of present-day Idaho, Montana, and most of Wyoming. Nebraska and Washington Territories were left corresponding to their present-day counterparts.[61]
June 20, 1863
Several counties of northwestern Virginia who did not want to be part of the Confederacy split off and were admitted to the US as the 35th state, West Virginia.
Nevada Territory was admitted to the US as the 36th state, Nevada; it was a bit smaller than it is today, lacking area in both the east and south.
1865
April 9, 1865
The Confederate States of Americasurrendered. The process of Reconstruction and readmission to the union would take several years; to simplify the map, they are shown as already readmitted. To view a detailed animated map depicting the various state readmission during Reconstruction see CSA states evolution.
At this time, though, Canada did not become independent according to the modern meaning of the word. The Statute of Westminster 1931 made Canada much closer to being independent, but not completely.
October 11, 1867
The United States purchased Alaska from Russia; it was designated the Department of Alaska, and corresponds, except for a boundary dispute, to present-day Alaska.[65] The United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 (US$156,960,000 in 2024) on April 9, 1867.
1868
July 25, 1868
Wyoming Territory was formed from portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah Territories, corresponding to the present-day borders of Wyoming.[66]
Idaho Territory then corresponds to present day Idaho, and Utah Territory to present-day Utah.
1869
January 15, 1869
The Mexican state of Hidalgo was split from the state of México.[35]
April 16, 1869
The Mexican state of Morelos was split from the state of México.[35]
Unlike what this map shows, the actual border between Newfoundland & Quebec is still unknown. Mapmakers mostly made their own guesses until 1927, pretending that the border was more known than it really was. The problem didn't stop in 1927 (see 1927).
July 20, 1871
The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province.[69] British Columbia joined the Canadian confederation following The Great Confederation Debates in the spring of 1870 and the Confederation Negotiations of the following summer and winter.[70]
The British colony of Prince Edward Island joined Canada as the seventh province by an Act of Parliament (and, as part of the terms of union, was guaranteed a ferry link, a term which was deleted upon completion of the Confederation Bridge in 1997).[72]
July 26, 1874
The borders of Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west. When the Province of Canada was formed, its borders were not entirely clear, and Ontario claimed to eventually reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean. With Canada's acquisition of Rupert's Land, Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders, especially since some of the new areas it was interested in were rapidly growing. After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area, the province asked for an elaboration on its limits, and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north.[73][74]
The Western Triangle Islands are claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act.
July 1, 1881
Manitoba's borders were expanded to a larger postage stamp province taking land easterly from the District of Keewatin to the western boundary of Ontario. Since the province's eastern border was defined as the "western boundary of Ontario", the exact definition of which was still unclear, Ontario disputed a portion of the new region.[79]
The dispute between Manitoba and Ontario ended as Ontario's borders were finalized in accordance with the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889, which extended the province west to the Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River.[82]
The Alaska Boundary Dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and Canada (then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London), and at a subnational level between Alaska on the US side and British Columbia and the Yukon on the Canadian side. It was resolved by arbitration in 1903, generally favoring the American claim.[90]
September 1, 1905
The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from the North-West Territories. Saskatchewan's western border and Alberta's eastern border run concurrent with the 4th meridian[A] or the 110°W longitude. Saskatchewan's eastern border is not a meridian, but instead follows a staircase-shaped Dominion Land Survey range line. Alberta's southern and northern borders are the same as Saskatchewan's: the southern border is the Canada–United States border or the 49th parallel and the northern border is the 60th parallel. Alberta's western border runs along peaks of the Rocky Mountain ridge and then extends north to the 60th parallel.[91][92][93][94]
The District of Keewatin became an administrative unit of the Northwest Territories.
1906
In 1906, the American Rio Grande Land and Irrigation Company performed an unauthorized diversion of the Rio Grande, which moved a 413-acre (167 ha) tract of land, including the American village of Rio Rico, south of the river. Since the 1845 Border Treaty all land south of the Rio Grande was Mexican. Mexican authorities unknowingly assumed control of the area, which became known as the Horcón Tract.[95]
Newfoundland never became independent according to the modern meaning of the word. The Statute of Westminster 1931 would have made Newfoundland much closer to being independent, but not completely. However, the government of Newfoundland did not ratify it, and furthermore, abolished itself in 1934 because of bankruptcy.
Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec were all expanded into their present-day boundaries. The Northwest Territories is now only situated north of the 60th parallel (except Hudson Bay and James Bay islands) with three districts, Keewatin, Mackenzie and Franklin.[97]
A decision of the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council of 1927 decided the issue of the border between the Dominion of Newfoundland and Canada in favour of Newfoundland. The issue had been the precise boundary between the Canadian province of Quebec and Labrador, part of Newfoundland. The boundary ruling clarified that a large area of the disputed land belonged to Newfoundland, not to Canada.[99][100]
Maps prior to 1927 wildly disagreed on the actual position of the border, instead of agreeing upon marking the area as being disputed. Maps after 1927 tended to agree with the decision, but due to protests, some mapmakers in Quebec still disagreed. In the 1960s, logos of the two biggest political parties of Quebec (PLQ & UN) both included the shape of the province as including all of Labrador. Disagreements persist even today (to a lesser extent), as Quebec insists on including the rest of the gulf's basin in its maps, separated with a dotted line saying 1927 border, non-final.[101] Newfoundland complains in 2014,[102] even though older electoral maps showed the same.
1928
Norway asserted its claim of sovereignty over the Sverdrup Islands. The islands are named after Norwegian explorer Otto Sverdrup, who explored and mapped them from 1898 to 1902 with the vessel Fram, although some were previously inhabited by Inuit. Sverdrup claimed the islands for Norway, but the Norwegian government showed no interest in pursuing the claim until 1928. At that point, the Norwegian government raised the claim, primarily to use the islands as bargaining chips in negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of the Arctic island Jan Mayen and the Antarctic Bouvet Island.[103]
November 11, 1930
Sverdrup Islands are ceded to Canada by Norway, in exchange for British recognition of Norway's sovereignty over Jan Mayen.[103]
Statute of Westminster 1931 allows dominions to become independent. Dominion of Canada decides to become almost independent, whereas Newfoundland does not sign (see 1934).
1934
The Dominion of Newfoundland, because of financial difficulties, was obliged to give up its self-governing status and the Commission of Government took its place.[2]
The territory of Quintana Roo changed into a state status. The South Territory of Baja California changed its status and became the state of Baja California Sur, giving Mexico its present-day configuration.[35]
April 1, 1999
The Canadian territory of Nunavut was created from the Northwest Territories. The provisional districts are no longer administrative areas of the Northwest Territories.[104]
Annotations
^Not shown on the map as it is a name change, not a territorial change
^Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted 79 days
^Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted under a month
^Not shown on the map as maritime borders are not displayed
^Bolger, Francis William Pius (1961). "Prince Edward Island and Confederation 1863–1873"(PDF). St. Dunstan's University, Charlottetwon CCHA Report 28 (1961) 25–30. University of Manitoba. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
^"Territorial Evolution, 1874". Natural Resources Canada > Atlas Home > Explore Our Maps > History > Territorial Evolution > Territorial Evolution, 1874. Government of Canada. March 18, 2009. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
^
Widdis, Randy (2006). "49th Parallel". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^
Lewry, Marilyn (2006). "Boundary surveys". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^"Les Dix Grand Mensonges". Henri Dorion discrédite les Dix Grand Mensonges sur la frontière du Labrador (Henri Dorion debunks the Ten Great Myths about the Labrador boundary). Québec—Assemblée Nationale—Première session, 34e Législature (Quebec—National Assembly—First Session, 34th Legislature). October 1, 1991. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
Berton, Pierre (1988). The Arctic grail: the quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 (1988 ed.). Viking. ISBN0-670-82491-7. - Total pages: 672
Bourne, Charles B. (1977). Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 14 (1977 ed.). UBC Press. ISBN0-7748-0069-0. - Total pages: 442
Canada, Government of (1893). Sessional papers, Volume 46, Issue 24: Report of the Dominion Fishery Commission on the Fisheries of the Province of Ontario (1893 ed.). C. H. Parmelee.
Cannon, Kerry A. (1995). On the Land: Confronting the Challenges to Aboriginal Self-Determination (1995 ed.). Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN0-9690783-6-6. - Total pages: 165
Chamier, Frederick; James, William. The naval history of Great Britain: from the declaration of war by France in 1793, to the accession of George IV., Volumes 3-4 (1837 ed.). London:R. Bentley. - Total pages: 377
Chamier, Frederick; James, William. The naval history of Great Britain, from the declaration of war by France in 1793, to the accession of George IV (1860 ed.). London:W. Clowes and sons. - Total pages: 461
Davis, William C. (2005). The pirates Laffite: the treacherous world of the corsairs of the Gulf (2005 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN0-15-100403-X. - Total pages: 706
Fink, Paul M. (1989). Jonesborough: the first century of Tennessee's first town, 1776–1876 (1989 ed.). The Overmountain Press. ISBN0-932807-38-0. - Total pages: 203
Hansen, Jerry (2007). State Boundaries Of America: How, Why, and When American State Lines Were Formed (2007 ed.). Heritage Books. ISBN978-0-7884-4456-2. - Total pages: 210
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Mireles, Jovita González; Cotera, María Eugenia (2006). Life along the border: a landmark Tejana thesis (2006 ed.). Texas A&M University Press. ISBN1-58544-564-9. - Total pages: 131
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For the film, see Chinna Marumagal. 2024 Indian Tamil TV series Chinna MarumagalGenreDramaWritten byGuru Sampath Kumar K.Raja ThamayanthiScreenplay byRam Srinivas E. Chandrasekhar B. JeyaprakashDirected byM. Manoj KumarStarring Navin Kumar Swetha Theme music composerKiranCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageTamilNo. of seasons01ProductionExecutive producerDeepika RamaniProducerS. KushmavathyCinematographyM. Antony SaravananCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time22 minutesProduction companyEs…
CiamisKelurahanPeta lokasi Kelurahan CiamisNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa BaratKabupatenCiamisKecamatanCiamisKodepos46211Kode Kemendagri32.07.01.1001 Kode BPS3207210008 Luas3,42 km2 (1,32 sq mi) [1]Jumlah penduduk17.100 jiwa (2022) [1]Kepadatan5.000/km2 (13.000/sq mi) [1]Jumlah RT134 [2][3]Jumlah RW32 [2][3]Jumlah KK6.293 [1]Situs webkelurahan-ciamis.ciamiskab.go.id Ciamis adalah kelurahan di Kecamatan Ciamis,…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. COVID-19 …
Erizal AsLahir3 Februari 1979 (umur 45)Padangpanjang, Sumatera BaratKebangsaanIndonesiaAlmamaterInstitut Seni Indonesia (ISI), YogyakartaPekerjaanPelukis Erizal As (lahir 3 Februari 1979)[1] adalah seorang seniman Indonesia yang berprofesi sebagai pelukis.[2] Sepanjang kariernya selama lebih dari 15 tahun sebagai pelukis, Erizal telah mengadakan banyak pameran dan menerima banyak penghargaan baik secara nasional maupun internasional. Erizal menamatkan pendidikan tinggi seni …
Keruntuhan batu Capitólio 2022Upaya pencarian dan penyelamatan selepas keruntuhan batuTanggal8 Januari 2022Waktuc. 12:30 BRT (UTC−03)LokasiCapitólio, Minas Gerais, BrasilKoordinat20°38′49″S 46°15′56″W / 20.64694°S 46.26556°W / -20.64694; -46.26556Koordinat: 20°38′49″S 46°15′56″W / 20.64694°S 46.26556°W / -20.64694; -46.26556Tewas10Cedera32 Pada 8 Januari 2022, keruntuhan batu terjadi di ngarai Waduk Furnas di Capit…
Augit yang ditambang di Gunung Muhabura, Rwanda Augite adalah sebuah mineral pembentuk bebatuan yang biasanya terjadi pada bebatuan beku berjenis mafik dan menengah seperti andesit, basal, diorit, dan gabro. Augite memiliki sebuah rumus kimiawi (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al,Ti) (Si,Al)2O6.[1][2] Ciri Khas Augite Augite jika ditembus sebuah cahaya akan memiliki beberapa warna yakni coklat, hijau, atau hitam. Terkadang dapat menunjukkan dua arah pembelahan yang berbeda yang berpotongan sedikit…
Bandar Udara Bankstown Bandar Udara Bankstown (IATA: BWU, ICAO: YSBK) adalah sebuah bandar udara penerbangan umum dan taman bisnis yang terletak di City of Bankstown, 22 km (14 mi) dari distrik bisnis pusat Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Bandar udara ini terletak di tanah seluas 313 ha (770 ekar) dan memiliki tiga landasan pacu paralel, beberapa apron, terminal penumpang kecil dan taman bisnis yang menjadi rumah bagi 170 perusahaan. Bandar Udara Bankstown beroperasi 24 j…
Presiden George W. Bush di Cincinnati pada 7 Oktober 2002, menuduh Irak di bawah kepemimpinan Saddam Hussein menyembunyikan teroris. Sebelum Perang Irak, Amerika Serikat menuduh Irak mengembangkan senjata pemusnah massal dan memiliki hubungan dengan al-Qaeda. Pada tahun 1991, Resolusi 687 Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa diadopsi dan pemeriksa senjata PBB selanjutnya berada di Irak. Pada periode ini juga terjadi permusuhan tingkat rendah antara Irak dan koalisi yang di pimpin Amerika Se…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Bandar Udara Internasional Curaçao – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (July 2018) Bandara Internasional Curaçao Hato International AirportHato Internationale luchthavenIATA: CURICAO: TNCCInfor…