United States Navysubmarines, surface ships, and aircraft launch torpedoes, missiles, and autonomous undersea vehicles as part of training exercises. Typically, these training munitions have no warhead and are recovered from the sea and reused. Similarly, new naval weapons under development are launched at sea in performance trials. These experimental units also need to be recovered, in their case to obtain evaluation data. At various points in history, newly manufactured torpedoes were fired as a quality control measure and these, too, had to be recovered before issuing them to the fleet. The U.S. Navy has used a variety of boats to accomplish the retrieval of these test and training munitions. As their missions evolved over the last century they have been variously known as torpedo retrievers, torpedo weapon retrievers, torpedo recovery boats, range support craft, and multi-purpose craft.
These vessels have usually been confined to firing ranges close to port and have not engaged in combat. The individual service histories of these boats are consequently modest, undramatic, and frequently undocumented. While their individual histories may be lost, as a class they have been part of the Navy for a century and have served around the world. Their modern types remain in service with the Navy today, continuing to provide an essential function.
History and operation
The first sinking of a ship by a self-propelled torpedo occurred in 1878,[1] and by World War I, torpedoes played a pivotal role in naval warfare as German U-boats sought to close the North Atlantic to allied shipping. While the United States had experimented with early torpedoes, the U-boat threat in World War I focused undersea warfare efforts on anti-submarine technologies rather than torpedoes. At the close of World War I, U.S. defense spending was reduced, further curtailing the development of torpedo systems.[2] Consequently, U.S. Navy experience with torpedoes was quite limited prior to World War II. At the start of the conflict there was no one in the Navy who had ever seen or heard a torpedo detonate either in test or war. No U.S. submarine sank a vessel using a torpedo until 1941.[3][4] In this environment of economy, testing and trainining were limited. Only two types of small purpose-built torpedo retrievers, 40' and 42' boats, were built. There were few enough of these that it was common for unspecialized motorboats to recover exercise torpedoes.[5]
World War II brought about a large increase in U.S. Navy use of torpedoes. Prior to the war, about 60 torpedoes per month were manufactured. Over the next four years nearly 50,000 were produced.[2] Training and testing capabilities expanded significantly, including new, more capable torpedo retrievers, notably the 63' vessels converted from aviation crash boats. Even so, other small vessels continued to be pressed into service as retrievers. For example, during March 1945 the rescue tug ATR-63 was detailed to retrieve exercise torpedoes off Pearl Harbor five times. Two exercises were aborted due to high winds and seas, and in the other three exercises she recovered 25 torpedoes, including some dropped by aircraft and others fired by submarines USS Cod and USS Cero.[6]
The most recent generations of torpedo retrievers are much more than that, as their designations suggest. They are now categorized as range support craft, and multi-purpose craft. They not only retrieve torpedoes, but new classes of weapons including missiles, and autonomous undersea vehicles. They launch drones and other targets. They tow various targets and lower sound transducers into the sea to simulate enemy vessels. They are capable of extended operation away from port, sailing independently, and have capacity to retrieve many exercise weapons without having to return to base.
For most of their history, torpedo retrievers have been manned by Navy enlisted personnel. A recent development is the outsourcing of operation and maintenance of these vessels. While the Navy continues to own the boats, civilian contractors and crew will run many of them. The Pacific Missile Range Facility,[7] the Southern California Offshore Range, and the Naval Submarine Support Command at Pearl Harbor[8] have all moved toward placing civilian crews aboard their range support craft.
Torpedo retrieval techniques
Exercise torpedoes are intended to float on the surface when they reach the end of their runs. Various techniques have been used to achieve this. For example, the submarine-launched Mark 14 torpedo of World War II replaced its warhead with an exercise head filled with water. At the end of the torpedo's run, compressed air would expel the water, lightening the weapon sufficiently to float.[4]
In order to recover a floating torpedo it is first necessary to find it. Prior to the advent of electric torpedoes, which first reached the U.S. fleet in September 1943,[4] torpedo recovery boats could follow the stream of bubbles generated by the weapon's propulsion system. Also aiding the retrievers was that early torpedoes were primarily used against surface ships, so they ran at a set, shallow depth. They ran straight, with no ability to change course once fired, making their ultimate destination somewhat predictable. Exercise torpedoes have typically been painted in bright colors, often international orange, to stand out in the water.[9]
Modern torpedoes have electric propulsion systems that leave no trail of bubbles for a retriever to follow. They also rely on homing and other technologies that can change a weapon's course once fired. Further complicating location is that torpedoes are more likely to be used against deep-diving submarines, rather than surface ships, so not only is their course less predictable, but also the depth at which they run.[3] Today, finding spent torpedoes is aided by dye packets that vividly color the sea where they complete their run. Some torpedoes have also been equipped with an electronic end-of-run locator, a "pinger" producing a high-frequency sound that can be detected by hydrophone equipment.[10]
Once a torpedo has been located, the next step in retrieval is to attach a line to it. A variety of snares and slings that encircle the body of the weapon, and various nosepieces have been used to attach lines to the otherwise smooth object. Slings and nose cages have been attached to the weapons either by swimmers, by sailors working from a small boat, or by sailors operating from the torpedo retriever itself.[11]
Having located and captured a spent torpedo, it could now be recovered. The early 40' and 42' torpedo retrievers had no ability to bring a weapon on board. Their crews would snare a floating torpedo, tie a line to it, and tow it to a dock or ship where it could be craned out of the water. In the absence of purpose-built torpedo retrievers, a wide variety of small boats performed similarly. Disadvantages of these early vessels included their inability to operate in difficult sea conditions, to stay on station overnight, to navigate on their own, and to recover more than one torpedo per trip. These early retrievers had no radios. They would communicate by raising a "bravo" signal flag to indicate they were recovering a torpedo.[5] Beginning with the 63' boats and continuing to the present day, all U.S. Navy torpedo retrievers have an inclined aft deck or ramp equipped with rollers that allow torpedoes to be winched aboard directly from the sea.[10] These larger vessels could recover multiple torpedoes before off-loading to a shore facility or ship.
Torpedo retriever alternatives
Torpedo retriever boats are but one of the ways spent exercise and test weapons have been recovered by the Navy. Malfunctioning torpedoes that sink require different approaches. Divers, nets, grapples, and magnetic detectors have been used to search for lost weapons starting as early as 1919.[3][12] A descendant of these early methods, recovering munitions as deep as 20,000 feet (6,100 m), were a series of increasingly sophisticated cable-controlled robots called CURV.[13] Beginning in the 1950s, the Navy experimented with training a variety of marine mammals to recover sunken torpedoes. Orca, beluga whales, pilot whales, and bottle-nosed dolphins were all trained with some level of success. As robots became more capable and cheaper, this program was discontinued.[14]
Helicopters are also capable of recovering floating torpedoes using specialized nets, but they suffer from a number of disadvantages compared to torpedo recovery boats. They are in short supply, have limited flight times, are expensive, have limited lifting capacity, and can pick up just a single torpedo per trip.[15]
The United States Air Force has also operated drone and missile retriever boats to support its own training and development requirements and continues to do so to the present day.[16]
U.S. Navy torpedo retrievers
The Navy's rules regarding these non-commissioned vessels have varied over the decades, but for much of their history they were not entitled to an official name or even a pennant number painted on their bow. These nameless vessels have simply been known by their hull number. Unofficial pennant numbers and names have been assigned from time to time at their bases. This has led to historical confusion since vessels with the same unofficial name or pennant number have been in service simultaneously. The vessels described below are listed in order of their introduction to the fleet.
40' Torpedo retriever
The navy built a number of these small, wooden torpedo retrievers as early as 1924.[17] They were driven by twin 150 horsepower Palmer Marine gasoline engines.[18] Many were declared surplus after World War II and sold to the public for prices as low as $250.[19]
42' Torpedo retriever
These boats had white cedar hulls framed with oak.[20] After World War II many of these vessels were declared surplus and sold to the public for prices as low as $750.[21] Nonetheless, a few of them served into the 1950s.[22]
63' Torpedo retriever
This class of torpedo retrievers began as conversions from 63' aviation crash boats, designated auxiliary vessel - rescue (AVR) by the Navy. Their aft cockpits were modified with a ramp down to the water. Hand-cranked winches were installed on deck to haul torpedoes out of the water and onto the ramps. The configuration of these boats varied based on the model of AVR from which they were converted. Some gasoline powered boats could reach 20 knots, while others powered by twin Gray Marine 165 diesel engines, reached a speed of 11 knots. They sailed with a crew of six.[23][9]
Four were assigned to the Montauk Naval Torpedo Testing Range. In November 1956, one of them, "22", sank in heavy seas between Montauk and Block Island while exercising with USS Becuna, which rescued the torpedo retriever's crew.[27]
Assigned to the Long Beach Sea Range, a detachment of the Naval Ordnance Test Station.[23]
TRB-11
Assigned to the Long Beach Sea Range, a detachment of the Naval Ordnance Test Station.[23]
72' Torpedo recovery boat
These vessels were built with two different pilot house configurations. The Mark I boat had an open pilot house, while the Mark II boat enclosed the helm station to protect it from the weather and seas.[28] They were built by several companies. Harbor Boat Building Co. of San Pedro, California built a single 72' torpedo retriever[29] as did National Steel and Shipbuilding Company.[30]Tacoma Boatbuilding Company in Tacoma, Washington was awarded a contract for three boats in May 1960. The total contract award was $394,300.[31] Between 1954 and 1956, Berg Shipyard in Blaine, Washington built six of the boats.[32] J. M. Martinac Shipbuilding of Tacoma, Washington received a contract for $294,723 in 1957.[33] That same year, Elizabeth City Shipyard in Elizabeth City, North Carolina received a contract to build three boats for $583,000.[34]
These boats were 72.66 feet (22.15 m) long, with a beam of 17 feet (5.2 m). At full load they displaced 116,300 pounds (52,800 kg). Their hulls were constructed of double-planked wood. They could reach a speed of 18 knots driven by twin Detroit Diesel 12V71T1 engines. Their fuel tanks could hold approximately 900 US gallons (3,400 L) giving them a range of 112 miles (180 km).[35] These boats could carry 24,000 pounds (11,000 kg) of torpedoes on deck. They were crewed by seven enlisted men.[16]
Assigned to the Long Beach Sea Range, a detachment of the Naval Ordnance Test Station.[23]
72C3210
1958
Built by J. M. Martinac Shipbuilding in Tacoma, Washington. Assigned to Keyport, Washington.[36]
TRB-31 72C3211
October 1958
Mark II type. Built by J. M. Martinac Shipbuilding in Tacoma, Washington. Assigned to Keyport, Washington.[36] This boat was stolen by two enlisted men who took her out for a joy ride and ran her aground near Bainbridge Island. The boat sustained minor damage and was refloated. The men were court-martialed.[37] This boat was stricken in 1995.
TRB-32 72TR645
March 1966
Mark II type. Assigned to Keyport, Washington.[12]
TRB-33 72TR652
August 1966
Mark II type. Built by Tacoma Boatbuilding. Assigned to Keyport, Washington. Listed for sale in 2012.[38]
TRB-10
72TR653
This boat was stricken in 1996.
TRB-36 72C4560
February 1961
Mark II type. Assigned to Keyport, Washington.[12] This boat was stricken in 2001.
TRB-37 72C9426
October 1961
Mark II type. Assigned to Keyport, Washington.[12] This boat was stricken in 1999.
AVR-4
Mark II type. Assigned to Submarine Base Pearl Harbor. She arrived there in July 1960.[39]
TRB-81
Mark II type. Assigned to Naval Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station, Newport, Rhode Island. Broke loose from moorings in storm, beached, and subsequently scrapped, 1988.
TRB-83
Mark II type. Assigned to Naval Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station, Newport, Rhode Island. Ran aground and subsequently scrapped, 1991.[40]
85' Torpedo retriever
These vessels were built by Sewart Seacraft.[41] They were a derivative of an oilfield services crew boat which Sewart sold to support offshore oil installations in the Gulf of Mexico.[42] They were constructed of welded aluminum plates. They were 85 feet (26 m) long, with a beam of 18.7 feet (5.7 m), and a draft of 5.67 feet (1.73 m). They displaced 61 tons at full load. They could reach a speed of 21 knots. They had two propellers driven by two General Motors 16V-71 Diesel engines that produced 1,160 horsepower.[16] They had deck space to recover as many as eight torpedoes. These boats sailed with a crew of five men.[7] Although their hull registration numbers remained in the torpedo retriever sequence, they were referred to as "weapon retriever boats" at the Pacific Missile Range Facility where two were based.
Assigned to the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico.[43]
TRB-4
85TR652
Assigned to the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico.
WRB-101
85TR653
December 1966
Assigned to the Pacific Missile Range Facility, in Kauai, Hawaii.[7] This vessel was sold to Sea Engineering, Inc. and renamed, Kupaa. Her US Coast Guard official number is 1266230.[44]
WRB-102
85TR654
Red Baron
January 1967
Assigned to the Pacific Missile Range Facility, in Kauai, Hawaii.[7] She was active until at least 2014.[45] This vessel was listed for auction and replaced by a 95' multipurpose craft.[46]
65' Torpedo recovery boat
Peterson Builders, Inc. built six of these vessels at its shipyard in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin between 1967 and 1968.[47] They were constructed of welded aluminum plates. The boats were 65 feet (20 m) long with a beam of 17 feet (5.2 m). They weighed 69,000 pounds (31,000 kg). These boats cruised at 19 knots driven by two propellers 32 inches (81 cm) in diameter. Each was driven by a 12V171 Detroit Diesel engines which produced 400 horsepower. Their fuel tanks had a capacity of 800 gallons, which gave them an unrefueled range of 280 miles. These boats could carry as many as four torpedoes at a time. They had a crew of six.[48] Their original cost was reported as $250,000.[49]
Assigned to San Diego. This boat was stricken in 1995.[16] She was acquired by the Petaluma Council of the Sea Scouts in 1995 and renamed the SSS Compass Rose.[51]
TR-4
65TR674
1968
Albatross
This boat was stricken in 1995.[16] She was acquired by the Alameda Council of the Sea Scouts in 2013 and renamed the SSS Makai.[52]
Assigned to the Pacific Missile Range Facility. This vessel was used as a torpedo retriever, but appears to have been a utility boat built on the basic 65' hull design. Rather than a sloping aft deck, she had a flat deck and used a crane to bring torpedoes aboard. During a windstorm on 14 January 2004, TR-73's mooring lines parted and the boat was driven ashore at Port Allen, Hawaii. Navy salvors managed to refloat the vessel, but damage was so extensive that she could not be repaired. She was hauled ashore and sold for scrap.[54]
100' Torpedo weapons retriever
Eight vessels of this class were built. Three were built by Western Boat Building at Tacoma, Washington,[55] one by Dorchester Shipbuilding Corporation at Dorchester, New Jersey,[56] and three by Peterson Builders, Inc. at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin.[57][58] Their design was based on the PGM-39-class gunboat. These boats were 102 feet (31 m) long with a beam of 21 feet (6.4 m). They displaced 165 tons at full load. Their hulls were constructed of welded steel plates, while their deck and house structure was built of aluminum plate. Their top speed was 18 knots and normal cruising speed was 15 knots. They had two propellers powered by four General Motors 12V-149 Diesel engines. These boats had a single ramp through the transom to recover weapons. They were crewed by 15 enlisted men led by a chief quartermaster. They could remain at sea for 5 days and had an unrefueled range of 2,000 nautical miles.[59] Their large size allowed them to carry 17 tons of torpedoes on deck.[60]
Built by Dorchester Shipbuilding Corporation.[56] Assigned to Submarine Squadron Six, Norfolk, Virginia. As part of Operation Springboard in 1969, Diamond recovered 75 exercise torpedoes in just over a month.[61] This boat was stricken in 1994.
TWR-3 100C13729
Condor
September 1963
Built by Western Boat Building. Assigned to Submarine Base San Diego. Reported to have cost $440,000.[55] This boat was stricken in 2000.
Built by Western Boat Building. Assigned to Submarine Base Pearl Harbor.[65] This boat was stricken in 2001.
TWR-681 100TR681
Labrador
1969
Built by Peterson Builders.[66] Assigned to Submarine Squadron Ten, New London, Connecticut. She was transferred from the Navy to the New York City Police Department in 1995.[67]
TWR-682 100TR682
Crayfish
1969
Built by Peterson Builders. Assigned to Submarine Squadron Eighteen, Charleston, South Carolina. This boat was stricken in 1991.
TWR-711
100TR711
(none)
1973
Built by Peterson Builders. Assigned to AUTEC, Andros Island, Bahamas. Reassigned to Naval Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station, Newport, Rhode Island in 1989. She was reported to have cost $732,553.[58] She was stricken in 1994.
TWR-771 100TR771
Phoenix
December 1978
Assigned to Submarine Base Bangor. Now operated by the Sea Scouts as the S.S.S. Northland.[68]
85' Torpedo weapons retriever
Tacoma Boatbuilding was awarded a $1.9 million for these two vessels in September 1976.[69] They were 85 feet (26 m) long, with a beam of 18.83 feet (5.74 m), and a draft of 5 feet (1.5 m). They displaced 66 tons.[70] They were constructed of welded aluminum plates. Their maximum speed was 14 knots, driven by two Detroit Diesel 12V149 engines. They could carry up to eight torpedoes on deck. They had an unrefueled range of 680 miles.[71]
85' Torpedo weapons retrievers
Photo
Pennant #
Hull #
Name
Launched
Notes
TWR-7
85TR762
Chaparral
1975
Built by Tacoma Boatbuilding. She was assigned to Submarine Base Pearl Harbor. TWR-7 was laid up in San Diego from 1992 to 1997 before returning to active duty at Pearl Harbor.[16] The vessel was sold at auction for $17,300 in March 2020.[35]
TWR-8
85TR761
Iliwai
1975
Built by Tacoma Boat Building. She is assigned to Submarine Base Pearl Harbor and in service as of October 2021.[71][8]
120' Torpedo weapons retriever
Ten vessels of this class were produced. Marinette Marine designed these boats in response to a Navy bid request. In July 1983 the company was awarded a firm contract for five torpedo weapons retrievers. The contract price on the initial five boats was $12 million.[72] An option for three additional vessels under this contract was exercised in October 1983.[73] Marinette Marine was awarded a contract for the last two boats in January 1985 for delivery in 1986. The contract price for these last two was $7.1 million.[74]
These boats were built of welded steel plates. They were 120 feet (37 m) long, with a beam of 25 feet (7.6 m). They displaced 213 tons at full load. They could cruise at 16 knots, driven by two fixed-pitch propellers powered by two Caterpillar D 3512 2,350 horsepower diesel engines.[75] They had an unrefueled range of 1,700 nautical miles. These boats had a single ramp through the transom to recover weapons. They were large enough to carry 14 Mark 48 torpedoes on deck. There was berthing aboard for 18 crew. This class of vessels represented a significant performance improvement over smaller torpedo retrievers, in that they could remain on station continuously for a week, operate in heavier seas, carry more spent torpedoes, and had improved navigation equipment.[15]
Assigned to Submarine Squadron Four in Charleston, South Carolina. Irreparably damaged by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989.[84]
TWR-825 120TR825
Swamp Fox
8 August 1985
Originally assigned to the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center. She was deactivated in 1995 and transferred to the US Naval Sea Cadet Corps in 1997. She was refit and recommissioned as USNSCS Grayfox in 1998. During the refit, her house was extended aft to provide additional berthing for cadets.[85][86]
Assigned to the Pacific Missile Range Facility at Kauai, Hawaii.[87] She was replaced there in 2014 by MPC-2, a 97' range training support vessel.[88] This boat was acquired by Paramount Builders of American Samoa and renamed M/V Pago Pago.[89] It was, in turn, acquired by the government of American Samoa for $1.2 million in 2020.[90] Her Coast Guard Number is CG1429691.[91]
Assigned to Naval Base Point Loma as a component of Submarine Squadron 11.[77] The ship was deactivated on 19 October 2012 and offered for sale at auction.[93][94]
85' Torpedo weapons retriever
These vessels were built by SWATH Ocean Systems at Chula Vista, California. These boats are 85 feet (26 m) long with a beam of 22 feet (6.7 m). They are constructed of welded aluminum plates. They are powered by twin Caterpillar C32 Diesel engines. Their maximum speed in 20 knots, while cruising speed is 16 knots.[95]
85' Torpedo weapons retrievers
Photo
Pennant #
Hull #
Name
Notes
TWR-7
85SC0501
President Point
Assigned to Navy Undersea Warfare Center at Keyport, WA[96]
TWR-8
85SC0502
Deception Pass
Assigned to Navy Undersea Warfare Center at Keyport, WA[96]
95' Multi-purpose craft
These boats were designed by Hockema & Whalen Associates. In 2012 the Navy awarded a firm contract for three of these vessels, with an option for a fourth, to Modutech Marine Inc., of Tacoma, Washington. The original price for the three was $24.4 million.[97] They are 97 feet (30 m) long, with a beam of 28 feet (8.5 m), and a draft of 7 feet (2.1 m), and displace 130 tons.[98] They are constructed of welded aluminum plate. They can reach a speed of 21 knots driven by twin 5-bladed propellers which are 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter. These, in turn are powered by two Caterpillar C32 Diesel engines which each develop 1,450 horsepower each. These boats are equipped with a Key Power 18 inches (46 cm) bow thruster to improve maneuverability. They have an unrefueled range of 1,200 miles.[99]
They have four double-bunk staterooms, and the ability to berth another four people on a temporary basis.[100] Their at-sea endurance is seven to ten days.[99]
95' Multi-purpose craft
Photo
Pennant #
Hull #
Name
Delivered
Notes
MPC-1
2012
Assigned to the Pacific Missile Range Facility and berthed at Naval Base Guam.[101][102]
Marine Group Boat Works built four vessels of this class at its Chula Vista, California shipyard. The initial contract for three boats was awarded in 2009.[104][105] The four are reported to have cost $42 million.[106] The vessels are 114 feet (35 m) long. They are constructed of welded aluminum plates. They are powered by twin Caterpillar 3512 Diesel engines which produce 1,800 horsepower each. Among the technical innovations in their design, is the ability to run on B100 biodiesel and the use of Seakeeper gyroscopic stabilization to allow them to operate in heavier seas.[107]
114' Range training support craft
Photo
Pennant #
Hull #
Delivered
Notes
RSC-1
114SC0901
2010
Assigned to Southern California Offshore Range.[108]
RSC-2
114SC0902
2011
RSC-3
114SC0903
2012
RSC-4
114SC0904
2014
Assigned to Southern California Offshore Range.
Other Torpedo retrievers
The Navy has employed a variety of boats as torpedo retrievers that were not produced as part of a class. Several were purchased from oil-field supply companies, and several were transferred from the U.S. Air Force. Their configurations were unique, but they were characterized by a large, open aft deck on which to carry spent munitions.
Other Torpedo retrievers
Photo
Pennant #
Hull #
Name
Notes
100NS8702
Retriever
She was built by Swiftships in its Morgan City, Louisiana shipyard in 1978 as the oil-field support vessel Seaco Traveller. The Navy acquired the vessel in 1989. She is 100 feet (30 m) long with a beam of 20 feet (6.1 m), and a draft of 7 feet (2.1 m). She has three propellers each driven by a General Motors 12V-71 T1 engine. She can reach 20 knots and has an unrefueled range of 800 miles at 18 knots. She was assigned to Fleet Composite Squadron (VC) 6 at Norfolk, Virginia. She is now operated by the Atlantic Targets and Marine Operations (ATMO) Division in Key West, Florida.[16]
180NS8201
Hugo
She was built by McDermott Shipyard in New Iberia, Louisiana as the oil-field support vessel Crystal Pelham. She was completed in 1982. She was acquired by the Navy and placed in service on 3 July 1991. She is a replacement for TWR-824 which was irreparably damaged by Hurricane Hugo in 1989.[84] This boat was initially assigned to the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training facility at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico. She is 165 feet (50 m) long with a beam of 40 feet (12 m), and a draft of 11 feet (3.4 m).[16] She was more recently classified as a training support vessel and retitled USNS Hugo (TSV-2). She is currently assigned to Carrier Strike Group 4, based in Norfolk, Virginia. On 12 April 2021 the Navy contracted with Great Eastern Group, Inc. to crew and manage the vessel.[109] On January 18, 2024 she was listed for sale at auction to the public.[110]
180NS8202
Hunter
She was built by Quality Shipbuilders in Moss Point, Louisiana as the oil-field support vessel Nola Pelham. She was completed in June 1991. She was acquired by the Navy and placed into service on 3 July 1991. This boat was initially assigned to the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training facility at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico. She is 180 feet (55 m) long with a beam of 38 feet (12 m), and a draft of 13 feet (4.0 m).[16] She has more recently classified as a training support vessel and retitled USNS Hunter (TSV-3). She is currently assigned to Carrier Strike Group 4, based in Norfolk, Virginia. On 12 April 2021 the Navy contracted with Great Eastern Group, Inc. to crew and manage the vessel.[109]
SL-120
120NS8004
(none)
She was built by Swiftships in its Morgan City, Louisiana shipyard in 1988 as a missile retriever for the U.S. Air Force which gave her the hull registration number MR-120-8004. She was 117.5 feet (35.8 m) long, with a beam of 24.7 feet (7.5 m), and a draft of 6.75 feet (2.06 m). Her full-load displacement was 133 tons. She was capable of reaching 30 knots driven by four propellers, each powered by a Detroit Diesel 16V92 MTA engine. She was transferred to the Navy in 1996 and assigned to Port Hueneme, California.[16]
TWR-6
25MTR0501
Devil Ray
Assigned to Naval Base Point Loma as a component of Submarine Squadron 11. She was part of the squadron as early as 2010.[111] The boat won a Battle "E" award in 2011 and 2014.[112][113] In 2021 Devil Ray was reassigned from Point Loma to the Chesapeake Bay Detachment of the Naval Research Laboratory. She made the trip from West Coast to East aboard a barge rather than on her own bottom.[114]
Retired torpedo retrievers
A number of surplus torpedo retrievers have been given to the Sea Scouts and other public organizations, and some are still afloat today.
This boat was obtained from the Navy in 1962, refit, and launched on Navajo Lake, Utah by the Sea Scouts in 1967.[119] Later that year the boat ran over a buoy cable. This wrenched a propeller shaft and the vessel flooded and sank.[120]
^ abcRoscoe, Theodore (1949). United States Submarine Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
^ abPersonnel, United States Bureau of Naval (1959). Torpedoman's Mate 1 & C. U.S. Government Printing Office.
^Department of the Navy. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Intelligence Division. Office of Naval Records and Library. (April 1, 1945). USS ATR-63 - War Diary, 3/1-31/45. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
^ abcdDiendorf, MC2 Mathew (November 2013). "Civilian Sailors play intricate part in PMRF mission". Within Range. 10: 4–5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstPolmar, Norman (2005). The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet (18th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 350–352. ISBN978-1-59114-685-8.
^Friedman, Norman (1987). U.S. Small Combatants, including PT-Boats, Subchasers, and the Brown-water Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 241. ISBN9780870217135.
^ abcComptroller), United States Navy Dept Office of the Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and (1998). Navy Comptroller Manual. Department of the Navy, Office of the Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and Comptroller).
^ abPolmar, Norman (2013). Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet (19th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press. pp. 336–337. ISBN9781591146872.
Il design (pronuncia inglese [dɪˈzaɪn][1], italianizzata in disàin[2] o desàin[3]) è quella disciplina che si occupa della progettazione di oggetti fisici, digitali o concettuali, attraverso la stesura di un progetto che coniughi funzionalità ed estetica. Uno dei ruoli del design è rispondere ai bisogni, risolvere problemi, proporre soluzioni o esplorare nuove possibilità per migliorare la qualità della vita degli esseri umani. Indice 1 Denominazione 2 Storia 3 …
Robin ThickeRobin Thicke in Hollywood California - July 2019LahirRobin Charles Thicke10 Maret 1977 (umur 46)Los Angeles, California, Amerika SerikatKebangsaan Amerika SerikatWarga negaraAmerika SerikatKanadaPekerjaanPenyanyipenulis laguproduser rekamanSuami/istriPaula Patton (m. 2005; c. 2015)Anak1KeluargaAlan ThickeGloria LoringKarier musikGenreSoulR&B[1]InstrumenVokal,piano,keyboardTahun aktif1994–sekarangLabelNuAmeric…
The Awk Programming Language First editionAuthorAlfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, and Peter J. WeinbergerLanguageEnglishPublisherAddison WesleyPublication date1 Jan. 1988 (1st Edition) 5 Sep. 2023 (2nd Edition)Pages210ISBN978-0201079814Websiteawk.dev The AWK Programming Language[1] is a well-known 1988 book written by Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, and Peter J. Weinberger and published by Addison-Wesley, often referred to as the gray book.[2] The book describes the AWK progr…
Ludwig di dalam penangkapan Bari pada tahun 871 Ludwig II[1] kadang disebut Ludwig yang lebih muda atau ludwig ganzz (825 – 12 Agustus 875) merupakan seorang Raja Italia dan Kaisar Romawi Suci dari tahun 844, yang menjadi wakil pemimpin ayahnya Lothair I sampai tahun 855, di mana setelah itu ia memimpin sendiri. Gelar Ludwig biasanya adalah imperator augustus (Kaisar Agustus), tetapi ia menggunakan imperator Romanorum setelah penaklukannya di Bari pada tahun 871, yang membuat hubungann…
Topik artikel ini mungkin tidak memenuhi kriteria kelayakan umum. Harap penuhi kelayakan artikel dengan: menyertakan sumber-sumber tepercaya yang independen terhadap subjek dan sebaiknya hindari sumber-sumber trivial. Jika tidak dipenuhi, artikel ini harus digabungkan, dialihkan ke cakupan yang lebih luas, atau dihapus oleh Pengurus.Cari sumber: Andi Maradang Mackulau – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya unt…
Arvind Gaur Arvind Gaur (अरविन्द गौड़) adalah seorang sutradara teater India yang dikenal atas drama inovatif, sosial dan politik yang relevan di India.[1][2] Drama Gaur bersifat kontemporer dan memprovokasi pemikiran, yang menghubungkan lingkungan pribadi yang intim dan eksistensinya dengan masalah sosial politik yang lebih besar.[3][4] Bacaan lanjutan Arvind Gaur-A Decade in Theatre by J.N. Kaushal (ex-Acting Chief, National School of Drama…
GaviiformesRentang fosil: Early Eocene–Present PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Gavia immer Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Aves Ordo: GaviiformesWetmore & Miller, 1926 Genus Colymbiculus (punah) Colymboides (punah) Gavia Gaviella (punah) Petralca (punah) Nasidytes (punah) Sinonim Colymbiformes Sharpe, 1891 Gaviiformes adalah ordo burung air yang terdiri dari burung loon beserta kerabat-kerabat terdekatnya yang telah punah. Gaviiformes modern ditemukan di banyak b…
The 30 largest trade partners of the United States represent 87.9 percent of U.S. exports, and 87.4 percent of U.S. imports as of 2021[update]. These figures do not include services or foreign direct investment. In 2023, Mexico is still the second largest trading partner of the United States after Canada.[1] The largest US partners with their total trade in goods (sum of imports and exports) in billions of US dollars for calendar year 2021 are as follows: A flow map of the larges…
Bil'arab bin SultanImam of OmanImam OmanBerkuasa1679-1692PendahuluSultan bin SaifPenerusSaif bin SultanInformasi pribadiKematian1692Jabrin, OmanWangsaYarubaAgamaIslam Ibadi Pemandangan dari kastil di Jabrin Bil'arab bin Sultan (Arab: بلعرب بن سلطان اليعربيcode: ar is deprecated ) (meninggal tahun 1692) adalah imam ketiga dari Wangsa Yaruba di Oman, seorang pemeluk agama Islam Ibadi. Bil'arab bin Sultan menggantikan posisi Imam pada tahun 1679 setelah kematian ayahnya, Sultan b…
2015 film by Alphonse Puthren This article is about the 2015 Malayalam language film. For the 2016 Telugu-language remake, see Premam (2016 film). PremamTheatrical release posterDirected byAlphonse PuthrenWritten byAlphonse PuthrenProduced byAnwar RasheedStarringNivin PaulySai PallaviCinematographyAnend C. ChandranEdited byAlphonse PuthrenMusic byRajesh MurugesanProductioncompanyAnwar Rasheed EntertainmentsDistributed byA&A ReleaseTricolor EntertainmentRelease date 28 May 2015 …
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Assassinat de Kennedy. Ne doit pas être confondu avec Assassinat de Robert F. Kennedy. Assassinat de John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy saluant la foule depuissa décapotable Lincoln Continental à Dallas. Photo prise quelques minutes avant son assassinat. Données clés Date 22 novembre 1963 Lieu Dallas (Texas) Chronologie 22 novembre 1963 12 h 30 Des coups de feu retentissent sur la Dealey Plaza. 12 h 35 La Lincoln Continental présidentielle…
Tugu Negara Malaysia Tugu Peringatan Negara, atau juga dikenal sebagai Tugu Negara Malaysia, adalah skulptur yang didirikan untuk menghormati lebih dari 11 ribu prajurit yang gugur pada masa Perang Dunia I (1914-1918), Perang Dunia II (1935-1942), dan Kedaruratan Tanah Melayu (1948-1960). Tugu ini terletak di Kuala Lumpur, dekat dengan bangunan Parlemen. Tugu Negara menggambarkan sekelompok tentara mengibarkan bendera negara, Jalur Gemilang. Tugu tersebut melambangkan kepemimpinan, penderitaan, …
Ashley RickardsLahirAshley Nicole Rickards4 Mei 1992 (umur 31)Sarasota, Florida, Amerika SerikatTahun aktif2006 — sekarang Ashley Nicole Rickards (lahir 4 Mei 1992) adalah seorang aktris berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. Ia telah membintangi banyak film dan acara televisi salah satunya film Fly Away di mana ia memerankan tokoh Mandy. Namun ia mulai dikenal setelah berperan sebagai Jenna Hamilton dalam serial televisi remaja berjudul Awkward yang ditayangkan MTV. Kehidupan pribadi A…
Sculpture by Elisabet Ney in two versions Sam HoustonThe statue in the National Statuary Hall CollectionArtistElisabet NeyYear1905 (1905)MediumMarble sculptureSubjectSam HoustonDimensions210 cm (82.5 in)[1]: 134 LocationNational Statuary Hall Collection, Washington, D.C., United States Sam Houston is a statue of Sam Houston by Elisabet Ney, originally modeled in 1892 and installed in 1905; it is part of the National Statuary Hall Collection in the Unite…
Anne ConsignyConsigny, 2017Lahir25 Mei 1963 (umur 60)Alençon, Orne, Prancis[1]PekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1981–sekarangSuami/istriÉric de Chassey (m. 2013)Anak2 Anne Consigny (pengucapan bahasa Prancis: [an kɔ̃siɲi]; lahir 25 Mei 1963) adalah seorang aktris asal Prancis yang telah aktif sejak tahun 1981. Dia menerima nominasi César Award untuk Aktris Terbaik untuk perannya dalam film tersebut Not Here to Be Loved (2005). Dia juga dikena…
Bintang-bintang di Walk of Stars, Village Green Heritage Center Palm Springs Walk of Stars adalah sebuah walk of fame di pusat kota Palm Springs, California, dimana Golden Palm Stars, yang menghormati berbagai orang yang tinggal di kawasan Palm Springs raya, ditempatkan dalam trotoar pinggi jalan. Jalan tersebut meliputi bagian-bagian dari Palm Canyon Drive, Tahquitz Canyon Way, La Plaza Court dan Museum Drive. Beberapa orang yang dihormati adalah Presiden Amerika Serikat, pembawa bisnis acara, …
KesempatanKompilasi karya Oddie AgamDirilis23 desember 1988Direkam?GenrePopDurasi?LabelTeam IndonesiaProduserOddie AgamKronologi Oddie Agam Beri 1/2 Saja (1987)'Beri 1/2 Saja'1987 Kesempatan (1988) 10 Best + 2 (1989)'10 Best + 2'1989 Kesempatan adalah album dari penyanyi Oddie Agam yang dirilis pada tahun 1988. Dalam penggarapan Kesempatan yang melibatkan banyak penyanyi di albumnya. Berbeda dari album-album Oddie yang biasanya tidak bertema, album ini punya tema OLAHRAGA. Masa itu, album in…
Marshallese politician His ExcellencyChristopher LoeakMinister in Assistance to the PresidentIn officeJanuary 2020 – January 2024PresidentDavid KabuaPreceded byDavid PaulSucceeded byBremity LakjohnIn officeJanuary 2008 – September 2009PresidentLitokwa TomeingPreceded byTadashi LometoSucceeded byRuben ZackhrasIn office1999 – January 2000PresidentImata KabuaPreceded byJohnsay RiklonSucceeded byGerald Zackios6th President of the Marshall IslandsIn office10 Janua…
Settler of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1610–1673) Elizabeth FonesBorn21 January 1610Groton Manor, Suffolk, EnglandDiedc. 1673Newtown, Queens County, New YorkNationalityEnglishKnown forEarly settler in the Massachusetts Bay ColonySpouse(s)Henry Winthrop (married 1629-1630)Lt. Robert Feake (married 1632-1647?)William Hallett (married 1649-1673?)Children8Parent(s)Thomas FonesAnne Winthrop Elizabeth Fones Winthrop Feake Hallett (21 January 1610 – c. 1673) was an early settler in the Massa…