This is a timeline of Italian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Italy and its predecessor states, including Ancient Rome and Prehistoric Italy. Date of the prehistoric era are approximate. For further background, see history of Italy and list of prime ministers of Italy.
According to tradition, the end of the Trojan war and the beginning of the Trojan hero Aeneas's journey when he escaped the Greeks with others in search of a new land.
The consulPublius Valerius Publicola promulgated a number of liberal reforms, including opening the office of consul to all Roman citizens and placing the treasury under the administration of appointed quaestors.
During the first dictatorship of Cincinnatus, the Aequians staged an offensive, breaking a truce. Cincinnatus defeated the Aquians at the Battle of Mount Algidus and after a triumph, returned to his farm after sixteen days.[2]
Cincinnatus was called upon to accept a second dictatorship by the patricians to prevent Spurius Maelius from seizing power; the patricians suspected Spurius of using wheat to purchase the support of the plebeians, to set himself up as a king. Gaius Servilius Ahala was appointed magister equitum in order to stop Maelius; following an attack by Maelius, Ahala slew him. Cincinnatus again resigned his dictatorship and returned to his farm after 21 days.[3]
The Leges Genuciae were passed, banning a person from holding two offices at the same time, or during any ten-year period; charging interest on loans was also banned.
First Macedonian War: Rome and Macedonia signed the Treaty of Phoenice, according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance with Carthage in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains in Illyria.
Second Punic War: Carthage accepted Roman conditions for peace, including disarmament, a war indemnity of ten thousand talents, and the cession of Iberia, ending the war.
Roman–Seleucid War: The Seleucid Empire signed the Treaty of Apamea, under which it surrendered all territory west of the Taurus Mountains to the Roman clients Rhodes and Pergamon and agreed to disarm its navy and pay a war indemnity of fifteen thousand talents of silver to Rome.
The Lex Villia annalis, which established minimum ages for high office and required a minimum of two years in private life between offices, was passed.
Battle of Arausio: A coalition of the Cimbri and Teutons inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modern Orange. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.
Battle of Vercellae: An invasion of Italy by the Cimbri was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their king Boiorix.
Nero, then in hiding in the villa of the freedmanPhaon (freedman), was notified that the Senate had declared him an enemy of the state and ordered him brought to the Forum to be publicly beaten to death. He ordered his secretary Epaphroditos to kill him.
Following his defeat by Vitellius, the commander of the Roman army on the lower Rhine, near modern Calvatone, and to prevent further civil war, Otho committed suicide.
Domitian's Dacian War: Decebalus agreed to return all Roman prisoners of war and accept his status as a Roman client in exchange for an annual subsidy of eight million sestertii, ending the war.
Bar Kokhba revolt: The revolt ended at a cost of tens of thousands of Roman soldiers and some six hundred thousand Jewish rebels and civilians, including bar Kokhba, killed. Judea and Syria were combined into the single province of Syria Palaestina.
Marcomannic Wars: Rome and the Iazyges signed a treaty under which the latter agreed to return Roman prisoners of war and supply troops to the Auxilia, ending the war.
In 235 AD, Maximinus Thrax leads a rebellion against 26-year-old Emperor Alexander Severus. Thrax's men approached Alexander who pleads with his soldiers to take up arms, but instead abandon a weeping Severus to the Imperial tent and his mother's arms there to await capture and execution.
Civil wars would follow with the first breaking out in 238, another in 249 followed by a third in 253. From 235 through 284 the average reign of a Roman Emperor was just 18 months, down from average just over 9 years during the first centuries of the Empire.
Diocletianic Persecution: Diocletian issued his first edict against Christians, calling for the destruction of Christian holy books and places of worship and stripping Christians of their government positions and political rights.
An earthquake near Crete with a magnitude of at least eight affects the Eastern Mediterranean. Combined with a subsequent tsunami, residents of Sicily are among the casualties.
The Duchy of Naples is established as a Byzantine province in the coastal territory that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion in the sixth century.
Aversa is established, marking the start of permanent Norman settlements in Italy.
1043
William of Hauteville and the Normans found the County of Apulia and Calabria composed of the territories of Gargano, Capitanata, Apulia, Vulture, and most of Campania.
The Normans, led by the Count of Apulia, Humphrey of Hauteville defeat a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army organized by Pope Leo IX and led on the battlefield by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine and Rudolf, Prince of Benevento at the Battle of Civitate. The Norman victory marked the climax of the conflict between the Normans who began to migrate to southern Italy at the end of the tenth century and the local Lombard princes.
Roger I of Sicily and the Normans defeat a Muslim alliance of Sicilian and Zirid troops at the Battle of Cerami, the most significant battle of the Norman conquest of Sicily.
Roger II of Sicily, the Norman, founds the Kingdom of Sicily which includes the island of Sicily, the southern portion of the Italian Peninsula, and for a time, territory in Northern Africa.
Dante Alighieri is born. He is considered the father of the Italian language for writing works in his dialect, which would become standardized into Modern Italian.
The Sack of Rome (1527) happens due to mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. It's considered one of the causes of the decline of the High Renaissance.
A series of uprisings along the Italian Peninsula occur, calling out for the merging of the different territories in the peninsula into one unified nation.
1831
Spring
Austrian troops gradually crush political resistance along the Italian peninsula.
July
The political movement Young Italy is formed by activist Giuseppe Mazzini, promoting insurrection in Italian states and Austrian lands to help unify Italy.[10]
Italian statesman Camillo Benso of Cavour disparages Austria's intrusive presence in the Italian Peninsula.
1858
Napoleon III and Cavour meet secretly in France, in Plombières-les-Bains, where they make the Plombières Agreement. They decide that Cavour will provoke rebellion in Austrian territories in Northern Italy so as to tempt Austria into making a military decision.
1859
After having allied with France, under the lead of Cavour, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia provokes Austria to war and secure the takeover of Milan and Lombardy (Second Italian War of Independence). Plebiscites subsequently guarantee the annexation of Tuscany, Emilian dukedoms, and Papal-controlled central Italy. Savoy and Nice are ceded to France in exchange for recognition. (to 1860) The annexation of Nice to France caused the Niçard exodus, or the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy,[12] and the Niçard Vespers.
The capital of Italy is moved from Turin to Florence, in order to approach it to Rome, considered the natural capital, but still under Papal rule and French protection.
Enzo Ferrari, having no other job perspective, eventually settles for a job at a small car company called CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali) redesigning used truck bodies into small passenger cars.
After the lack of a compromise between socialists and Christian-democrats, and the March on Rome of the fascist militias, Benito Mussolini is named by the King as prime minister of Italy.
While they are confined on the island of Ventotene by the Fascist regime, Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi compile the Ventotene Manifesto, entitled "Towards a Free and United Europe". With his Manifesto, Spinelli gives the major contribution to the formulation of the Federalist thinking and is later one of the main figures of the European Parliament.
1943
Nazi troops occupy Northern Italy, release Mussolini from prison and have him leading the puppet Italian Social Republic. Anglo-American troops fight in the following two years to free the whole peninsula. The Italian Resistance plays a growing role in harassing German occupation forces.
25 July
After the Allied occupy Sicily, the government of Mussolini is overthrown by the same Grand Council of Fascism.
Milan is finally liberated on 25 April 1945. Resistance fighters catch Benito Mussolini as he flees north in the hope of reaching Switzerland. They shoot him along with his lover, Clara Petacci. The corpses are brought back to Milan and hang in a gas station in Piazzale Loreto.
Italians vote to abolish the monarchy and establish a new republic; King Umberto II, who succeeded his father Victor Emmanuel III on 9 May 1946, goes into exile.
10 June
Birth of the Italian Republic: Italy becomes a republic after the results of a popular referendum. The Constituent Assembly is elected to draft the Republican Constitution and women are granted suffrage.
The national oil company ENI (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) is established, with Enrico Mattei as his first President. The ENI will become a strong actor in Italian foreign policy towards Arab countries.
1954
The state-owned RAI broadcasts the first Italian official TV program.
Italy joins the United Nations, along with fifteen other states, after years of stalemate due to opposed vetoes between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Two thousand people die when a landslide causes the overtopping of the Vajont Dam north of Venice; the flooding wave completely wipes out several villages.
The "Hot Autumn" of 1969 features occupations of factories and universities, and violence between right and left-wing students.
19 November
During the disorders of far-left peoples of lyrical theatre, in Milan, policeman Antonio Annarumma was hit by an iron tube, according to the court inquiry. After his death his vehicle without guidance hit another police officer.[19] Students believe it is the accident which killed him, but this claim was repudiated by the medical examination.[20] Annarumma considered to be the first victim of the Years of Lead, a period of social and political upheaval in Italy.
20 November
Agreement between Italy and Austria for a system of self-government in South Tyrol.
12 December
Far-right terrorists bomb the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura in Milan (Piazza Fontana bombing), killing 17 people and wounding 88. Four more bombs detonate without victims. Investigations are blurred, and no responsible party has been held accountable.
1970
6 August
After the resignation of Mariano Rumor (6 July), Emilio Colombo forms a new Government.
September–October
Serious incidents of violence across Italy.
1 December
Parliament approved the law on divorce.
7–8 December
Another rightist coup attempt is defused (golpe Borghese).
1971
16 February
The regional council of Calabria recognizes Catanzaro regional capital.
February
In Italy resume violent riots.
13 June
Partial local elections showed a decline of the Christian Democrats and an advanced of MSI.
Giovanni Leone is elected President of the Republic at the twenty-third ballot.
1974
12 May
A referendum asking voters to repeal a government law allowing divorce is defeated. The result of Italian divorce referendum, 1974 is the retention of the law allowing divorce.
Aldo Moro is killed after the government refuses to negotiate with the Communist group. The "historic compromise" is stopped and Giulio Andreotti steps down from government. The Red Brigades begin falling apart.
15 June
President Giovanni Leone resigned.
July
Socialist Sandro Pertini is the new President of the Republic.
1979
7 April
Arrest of several academics accused of subversive and terrorist activities.
3–4 June
In the early parliamentary elections fall of PCI, advanced the Radical party and stability of DC.
Ustica Massacre: a DC-9 operated by Itavia crashes into the Tyrrhenian Sea between Ponza and Ustica, killing all 81 people on board. The disaster led to numerous investigations, legal actions, and accusations, and continues to be a source of speculation, including claims of conspiracy by the Italian government and others.
2 August
Bologna massacre: a terrorist bombing of the Central Station at Bologna kills 85 people and wounds more than 200. This was found to be a neo-fascist bombing, mainly organized by the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari: Francesca Mambro and Valerio Fioravanti were sentenced to life imprisonment. In April 2007 the Supreme Court confirmed the conviction of Luigi Ciavardini, a NAR member associated closely with close ties to Terza Posizione. Ciavardini received a 30-year prison sentence for his role in the attack.[21]
September
Broadcaster Canale 5 starts to broadcast on a national scale. This is the first national private television.
The prosecutors of Milan and the police discovered the existence of the P2 lodge. Head of loggia is Licio Gelli.
June
Giovanni Spadolini (PRI) is premier of a coalition (PRI-DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI) called Pentapartito. Spadolini is the first non-Christian Democrat minister since 1945. His government lasts one year.
1982
29 May
Parliament approves law on "collaborators of justice". It was officially created the figure of Pentito.
Bettino Craxi (PSI) is premier of a PSI-DC coalition until 1987. Under his government, a television reform allows Berlusconi to build up his media empire. The Concordat with the Vatican is revised, and salary indexation is abolished to curb inflation from 12% to 5%, but public debt raises up to 90% of GDP.
1984
June
At the European Parliament elections, in the wake of the death of the leader Enrico Berlinguer, the PCI gains 33.3% of votes and overcomes the DC as first party in Italy.
Rome airport is attacked by Palestinian terrorists; 16 people die.
1986
The start of the Maxi Trial against the Sicilian Mafia that took place in Palermo, Sicily. It lasted until 1992 (the final day of the Supreme Court of Cassation). Sicilian prosecutors indicted 475 mafiosi for a multitude of crimes, of which 338 were convicted and sentenced to a total of 2,665 years, not including life sentences handed to 19 bosses.[22] It is considered to be the most significant trial ever against the Sicilian Mafia, as well as the biggest trial in world history.[23]
The neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini, together with Stanley Cohen, receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of Nerve growth factor (NGF). Since 2001, she has also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.
1987
July
Giovanni Goria is the new prime minister. His Cabinet lasts up to April 1988.
November
In the wake of the Chernobyl disaster, a referendum put off the use of nuclear plants. The three working plants are slowly decommissioned. The Green party establishes itself in Italy.
1988
April
Ciriaco De Mita replaces Goria as prime minister. His Cabinet lasts one year.
Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti reveals the existence of Operation Gladio. Gladio was the codename for a clandestine North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) "stay-behind" operation in Italy during the Cold War. Its purpose was to prepare for, and implement, armed resistance in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasion and conquest. Although Gladio specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind organizations, "Operation Gladio" is used as an informal name for all of them.[24]
1991
January
Italy takes part in the Operation Desert Storm, during the Gulf War, for the liberation of Kuwait.
The Simpsons is aired on the italian TV for the first time.
1992
Mani pulite (clean hands), a nationwide judicial investigation into political corruption and influence-peddling, leads to the fall and dissolution of the Christian Democracy, and of the Socialist party, which had been the most influential political parties in Italy since 1948. Bettino Craxi flees to Tunisia to avoid prosecution.
5–6 April
General elections. Lega Nord's first electoral breakthrough was at the 1990 regional elections, but it was with the 1992 general election that the party emerged as a leading political actor. Having gained 8.7% of the vote, 56 deputies and 26 senators,[25] it became the fourth largest party of the country and within Parliament.
Bettino Craxi is under investigation in Milan for corruption.
1993
27 March
Giulio Andreotti is under investigation for collusion with the mafia.
18 April
The public overwhelmingly backed the abrogation of the existing proportional representation parliamentary electoral law in a referendum, for the benefit of a majority system.
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, former governor of the national bank, was appointed head of the government and appointed a technical government without political influences.
29 April
Italian Parliament denied permission to proceed against Bettino Craxi, accused of corruption. Several members of the government, having been in office just three days, resigned in protest; among them were Francesco Rutelli, Minister of the Environment and Vincenzo Visco, Minister of Finance.
May–July
The Sicilian Mafia organizes some attacks in Rome, Florence and Milan.
Parliament grants authorization to proceed against Bettino Craxi.
1994
27 April
Media magnate Silvio Berlusconi becomes prime minister for a rightist coalition. However, the pact between northern autonomists and southern post-fascists collapsed late in the year, and Berlusconi is forced to resign as prime minister.
Dario Fo, an Italian avant-garde playwright, manager-director, and actor-mime, is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. A theatrical caricaturist with a flair for social agitation, he has often faced government censure.
20 skiers (of which 3 Italians) die in the Cavalese cable car disaster, when a US EA-6B Prowler military jet severed the cables supporting the Cermis mountain cable car. Pilots will be later found not guilty by an American court.
The film Life is Beautiful is nominated for seven Academy Awards. The film wins the awards for Best Actor (the first for a male performer in a non-English-speaking role, and only the third overall acting Oscar for non-English-speaking roles), the Best Original Dramatic Score and the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film.
Nicola Calipari, Italian secret agent, is shot dead by friendly fire from a US patrol during the rescue of journalist Giuliana Sgrena from kidnappers in Baghdad. US later refused the extradition of the identified shooter, Mario Lozano.
^James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard, The Development of Modern Europe: An Introduction to the Study of Current History, vol. 1 (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1907), 290, [ISBN missing].
^Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, and Barbara H. Rosenwein. The Making of the West, Volume C Since 1740: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/Saint Martin's, 2008.
^Lavecchia, G.; Ferrarini F.; de Nardis R.; Visini F.; Barbano M.S. (2007). "Active thrusting as a possible seismogenic source in Sicily (Southern Italy): Some insights from integrated structural–kinematic and seismological data". Tectonophysics. 445 (3–4). Elsevier: 145–167. Bibcode:2007Tectp.445..145L. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07.007.
Thomas Bartlett (1841). "Italy". New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events. London: Thomas Kelly.
J. Willoughby Rosse (1858). "Italy". Index of Dates ... Facts in the Chronology and History of the World. London: H.G. Bohn. hdl:2027/uva.x030807786 – via Hathi Trust.
Zygmunt G. Baranski and Rebecca J. West, ed. (2001). "Chronology". Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-55982-9.
Roy Domenico (2002). "Chronology". Regions of Italy: a Reference Guide to History and Culture. Greenwood. ISBN978-0313307331.
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