Warázu language

Warázu
Warázu
Pauserna
Guarasugwé
Native to	Bolivia
Region	Rondônia, Brazil and Beni Department, Bolivia
Ethnicity	46 (2000)
Extinct	late 20th century; 2 (2017)
Language family	Tupian Tupi–Guarani Guarayu Warázu; ; ;
Official status
Official language in	Bolivia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	psm
Glottolog	paus1244
ELP	Pauserna

Warázu, also known as Pauserna or Guarasugwé (Guarasú'we), is a moribund Tupi–Guaraní language of Brazil. It was also formerly spoken in Bolivia.^[2] It is spoken by the Guarasugwé people, who were estimated to number 125 according to a census in 2012.^[3]

Classification

Warázu is most closely related to Sirionó and Yuki (Yuqui). Ramirez (2017) places the classification of Warázu in the Guaraní subgroup of the Tupi-Guarani languages as follows:^[2]

Guaraní subgroup
- Guaraní
- Tupinambá
- Guarayu
- Warázu-Sirionoid
  - Sirionoid (Sirionó, Yuqui, etc.)
  - Warázu

Names

Speakers are also known as Guaraiutá, Guaraju, Pauserna, Guarasugwe, or Warazúkwe [waɾaðúkwe].^[2]

Demographics

Ramirez (2017) found only 2 remaining speakers of Warázu, an elderly couple consisting of Känä́tsɨ [kənə́tsɨ] (José Frei Leite) and Híwa (Ernestina Moreno). They were born in Riozinho (Urukuríti) in Rondônia, Brazil, and moved back and forth between Brazil and Bolivia until finally settling in Pimenteiras do Oeste, Rondônia.^[2]^[4]^[5]

Traditionally, the Warázu people had lived in the following 7 villages along the banks of the Guaporé River. However, the Warázu language is no longer spoken in these localities.

Riozinho (Urukurɨ́ti) (on the banks of the Riozinho River, a tributary of the Guaporé River), Brazil
Acurizal, Brazil
Campo Grande (on the banks of the Paragúa River, a tributary of the Guaporé River), Bolivia
Bella Vista, Bolivia
Jangada, Bolivia
Barranco Vermelho, Bolivia
Flechas, Bolivia

Phonology

Phonological inventory of Warázu:^[2]

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar		Velar	Glottal
	Labial	plain	sibilant	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	p	t	t͡s	k	ʔ
Continuant		ð		w/kʷ	h
Trill		r

Allophones:

[ɲ], allophone of /n/
[ɾʲ], allophone of /ɾ/
[tʲ], allophone of /t/
[ʝ], allophone of /ð/

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open		a

Syllabic structure is (C)V or (C)VV.

Pronouns

Warázu pronouns:^[2]

pronoun	Warázu
I	tsé
you (sg.)	né [á-pe]
we (excl.)	óre
we (incl.)	ðáne
you (pl.)	pé [peðó-pe]
he, she	áʔe

Vocabulary

For a list of Warázu plant and animal names from Ramirez (2017),^[2] see the corresponding Portuguese article.

References

^ Warázu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ramirez, Henri; Vegini, Valdir; França, Maria Cristina Victorino de (2017). "O warázu do Guaporé (tupi-guarani): Primeira descrição linguística" [Warázu of Guaporé (Tupi-Guarani): first linguistic description]. LIAMES (in Portuguese). 17 (2): 411–506. doi:10.20396/liames.v17i0.8647468.
^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012 Bolivia Características de la Población" [Population and Housing Census 2012 Bolivia Characteristics of the Population]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, República de Bolivia (in Spanish). p. 29.
^ Mori, Leticia (4 March 2018). "O Brasil tem 190 línguas indígenas em perigo de extinção". BBC (in Portuguese). São Paulo. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ "Pesquisa etnolinguística de docentes da UNIR é tema de reportagem da BBC". Universidade Federal de Rondônia (in Portuguese). 17 December 2018. Retrieved 2021-03-04.

[e25-1] Warázu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[Ramirez_2017-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ramirez, Henri; Vegini, Valdir; França, Maria Cristina Victorino de (2017). "O warázu do Guaporé (tupi-guarani): Primeira descrição linguística" [Warázu of Guaporé (Tupi-Guarani): first linguistic description]. LIAMES (in Portuguese). 17 (2): 411–506. doi:10.20396/liames.v17i0.8647468.

[Censo_2012-3] "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012 Bolivia Características de la Población" [Population and Housing Census 2012 Bolivia Characteristics of the Population]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, República de Bolivia (in Spanish). p. 29.

[4] Mori, Leticia (4 March 2018). "O Brasil tem 190 línguas indígenas em perigo de extinção". BBC (in Portuguese). São Paulo. Retrieved 2021-03-04.

[5] "Pesquisa etnolinguística de docentes da UNIR é tema de reportagem da BBC". Universidade Federal de Rondônia (in Portuguese). 17 December 2018. Retrieved 2021-03-04.

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Warázu language

Classification

Names

Demographics

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Pronouns

Vocabulary

Further reading

References

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