Zingiberaceae

Ginger family; Temporal range: Campanian - recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Red torch ginger (Etlingera elatior)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Zingiberales
Family:	Zingiberaceae; Martinov
Type genus
	Zingiber; Boehm.
Genera
	57; see text

Zingiberaceae (/ˌzɪndʒɪbɪˈreɪsi.iː/) or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species^[4] of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many of the family's species are important ornamental, spice, or medicinal plants. Ornamental genera include the shell gingers (Alpinia), Siam or summer tulip (Curcuma alismatifolia), Globba, ginger lily (Hedychium), Kaempferia, torch-ginger Etlingera elatior, Renealmia, and ginger (Zingiber). Spices include ginger (Zingiber), galangal or Thai ginger (Alpinia galanga and others), melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta), myoga (Zingiber mioga), korarima (Aframomum corrorima), turmeric (Curcuma), and cardamom (Amomum, Elettaria).^[5]

Evolution

The earliest known fossils of the family belong to the Campanian age and are from the genera Spirematospermum in Germany,Tricostatocarpon and Striatornata in Mexico, and Momordiocarpon in India.^[6]^[7] Spirematospermum chandlerae from the Santonian of North Carolina was previously classified in the Zingiberaceae, but more recent studies support it belonging to the Musaceae.^[8]^[1]

Description

Members of the family are small to large herbaceous plants with distichous leaves with basal sheaths that overlap to form a pseudostem. The plants are either self-supporting or epiphytic. Flowers are hermaphroditic, usually strongly zygomorphic, in determinate cymose inflorescences, and subtended by conspicuous, spirally arranged bracts. The perianth is composed of two whorls, a fused tubular calyx, and a tubular corolla with one lobe larger than the other two. Flowers typically have two of their stamenoids (sterile stamens) fused to form a petaloid lip, and have only one fertile stamen. The ovary is inferior and topped by two nectaries, the stigma is funnel-shaped.^{[citation needed]}

Some genera yield essential oils used in the perfume industry (Alpinia, Hedychium).

Genera

57 genera are accepted.^[3]

Adelmeria Ridl.
Aframomum K.Schum.
Alpinia Roxb.
Amomum Roxb.
Aulotandra Gagnep.
Boesenbergia Kuntze
Burbidgea Hook.f.
Camptandra Ridl.
Caulokaempferia K.Larsen
Cautleya (Royle ex Benth.) Hook.f.
Conamomum Ridl.
Cornukaempferia Mood & K.Larsen
Curcuma L.
Cyphostigma Benth.
Distichochlamys M.F.Newman
Elettaria Maton
Epiamomum A.D.Poulsen & Škorničk.
Etlingera Giseke
Gagnepainia K.Schum.
Geocharis (K.Schum.) Ridl.
Geostachys (Baker) Ridl.
Globba L.
Haniffia Holttum
Hedychium J.Koenig
Hemiorchis Kurz
Hornstedtia Retz.
Johoralia C.K.Lim
Kaempferia L.
Kedhalia C.K.Lim
Lanxangia M.F.Newman & Škorničk.
Larsenianthus W.J.Kress & Mood
Leptosolena C.Presl
Meistera Giseke
Myxochlamys A.Takano & Nagam.
Nanochilus K.Schum.
Newmania N.S.Lý & Škorničk.
Parakaempferia A.S.Rao & D.M.Verma
Perakalia C.K.Lim
Plagiostachys Ridl.
Pleuranthodium (K.Schum.) R.M.Sm.
Pommereschea Wittm.
Pyrgophyllum (Gagnep.) T.L.Wu & Z.Y.Chen
Renealmia L.f.
Rhynchanthus Hook.f.
Reidelia Oliv.
Roscoea Sm.
Scaphochlamys Baker
Siamanthus K.Larsen & J.Mood
Siliquamomum Baill.
Siphonochilus J.M.Wood & Franks
Stadiochilus R.M.Sm.
Sulettaria A.D.Poulsen & Mathisen
Sundamomum A.D.Poulsen & M.F.Newman
Tamijia S.Sakai & Nagam.
Vanoverberghia Merr.
Wurfbainia Giseke
Zingiber Mill.

Taxonomy

Cladogram: Phylogeny of Zingiberales^[9]

Zingiberales

Zingiberineae

Zingiberariae

	Zingiberaceae

	Costaceae

Cannariae

	Cannaceae

	Marantaceae

Strelitziineae

	Lowiaceae

	Strelitziaceae

Heliconiaceae

	Musaceae

Phylogenetic tree of the family

Subdivisions

Zingiberaceae

	Zingiberoideae

	Alpinioideae

Siphonochiloideae

Tamijioideae

Subfamily Siphonochiloideae
- Tribe Siphonochileae
  - Siphonochilus
Subfamily Tamijioideae
- Tribe Tamijieae
  - Tamijia
Subfamily Alpinioideae
- Tribe Alpinieae
  - Adelmeria
  - Aframomum - grains of paradise
  - Alpinia - galangal
  - Amomum
  - Aulotandra
  - Cyphostigma
  - Elettaria - cardamom
  - Elettariopsis
  - Etlingera
  - Geocharis
  - Geostachys
  - Hornstedtia
  - Lanxangia
  - Leptosolena
  - Plagiostachys
  - Renealmia
  - Siliquamomum
  - Vanoverberghia
  - ×Alpingera F. Luc-Cayol (Alpinia × Etlingera) - intergeneric hybrid
- Tribe Riedelieae
  - Burbidgea
  - Pleuranthodium
  - Riedelia
  - Siamanthus
Subfamily Zingiberoideae
- Tribe Zingibereae
  - Boesenbergia
  - Camptandra
  - Caulokaempferia
  - Cautleya
  - Cornukaempferia
  - Curcuma - turmeric
  - Curcumorpha
  - Distichochlamys
  - Haniffia
  - Haplochorema
  - Hedychium
  - Hitchenia
  - Kaempferia
  - Kedhalia
  - Laosanthus
  - Myxochlamys
  - Nanochilus
  - Newmania
  - Parakaempferia
  - Pommereschea
  - Pyrgophyllum
  - Rhynchanthus
  - Roscoea
  - Scaphochlamys
  - Smithatris
  - Stadiochilus
  - Stahlianthus
  - Zingiber - ginger
- Tribe Globbeae
  - Gagnepainia
  - Globba
  - Hemiorchis
subfamily unknown
- Johoralia
- Perakalia

Distribution

The Zingiberaceae have a pantropical distribution in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with their greatest diversity in South Asia.

References

^ ^a ^b "Zingiberales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
^ ^a ^b Zingiberaceae Martinov. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Byng, James W. (20 May 2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ Chattopadhyay, Ishita; Biswas, Kaushik; Bandyopadhyay, Uday; Banerjee, Ranajit K. (2004). "Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications". Current Science. 87 (1): 44–53. JSTOR 24107978.
^ Smith, Selena Y.; Iles, William J. D.; Benedict, John C.; Specht, Chelsea D. (2 August 2018). "Building the monocot tree of death: Progress and challenges emerging from the macrofossil‐rich Zingiberales". American Journal of Botany. 105 (8): 1389–1400. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1123. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 30071130. S2CID 51909421.
^ Smith, Selena Y.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Robinson, Shannon; Srivastava, Rashmi; Benedict, John C.; Manchester, Steven R. (2021-02-01). "Fossil Fruits and Seeds of Zingiberales from the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (2): 91–108. doi:10.1086/711474. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 231875495.
^ Burgos-Hernández, Mireya; Pozo, Carmen; González, Dolores (20 December 2018). "Evolutionary history of Musaceae: ancient distribution and the rise of modern lineages". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 189 (1): 23–25. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy070.
^ Sass et al. 2016.

Bibliography

Sass, Chodon; Iles, William J.D.; Barrett, Craig F.; Smith, Selena Y.; Specht, Chelsea D. (21 January 2016). "Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage". PeerJ. 4: e1584. doi:10.7717/peerj.1584. PMC 4727956. PMID 26819846.

External links

List of Indian medicinal plants from Biodiversity of India
Abstracts from the Symposia on the Family Zingiberaceae
A New Classification of the Zingiberaceae from the Third Symposium on Zingiberaceae
Zomlefer, W.B. Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. 1994.

[mobot-1] "Zingiberales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-18.

[APGIII2009-2] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.

[powo-3] Zingiberaceae Martinov. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-4] Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Byng, James W. (20 May 2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.

[5] Chattopadhyay, Ishita; Biswas, Kaushik; Bandyopadhyay, Uday; Banerjee, Ranajit K. (2004). "Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications". Current Science. 87 (1): 44–53. JSTOR 24107978.

[6] Smith, Selena Y.; Iles, William J. D.; Benedict, John C.; Specht, Chelsea D. (2 August 2018). "Building the monocot tree of death: Progress and challenges emerging from the macrofossil‐rich Zingiberales". American Journal of Botany. 105 (8): 1389–1400. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1123. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 30071130. S2CID 51909421.

[7] Smith, Selena Y.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Robinson, Shannon; Srivastava, Rashmi; Benedict, John C.; Manchester, Steven R. (2021-02-01). "Fossil Fruits and Seeds of Zingiberales from the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (2): 91–108. doi:10.1086/711474. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 231875495.

[8] Burgos-Hernández, Mireya; Pozo, Carmen; González, Dolores (20 December 2018). "Evolutionary history of Musaceae: ancient distribution and the rise of modern lineages". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 189 (1): 23–25. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy070.

[FOOTNOTESassIlesBarrettSmith2016-9] Sass et al. 2016.

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Zingiberaceae

Evolution

Description

Genera

Taxonomy

Subdivisions

Distribution

References

Bibliography

External links

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