Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area

The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia (the Llanos de Moxos and Chiquitania regions) and Brazil (Rondonia^[1] and Mato Grosso states).^[2]

Languages

Crevels and van der Voort (2008) propose a Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area in eastern lowland Bolivia (in Beni Department and Santa Cruz Department) and Rondonia and northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil. In Bolivia, many of the languages were historically spoken at the Jesuit Missions of Moxos and also the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos. Language families and branches in the linguistic area are as follows.^[3]

Chapacuran languages
Tacanan languages
a few Panoan languages
Nambikwaran languages
the Arawakan languages Moxo, Bauré, Paunaka, and other related varieties

Tupian branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

Ramarama languages
Puruborá language
Mondé languages
Tupari languages
Arikem languages
Guarayo languages (Tupi–Guarani group)
some Guarani dialects (Tupi–Guarani group)

Macro-Jê branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

Language isolates in the linguistic area are:

Linguistic features

Areal features include:^[3]

a high incidence of prefixes
evidentials
directionals
verbal number
lack of nominal number
lack of classifiers
inclusive/exclusive distinction

Pieter Muysken et al. (2014) also performed a detailed statistical analysis of the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area.^[4]

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé language according to Jolkesky 2016:^[5]

Number	Gloss	Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé	Ignaciano	Trinitário	Paunáka	Paikonéka	Bauré
1.	abóbora	*mokuβɨ-re	makure	mkure	*mukubɨre	*mokoβire	mokovis
2.	água	*ɨne	une	une	ɨne	ina	*ine
3.	algodão	*kɔhɔ-re	kaha-re	kho-re	kuhu-e	kohoβu-re	kahawo-r
4.	amendoim	*kɨrike-re	kurike-re	kriç-re	kɨike	-	*kirike-re
5.	animal doméstico	*pero	-pera	-pero	peu	-	-per
6.	anta	*samo	sama	samo	samu	i-somo	som
7.	arco-íris	*ɔ	a-{ʔe}	o-{ʔe}	u-{e}	-	{ni}-aʔ
8.	arraia	*ihino	ihina	hino-mo	ihinu	ihino	*sinu-mpe
9.	árvore	*βoku	-	βku-çi	-	{ape}-oko	-wok(o)
10.	asa	*-poβo	-paβa	-poβo	*-pubu	-	*-powo
11.	assar	*-himo-	-a-hima-ka-	-o-hmo-ko-	-himu-k-	-	-himo- ‘queimar’
12.	avó	*-oʦe	-aʦe	-oʦe	-use	-	*-ose
13.	avô	*-ɔʧɨko	-aʧuka	-oʧko	*-uʧiku	-	*-aʃiko
14.	bêbado	*-kɔβɨ-	-kaβa-ʔa-	-koβo-o-	-kubɨ-u-	-	-kavi-
15.	beber, tomar	*-er-o-	-er-a-	-er-o-	-e-	-	-er(o)-
16.	beija-flor	*piʦe	pitse	pitse	pise ‘pássaro’	pite	*pite
17.	bicho-de-pé	*kitu-re	situ-re	stu-re	kitu-e	*sito-ri	-
18.	bicho-preguiça	*puʔe	puʔe	puʔe	pue	-	poʔe
19.	boca	*-nukɨ	-nuku ‘bocado’	{hii}-nuku ‘bigode’	*-nukɨ	-	-noki
20.	brasas	*e-moni-ki	e-mani-ki	-moni	e-muni-ki	-	*e-moni-si
21.	cana	*kute-nɔ	akute-na	ʔkute-no	-	kote-na-se	kote-n
22.	cantar	*-akɔ-	-	-	-aku-suni	-aka-	-ak-
23.	capivara	*uʧɨ	uʧu	uʧu	*uʧɨ	*aʔ-oʧi	oʃ(i)
24.	carão	*koʧu-re	kaʧu-re	kʧu-re	-	-	koʃo-r
25.	carne	*-eʧe	-eʧe	-eʧe	-eʧe	-	-eʃ
26.	casa	*pe-nɔ	-pe-na (dep)	-pe-no (dep)	-	-	-pe-n ‘toca’
27.	céu	*anɨ	anu-ma	anu-mo	anɨ-mu	ani	ani
28.	chifre	*-hiʔɨ	-hiʔu	-hiʔu	*-hiɨ	-hi	-hiʔ
29.	chorar	*-ijɔ-	-ija-ʔ-a	-ijo-ʔ-o	-ju-	-ʧo-	-ja-
30.	comer	*-ni-ko-	-ni-ka-	-ni-ko-	-ni-k-	-ni-ko-	-ni-(k)-
31.	cortar	*-ʧu-ko-	-e-ʧuka-	-ʧukoʔo-	-	-	a-ʃok-
32.	cupim	*moto-rɨ	mata-ru	mto-ru	-	moto-ri-pa ‘cupinzeiro’	moto-ri
33.	cutia	*peri	peʔi	peʔi	pei	peri	peri
34.	dedo	*-βoʔɨ-ki	-βau-ki	-βu-çi	-buɨ	*-βoʔi-ne-si	*-woʔi-si
35.	defecar	*-sɔ-	-sa-ka-	-so-ko-	-	-	-sa-(p)-
36.	doente	*-huma	-ka-huma	-ko-hma	-	-	*-hom
37.	doer	*-koti	-kati	-koti(-ʧo)	-kuti ‘doente’	-koti ‘doente’	-koti-c-
38.	dois	*api-	api-	api-	-	-	api-n
39.	dormir	*-imo-ko-	-ima-ka-	im-ko-	-imu-k-	-mo-k-o-	-imo-k-
40.	enguia	*iti-re	iti-re	ʔti-re-pi	iti-e	oti-ra	*iti-re
41.	entrar	*-kiɔpo-	-siapa-	-siop-	bɨ-kupu-	-	-siap-
42.	esposa	*-jeno	-jena	-jeno	-jenu	-	-jeno
43.	espremer	*kopiti-ko-	-kapiti-ka-	-kopʧa-ko-	kupiti-k-	-	kopiti-e-k-
44.	esquerda	*-sɔpa	-sapa	-sopa	-	-	-sap
45.	folha	*-po-	-pa-ka-hi	-po-ko-hi	-pu-ne	-	-po-n
46.	formiga	*koʦi-rɨ	kaʧi-ru	kʧi-ru	kusi-u	koʧi-ri	koʃi-ri
47.	fritar	*-surɨ-	-suru-ka-	-suu-ko-	-	-	-sori-
48.	fruta	*-ʔi	-ʔi	-ʔi	-i	-ʔi	*-ʔi
49.	galho	*-aβo	-t-aβa	-t-aβo(-hi)	-	-	*-awo
50.	genro	*-ʧina	-ʧina	-ʧina	-	-	ʃinaʔ
51.	grande	*ʧo	i-ʧa-pe	ʔ-ʧo-pe	-	-	ʧo
52.	grilo	*βiʦi	βiʧi	βiʧi	bisi	βiʧi	viʃi
53.	homem	*hirɔ	a-haira	ʔ-hiro	-	-	hir(a)
54.	ir	*-jono-	-jana-	-jono-	-jun-	-ʧono-	-jon(o)-
55.	jacaré	*kɔhiɨ-re	kahiu-re	khʸu-re	kuhibu-e	*kohi-re	kahi-re
56.	jacutinga	*huβi	huβi	huβi	*e-hubi	-	hovi-r(e)
57.	lago	*kɔkiɨ	kakiu-re	koçu-re	-	-	aki
58.	lavar	*-kipɔ-	-sipa-ka-	-sip-ko-	kipu-ch-	-	-sipa
59.	levar	*-ɔmo-	-ama-	-omo-	-um-	-	-amo-
60.	língua	*-nene	-nene	-nene	-pe-nene	i-pe-ne	-pe-nene
61.	lobo-guará	*okɔrɔ	akara-ma	okro-mo	-	-	okara-nan
62.	lua	*kohe	kahe	kohe	kuhe	kehe-re	kihe-r
63.	luz, iluminar	*-mika-	-mika-ʔu	-mik-ʔu	-	-	-mika-
64.	macaco	*ijo	ija	ijo	iju	iʧo-re	ijo-re
65.	madeira	*jɔkɨ-ki	juku-ki	jku-çi	jɨkɨ-ke	ʧaki-se	*jaki-se
66.	maduro	*-jɔ-	-ja-ʔa-	-jo-ʔo-	-	-	-ja-k-
67.	mãe	*-eno	-ena	-eno	-enu	*-eno	-en(o)
68.	mama, teta	*-ʧeni	-ʧene	-ʧene	-ʧene	-	*-ʃeni
69.	mamar	*(-ɔ)-hi-ko-	-ahi-ka-	-oh-ko-	-uhi-k-	-	-hi-k-
70.	mandioca	*kɨha	kuhu	kuh-pa	kɨha-pi	-	kaha-p
71.	mão	*-βoʔɨ	-βaʔu	-βoʔu ‘pulso’	-buɨ	*-βoʔi	-wo-
72.	medo	*-piko-	-pika-	-piko-	-i-pik-	-	-piko-
73.	milho	*moke	a-maki	ʔ-moçi	a-muke	o-mose	mos
74.	morcego	*βite	βite	βite	bite	βite-re	vite-r
75.	morrer	*-epeno-	-epena-	-epeno-	-	-	-epen(o-)
76.	mosquito	*aniʔɨ	aniʔu	*ʔniʔu	anibɨ	oni	*aniʔ
77.	mulher	*eʦeno	esena	ʔseno	-senu	*-iteno	eteno
78.	mutum	*ukuʔi	ukuʔi	ʔkuʔi	-	-	wokoij
79.	nariz	*-siri	-siri	-siri	-	-sere-ki	-siri-ki
80.	ninho	*-moko	-maka-hi	-moko-hi	-muku-hi	-	ʃira-mok
81.	noite	*joti	jati	joti	juti	-	*joti-ʔe
82.	nuvem	*ɨko	uka-hi	uko-hi	ɨku ‘chuva’	iko ‘chover’	-
83.	olho	*-βɨki	-uki-{ʔa}	-uç-{ʔa}	-bɨke	*-βiki-s(e)	-iki-se
84.	onça	*iʧini	iʧini	ʔʧini	isini	iʧene	iʃini
85.	orelha	*-ʧoka	-ʧaka-pe	-ʧoka	-ʧuka	-	-ʧok
86.	osso	*-(n)ope	ij-ape	ʔj-ope-çi	e-upe	*e-nope	*e-nope
87.	ouvir	*-samo-	-sama-	-samo-	-samu-	-	*-samo-
88.	pai	*-ija	-ija	-ija	-ia	-	iaʔ
89.	palmeira (bacuri)	*koʧi	kaʧi	koʧ-no	-	koʧi	koʃ
90.	pato	*pohi	u-pahi	ʔ-pohi	u-puhi	i-pohi	ʔ-pohi
91.	pato roncador	*βonono	βanana	βnono	-	-	wonon
92.	peixe	*himo	hima	himo	himu	ʔimo	*himo
93.	pele	*-(ʧ)uma	-uma-ma	-um-mo	-	i-tioma	*-ʧoma
94.	pequeno	*-ʧepi	*-iʧepi-ʧu	*-ʔ-ʧeʔ-ʧu	-ʧepi-tɨ	-	-t-iʃepi
95.	pescoço	*-pike-(nɨ)	-pike-nu	-piçe-nu	*-pike-nɨ	-	*-pihe
96.	pessoa	*oʧane	aʧane	ʔʧane	uʧane	oʧane ‘homem’	*oʧane
97.	pimenta	*ʧeti	i-ʧeti	ʔ-ʧeti	u-ʧeti	*e-ʧeti	*ʃeti
98.	piolho	*-ine	-iɲe	-iɲe	-ine	-	*-ine
99.	piranha	*urɨmɔ	uruma	ʔrumo	*ɨmu	orimo	orima
100.	porco	*ʦimo-rɨ	tsimaru	*ʦmoru	-	simori	simori
101.	pulmão	*-haha	-haha	-haha	-	-	-hah
102.	queimado	*-hɨ-	-i-hu-	-i-hu-	i-hɨ-e-	-	-him(o)-
103.	rabo	*-ihi-ki	-ihi-ki	-ih-çi	*-ihi	-	-ihi-s
104.	raposa	*ʧɨje	ʧuje	ʧuje	-	ʧiʔe	ʃijeʔ
105.	rato	*koʦo	kaʦa	koʦo	kusu	*koso	kosio (Língua muxojeóne)
106.	responder	*-kopo-	-hi-kapa-	-hi-kpo-	ha-kup-	-	-kopo-nia
107.	roedor	*majuko	majuka ‘preá’	mjuko ‘coelho’	-	*maʧoko ‘preá’	majak ‘preá’
108.	rosto	*-mirɔ	-mira	-miro	-miu-iɨke	-{mi}miro	-mira
109.	saber	*-ʧo-	-eʧa-	-eʧo- ‘lembrar’	*-eʧu-na-	-	-ʧo-
110.	sangue	*-iti	iti	iti	-iti	-	-iti
111.	sobrinho/a	*-ʧe-(hi)	-ʧe-hi	-ʧe-ra	-	-	-ʃi-h
112.	sogra	*-mose	-i-mase	-i-mse	-muse	-	-mos
113.	sogro	*-moʧɨuko	-i-maʧuka	-i-mʧuko	-	-	-moʃok
114.	tartaruga	*kipɨ	sipu	sipu	kipɨ	sipi{-ra}	{ko-}sip(o)
115.	terminar	*-ito-	-ita-	-ito-	-	-	-eto-
116.	terra	*moʦe	mate-hi	mote-hi	mute-hi	mose	*mose
117.	tia	*-aka	-aka ‘tia avó’	-	-	-	-aka
118.	tio	*-kɨko	-e-kuka	-	-kɨku	-	-kik
119.	tomar banho	*-koβo-	-kaβa-	-koβo-	-kub-	-	-kowo-{jo-}
120.	trazer	*-ɔpɔ-	-n-apa-na-		-upu-n-	-	-apa-
121.	três	*mopo-	mapa-	mopo-na	-	-	mpo-na
122.	urucum	*nire	i-nire	ʔ-nire	-	-	nir
123.	veado	*kɔhɔβɔ	kahaβa	khoβo	kusubu	kohoβo	kahaw
124.	veado	*mukɔ	muka	muko			moka
125.	velho	-ʧɔ, -ʧo	i-ʧa-si	ʔ-ʧo-si	-ʧu-bui	e-ʧo	-
126.	veneno	*mɔti	-mati	ʔ-moti	-	-	mati
127.	ver	*-imoʔɔ-	-ima-ʔa-	-im-ʔo-	-mu-	-ʔimo-ʔa-	-
128.	vespa	*hane	hane	hane	hane	-	hane
129.	voar	*-ɔro-	-ara-	-oro-	-	-	-aro-

References

^ Cronhamn, Sandra (2013). The spread of cultural vocabulary in Rondônia. B.A. honors thesis, Lund University.
^ van der Voort, Hein (2008). Interethnic contact in the Guaporé region and its linguistic consequences. Lund University, 2008-06-03.
^ ^a ^b Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
^ Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
^ Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 16(1), 7-37. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646164