ATA over Ethernet

ATA over Ethernet (AoE) is a network protocol developed by the Brantley Coile Company, designed for simple, high-performance access of block storage devices over Ethernet networks. It is used to build storage area networks (SANs) with low-cost, standard technologies.

Protocol description

AoE runs on layer 2 Ethernet. AoE does not use Internet Protocol (IP); it cannot be accessed over the Internet or other IP networks. In this regard it is more comparable to Fibre Channel over Ethernet than iSCSI.

With fewer protocol layers, this approach makes AoE fast and lightweight. It also makes the protocol relatively easy to implement and offers linear scalability with high performance. The AoE specification is 12 pages^[1] compared with iSCSI's 257 pages.^[2]

AoE Header Format:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   0 |                    Ethernet Destination MAC Address           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   4 |   Ethernet Destination (cont) |  Ethernet Source MAC Address  |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   8 |                    Ethernet Source MAC Address (cont)         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  12 |     Ethernet Type (0x88A2)    |  Ver  | Flags |     Error     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  16 |             Major             |     Minor     |    Command    |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  20 |                              Tag                              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  24 |                              Arg                              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

AoE has the IEEE assigned EtherType 0x88A2.

ATA encapsulation

SATA (and older PATA) hard drives use the Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) protocol to issue commands, such as read, write, and status. AoE encapsulates those commands inside Ethernet frames and lets them travel over an Ethernet network instead of a SATA or 40-pin ribbon cable. Although internally AoE uses the ATA protocol, it presents the disks as SCSI to the operating system. Also the actual disks can be SCSI or any other kind, AoE is not limited to disks that use the ATA command set. By using an AoE driver, the host operating system is able to access a remote disk as if it were directly attached.

The encapsulation of ATA provided by AoE is simple and low-level, allowing the translation to happen either at high performance or inside a small, embedded device, or both.

Routability

AoE is a layer 2 protocol running at the data-link layer, unlike some other SAN protocols which run on top of layer 3 utilizing IP. While this reduces the significant processing overhead of TCP/IP, this means that routers cannot route AoE data across disparate networks (such as a campus network or the Internet). Instead, AoE packets can only travel within a single local Ethernet storage area network (e.g., a set of computers connected to the same switch or in the same LAN Subnet or VLAN).

Security

The non-routability of AoE is the only security mechanism (i.e., an intruder can't connect through a router—they must physically plug into the local Ethernet switch where Ethernet frame tunneling over routed networks is not in use). However, there are no AoE-specific mechanisms for password verification or encryption. The protocol provides for AoE targets such as Coraid Storage appliances, vblade and GGAOED to establish access lists ("masks") allowing connections only from specific MAC addresses (although these can be spoofed). Most secure AoE by using Ethernet VLANs.

Config string

The AoE protocol provides a mechanism for host-based cooperative locking. When more than one AoE initiator is using an AoE target they must communicate to avoid interfering with one another as they read and write the config string data on the shared AoE device. Without this cooperation file-system corruption and data loss is likely, unless access is strictly read-only or a cluster file system is used.

One option provided by AoE is to use the storage device itself as the mechanism for determining specific host access. This is the AoE "config string" feature.^[3] The config string can record who is using the device, as well as other information. If more than one host tries to set the config string simultaneously, only one succeeds. The other host is informed of the conflict.

Operating system support

The following operating systems provide ATA over Ethernet (AoE) support:

OS	Support	Third-party drivers
Linux	Native (2.6.11+)	Coraid
Windows	Third-party	StarWind Software AoE Initiator,^[4] WinAoE,^[5] WinVBlock ^[6]
Mac OS X 10.4 and up	Third-party	From 2006 through 2010, 2°Frost Technologies developed proprietary software and marketed AoE storage solutions in the Windows and Mac markets. The Mac implementation was its own and the Windows version was OEM-ed from StarWind Software.
Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6	Third-party	Small Tree Communications ^[7]
Solaris	Third-party	Coraid
FreeBSD	Third-party	Coraid (outdated)
OpenBSD	Native (4.5 to 5.6^[8])
VMware	Third-party	Coraid
Plan 9 from Bell Labs^[9]	Native

Hardware support

Coraid offered an array of AoE SAN appliances under the EtherDrive brand, along with diskless gateways that add network-attached storage functionality, using the NFS or SMB protocols, to one or more AoE appliances. The Coraid brand is now owned by SouthSuite, Inc., a company founded by Brantley Coile who founded Coraid.

In 2007, LayerWalker^[10] announced AoE hardware called miniSAN^[11] running at both Fast and Gigabit Ethernet. The miniSAN product family offers standard AoE server functions plus other management features that targets PC, consumer and small and medium businesses markets.

Related concepts

Although AoE is a simple network protocol, it opens up a complex realm of storage possibilities. To understand and evaluate these storage scenarios, it helps to be familiar with a few concepts.

Storage area networks

A SAN allows the physical hard drive to be removed from the server that uses it, and placed on the network. A SAN interface is similar in principle to non-networked interfaces such as SATA or SCSI. Most users will not use a SAN interface directly. Instead, they will connect to a server that uses a SAN disk instead of a local disk. Direct connection, however, can also be used.

When using a SAN network to access storage, there are several potential advantages over a local disk:

It is easier to add storage capacity and the amount of storage is practically unlimited.
It is easier to reallocate storage capacity.
Data may be shared.
Additionally, compared to other forms of networked storage, SANs are low-level and high performance

Using storage area networks

To use a SAN disk, the host must format it with a filesystem. Unlike a SATA or SCSI disk, however, a SAN hard drive may be accessed by multiple machines. This is a source of both danger and opportunity.

Traditional filesystems (such as FAT or ext3) are designed to be accessed by a single host, and will cause unpredictable behavior if accessed by multiple machines. Such filesystems may be used, and AoE provides mechanisms whereby an AoE target can be guarded against simultaneous access (see: Config String).

Shared disk file systems allow multiple machines to use a single hard disk safely by coordinating simultaneous access to individual files. These filesystems can be used to allow multiple machines access to the same AoE target without an intermediate server or filesystem (and at higher performance).

References

^ S. Hopkins, B. Coile (February 2009). "AoE (ATA over Ethernet)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
^ J. Satran; K. Meth; C. Sapuntzakis; M. Chadalapaka; E. Zeidner (April 2004). Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3720. RFC 3720. Obsolete. Obsoleted by RFC 7143.
^ Quanstrom, Erik. "aoecfg(8) - Linux man page". die.net. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
^ StarWind Free AoE Initiator for Microsoft Windows
^ WinAoE Driver: A bootable, open source AoE initiator, EOL-ed and phased out by WinVBlock successor
^ WinVBlock Driver^[usurped]: A WinAoE fork capable of booting AoE targets, file-backed disks and RAM disks created with MEMDISK and GRUB4DOS
^ Small Tree – The Mac Network Experts
^ OpenBSD 5.7 changelog
^ "Plan 9 from Bell Labs". Archived from the original on 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
^ "LayerWalker Technology, Inc". Archived from the original on July 1, 2012.
^ "LayerWalker miniSAN Technology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-06.