Canichana language

Canichana
Canichana
Joaquiniano
Native to	Bolivia
Region	Beni Department
Extinct	ca. 2000
Language family	Tequiraca–Canichana? Canichana;
Official status
Official language in	Bolivia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	caz
Glottolog	cani1243
ELP	Canichana
	Historical distribution of the language

Canichana, or Canesi, Joaquiniano, is a possible language isolate of Bolivia (department of Beni). In 1991 there were 500 Canichana people, but only 20 spoke the Canichana language; by 2000 the ethnic population was 583, but the language had no L1 speakers left.

It was spoken on the Mamoré River and Machupo River.^[1]

Current situation

The Canichana territory is part of the region historically known as Moxos (or Mojos), which covers approximately 200,000 square kilometers of what is now the department of Beni. According to data provided in Crevels and Muysken (2009:15), based on the 2001 Census, the Canichana population at that time amounted to 404 members. During the research conducted by Crevels between 1999 and 2001, the author could only find three elders who still remembered some single words and phrases in Kanichana. Regarding the ethnic group, Crevels notes that the Canichanas are mainly engaged in agriculture, with their main agricultural products being cassava, corn, rice, beans and plantains. Part of the harvest is for self-consumption and the other part for local sale. Hunting, fishing and gathering are complementary traditional activities, in addition to the sale of their labor as laborers on the ranches.

Classification

Despite tentative proposals to clasify the language, it is generally considered a language isolate.or an unclassified language.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Phonology

**Canichana vowels**^[2]
	Front	Mid	Back
High	i		u
Central	e		o
Low		a

**Canichana consonants**
Voicing		-	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	+	-
		Bilabial		Alveolar		Postalveolar	Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Plosives	Simple	p	b	t	d				k	g	ʔ
Plosives	Ejective	(p')		(t')					(k')
Affricates	Simple			t͡s		t͡ʃ
Affricates	Ejective					(t͡ʃ')
Fricatives	Simple			s		ʃ					h
Fricatives	Lateral
Nasals			m		n
Liquids	Lateral				l			ʎ
Liquids					r
Semivowels			w					j

Morphology

As far as nominal morphology is concerned, non-human nouns seem to carry the suffix -ni, which probably indicates the non-possessed form of the noun. For example, the nouns ni-chi 'smoke', ni-chuku 'fire', and ni-platsu 'flower'. Some adjectives also carry the prefix -ni, e.g. ni'-tatila 'canine', nĩ'-bla'su 'boy, small'. Nouns not bearing this prefix are those referring to kinship terms and body parts, which are always inalienable nouns bearing a personal prefix; for example: the nouns eu-tana 'my mother' and eu-nimara 'my heart'. As far as number is concerned, the plural is expressed by the suffix -na, e.g. santo-na 'saints'.

As for verbal morphology, it can only be noted that the main arguments S and A of the first and second person are obligatorily marked in the verb. The personal prefixes S/A seem to be derived from the free personal pronouns and can also appear in nouns as possessive markers, as observed in (1).

(1)

Eu-tarpa

1SG-love

eu-ja-tissi

1SG-HON-father

Dios

God

I love God (lit. I love my father God)

As for the negation, it seems that this is not marked in the predicate but is only expressed through the negative particle nihuas, which is placed before the predicate, as observed in (2):^[2]

(2)

Nihuas

NEG

e-massota

1SG-understand

en-copphurúnue

2SG-language

I don't understand your language

Syntax

As in neighboring languages, it seems that the only obligatory element in the Canichana clause is the predicate, which generally precedes the subject and complements, as seen in (3):

(3)

E-massota

1SG-understand

en-copphurúnue

2SG-language

I understand your language

Interrogative pronouns always appear in the initial position of the phrase, as seen in (4):

(4)

Lava

Where

an-ja-chi?

2SG-go-*

Where are you going?

In the noun phrase, the adjectives follow the core noun, as seen in (5):^[2]

(5)

nérahua

banana

mátihi

ripe

ripe banana

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Mochica language due to contact.^[5]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Canichana.^[1]

gloss	Canichana
one	mereka
two	kadita
three	kaʔarxata
tooth	eu-kuti
tongue	au-cháva
hand	eu-tixle
woman	ikegahui
water	nese
fire	nichuku
moon	nimilaku
maize	ni-chuxú
jaguar	ni-xolani
house	ni-tikoxle

References

^ ^a ^b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Crevels, Mily (2012). "Canichana". Lenguas de Bolivia. 2: 415–449.
^ Markham, Clements (1910). "A List of the Tribes of the Valley of the Amazons, Including Those on the Banks of the Main Stream and of All the Tributaries". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 40: 73–140.
^ Pauly, Antonio (1928). "Ensayo de etnografía americana: viajes y exploraciones". (No Title).
^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.

Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KANICHANA.[1]
de Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913). Linguistique Bolivienne: La Langue Kaničana. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 18:354-377.