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Richard Hofstadter

Richard Hofstadter (Buffalo, 6 agosto 1916New York, 24 ottobre 1970) è stato uno storico e professore statunitense; insegnò storia americana alla Columbia University e vinse il Premio Pulitzer per due volte: la prima nel 1956 grazie a The Age of Reform e la seconda nel 1964 con Anti-intellectualism in American Life.

Biografia

Richard Hofstadter nacque a Buffalo, nello Stato di New York, da Emil, un ebreo tedesco, e Katherine Hill, americana di origine tedesca di confessione luterana. A dieci anni rimase orfano di padre. Nel 1933 si laureò all'Università di Buffalo in Filosofia e Storia con Julius Pratt. Nel 1936 si sposò con Felice Swados; dall'unione nacque un figlio maschio, Daniel. Rimasto vedovo, ebbe una figlia, Sarah, da un secondo matrimonio. Dal 1934 al 1939 Hofstadter fu attivo in movimenti di sinistra, e tra il 1938 e il 1939 fu iscritto al Partito Comunista degli Stati Uniti d'America. Intanto avviava la sua carriera accademica: nel 1942 ottenne il dottorato in Storia, poi iniziò ad insegnare all'Università del Maryland.

Entrò in contatto con sociologi di idee radicali come Charles Wright Mills, e approfondì le proprie conoscenze di sociologia e psicologia, studiando il pensiero di Max Weber, Karl Mannheim, Sigmund Freud e la "Scuola di Francoforte". Durante questo periodo pubblicò, nel 1944, il saggio Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915, libro che gli diede notorietà. Nel 1946 iniziò ad insegnare alla Columbia University di New York. Nel 1959 divenne titolare della cattedra di Storia americana intitolata "DeWitt Clinton". Morì di leucemia nel 1970.

Pensiero

Nel libro Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915 (pubblicato nel 1944), Hofstadter criticò il capitalismo americano del secondo Ottocento puntando l'indice sulla feroce competizione che oppone i cittadini americani gli uni contro gli altri. Tra gli anni Cinquanta e gli anni Sessanta, Hofstadter abbandonò le iniziali posizioni di prossimità alla sinistra. In particolare, rifiutò l'interpretazione della storia come successione di conflitti socio-economici di classe. Nel saggio The Paranoid Style in American Politics del 1964 sostenne che la paranoia e la convinzione dell'esistenza di complotti hanno caratterizzato la storia degli Stati Uniti d'America fin dalla rivoluzione americana.[1][2]

Opere

Le sue opere più importanti furono:

  • Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (1944);
  • The American Political Tradition (1948), tr. it. La tradizione politica americana, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1960 (biografie di dodici leader politici statunitensi dei secoli XVIII, XIX e XX);
  • The Age of Reform (1955), tr. it. L'età delle riforme: da Bryan a F. D. Roosevelt, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1962;
  • Anti-intellectualism in American Life (1963), tr. it. Società e intellettuali in America, Torino, Einaudi, 1968;
  • i saggi raccolti in The Paranoid Style in American Politics (1964).

Un altro libro di Hofstadter tradotto in italiano è L'America coloniale. Ritratto di una nazione nascente, Milano, Mondadori, 1983.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, in Harper's Magazine, novembre 1964, pp. 77-86 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 agosto 2013).
  2. ^ (EN) Richard Hofstadter, Paranoid Style in American Politics, Vintage, 1973, ISBN 0-394-70385-5.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Alan Brinkley, Richard Hofstadter's the Age of Reform: A Reconsideration, in Reviews in American History, vol. 13, n. 3, settembre 1985, pp. 462-480.
  • (EN) David S. Brown, Redefining American History: Ethnicity, Progressive Historiography and the Making of Richard Hofstadter, in The History Teacher, vol. 36, n. 4, agosto 2003, pp. 527-548.
  • Dane S. Claussen, Anti-Intellectualism in American Media, New York, Peter Lang Publishing, 2004.
  • (EN) Robert M. Collins, The Originality Trap: Richard Hofstadter on Populism, in Journal of American History, vol. 76, n. 1, giugno 1989, pp. 150-167.
  • Stanley Elkins, Eric McKitrick (a cura di), Richard Hofstadter: A Progress, in The Hofstadter Aegis, New York, Knopf, 1974, pp. 300-367.
  • (EN) Eric Foner, The Education of Richard Hofstadter, in The Nation, vol. 254, n. 17, pp. 597+.
  • (EN) Daniel Geary, Richard Hofstadter Reconsidered, in Reviews in American History, vol. 35, n. 3, settembre 2007, pp. 425-431.
  • (EN) David Greenberg, Richard Hofstadter Reconsidered, in Raritan Review, vol. 27, n. 2, autunno 2007, pp. 144-167.
  • (EN) Allen C. Guelzo, History with a Smirk: Richard Hofstadter and scholarly fashion, in Books and Culture, gennaio-febbraio 2007.
  • (EN) Daniel Walker Howe e Peter Elliott Finn, Richard Hofstadter: The Ironies of an American Historian, in Pacific Historical Review, vol. 43, n. 1, febbraio 1974, pp. 1-18.
  • (EN) Michael Kazim, Hofstadter Lives: Political Culture and Temperament in the Work of an American Historian, in Reviews in American History, vol. 27, n. 2, giugno 1999, pp. 334-348.
  • (EN) Harry N. Scheiber, Review: A Keen Sense of History and the Need to Act: Reflections on Richard Hofstadter and the American Political Tradition, in Reviews in American History, vol. 2, n. 3, settembre 1974, pp. 445-452.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., "Richard Hofstadter", in Marcus Cunliffe e Robin Winks (a cura di), Pastmasters: Some Essays on American Historians, 1969, pp. 278–315.
  • (EN) Daniel J. Singal, Beyond Consensus: Richard Hofstadter and American Historiography, in American Historical Review, vol. 89, n. 4, ottobre 1984, pp. 976-1004.

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN41907121 · ISNI (EN0000 0001 0891 397X · SBN CFIV021772 · BAV 495/197318 · LCCN (ENn79006384 · GND (DE124376266 · BNE (ESXX1163553 (data) · BNF (FRcb12308646v (data) · J9U (ENHE987007262717805171 · NSK (HR000193457 · NDL (ENJA00443564 · CONOR.SI (SL20025443

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