Awadhi,[a] also known as Audhi,[b] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh in northern India and in Terai region of western Nepal.[5][6][7] The name Awadh is connected to Ayodhya, the ancient city, which is regarded as the homeland of the Hindu god Rama. It was, along with Braj, used widely as a literary vehicle before being displaced by Hindi in the 19th century.[8]
It is regarded by the Indian government to be a dialect of Hindi, and the area where Awadhi is spoken to be a part of the Hindi-language area owing to their cultural proximity, meanwhile Standard Hindi also serves as the lingua franca[9] of the region. As a result, Hindi, rather than Awadhi, is used for school instruction as well as administrative and official purposes; and its literature falls within the scope of Hindi literature.[10] Some of the most culturally significant works in Indian literature like the Ramcharitmanas have been written in Awadhi.
Alternative names of Awadhi include Baiswāri (after the subregion of Baiswara),[11] as well as the sometimes ambiguous Pūrbī, literally meaning "eastern", and Kōsalī (named after the ancient Kosala Kingdom).[6]
In eastern parts of UP the Awadhi language changes its form to a special dialect called "Eastern Standard Awadhi." This region makes boundary with Bhojpuri speaking districts of Purvanchal. This part include districts of-
Awadhi is an Indo-European language and belongs to the Indo-Aryan sub-group of the Indo-Iranian language family. Within the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum, it falls under the East-Central zone of languages and is often recognised as Eastern-Hindi. It is generally believed that an older form of Ardhamagadhi, which agreed partly with Sauraseni and partly with Magadhi Prakrit, could be the basis of Awadhi.[20]
The closest relative of Awadhi is the Bagheli language as genealogically both descend from the same 'Half-Magadhi'. Most early Indian linguists regarded Bagheli merely as 'the southern form of Awadhi', but recent studies accept Bagheli as a separate dialect at par with Awadhi and not merely a sub-dialect of it.[21]
In this period, Awadhi became the vehicle for epic poetry in northern India.[22] Its literature is mainly divided into: bhaktīkāvya (devotional poetry) and premākhyān (romantic tales).
Bhaktīkāvyas
The most important work, probably in any modern Indo-Aryan language, came from the poet-saint Tulsidas in the form of Ramcharitmanas (1575 C.E.) or "The Lake of the Deeds of Rama", written in doha-chaupaimetre. Its plot is mostly derivative, either from the original Rāmāyaṇa by Valmiki or from the Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa, both of which are in Sanskrit.[23]Mahatma Gandhi had acclaimed the Ramcharitmanas as "the greatest book of all devotional literature" while western observers have christened it as "the Bible of Northern India".[24] It is sometimes synonymously referred as 'Tulsidas Ramayana' or simply 'the Ramayana'.[25]
अंडकोस प्रति प्रति निज रूपा।
देखेउँ जिनस अनेक अनूपा॥ अवधपुरी प्रति भुअन निनारी। सरजू भिन्न भिन्न नर नारी॥
In each universe I saw my own self,
As well as many an object beyond compare;
Each universe had its own Ayodhya,
With its own Saryu and its own men and women.
सिंधु तीर एक भूधर सुंदर।
कौतुक कूदि चढ़ेउ ता-ऊपर॥
बार-बार रघुबीर सँभारी।
तरकेउ पवनतनय बल भारी॥
On the sea-shore there was a mountain lovely,
He hopped to its peak sportively;
Over and again, the Lord he did recall
And the Son of Wind darted with energy no small.
The first Hindi vernacular adaptation of the 'Dasam Skandha' of the Bhagavata Purana, the "Haricharit" by Lalachdas, who hailed from Hastigram (present-day Hathgaon near Rae Bareilly), was concluded in 1530 C.E. It circulated widely for a long time and scores of manuscript copies of the text have been found as far as eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Malwa and Gujarat, all written in the Kaithi script.[32]
Satyavatī (ca. 1501) of Ishvaradas (of Delhi) under the reign of Sikander Lodi and Avadhabilāsa (1700 C.E.) of Laladas were also written in Awadhi.
Awadhi appeared as a major component in the works of Bhakti saints like Kabir, who used a language often described as being a pancmel khicṛī or "a hotch-potch" of several vernaculars.[33][34] The language of Kabir's major work Bijak is primarily Awadhi.[35][36]
Queen Nagamati talks to her parrot, Padmavat, 1750 C.E.
Lovers shoot at a tiger in the jungle. From the mystical Sufi text Madhumalati.
Awadhi also emerged as the favourite literary language of the Eastern Sufis from the last quarter of the 14th century onwards. It became the language of premākhyāns, romantic tales built on the pattern of Persian masnavi, steeped in Sufi mysticism but set in a purely Indian background, with a large number of motifs directly borrowed from Indian lore. The first of such premākhyān in the Awadhi language was Candāyan (1379 C.E.) of Maulana Da'ud.[37] The tradition was carried forward by Jayasi, whose masterpiece, the Padmāvat (1540 C.E.) was composed under the reign of the famous ruler Sher Shah Suri. The Padmavat travelled far and wide, from Arakan to the Deccan, and was eagerly copied and retold in Persian and other languages.[38]
Other prominent works of Jayasi—Kānhāvat,[39] Akhrāvaṭ[29] and Ākhrī Kalām[40] are also written in Awadhi.
I'll tell you about my great town, the ever-beautiful Jais.
In the satyayuga it was a holy place, then it was called the "Town of
Gardens."
Then the treta went, and when the dvapara came, there was a great rishi
called Bhunjaraja.
88,000 rishis lived here then, and dense ... and eighty-four ponds.
They baked bricks to make solid ghats, and dug eight-four wells.
Here and there they built handsome forts, at night they looked like stars
in the sky.
They also put up several orchards with temples on top.
Doha: They sat there doing tapas, all those human avataras.They crossed this world doing homa and japa day and night.
The Awadhi romance Mirigāvatī (ca.1503) or "The Magic Doe", was written by Shaikh 'Qutban' Suhravardi, who was an expert and storyteller attached to the court-in-exile of Sultan Hussain Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur.[42][43] Another romance named Madhumālatī or "Night Flowering Jasmine" by poet Sayyid Manjhan Rajgiri was written in 1545 C.E.[44]
Amir Khusrau (d. 1379 C.E) is also said to have written some compositions in Awadhi.[45]
Modern India
The most significant contributions to the Awadhi literature in the modern period have come from writers like Ramai Kaka (1915–1982 C.E.), Balbhadra Prasad Dikshit better known as ‘Padhees’(1898–1943 C.E.) and Vanshidhar Shukla (1904–1980 C.E.).
‘Krishnayan’ (1942 C.E.) is a major Awadhi epic-poem that Dwarka Prasad Mishra wrote in imprisonment during the Freedom Movement of India. In 2022 Dr. Vidya Vindu Singh has been awarded Padma Shri for her contribution in Awadhi literature.
Phonology
Vowels
Awadhi possesses both voiced and voiceless vowels. The voiced vowels are: /ə/, /ʌ/, /aː/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /e/, /eː/, /o/, /oː/.[46] The voiceless vowels, also described as "whispered vowels" are: /i̥/, /ʊ̥/, /e̥/.[47]
Awadhi has many features that separate it from the neighbouring Western Hindi and Bihari vernaculars. In Awadhi, nouns are generally both short and long, whereas Western Hindi has generally short while Bihari generally employs longer and long forms. The gender is rigorously maintained in Western Hindi, Awadhi is a little loose yet largely preserved, while Bihari is highly attenuated. Regarding postpositions, Awadhi is distinguished from Western Hindi by the absence of agentive postposition in the former, agreeing with Bihari dialects. The accusative-dative postposition in Awadhi is /kaː/ or /kə/ while Western Hindi has /koː/ or /kɔː/ and Bihari has /keː/. The locative postposition in both Bihari and Western Hindi is /mẽː/ while Awadhi has /maː/. The pronouns in Awadhi have /toːɾ-/, /moːɾ-/ as personal genitives while /teːɾ-/, /meːɾ-/ are used in Western Hindi. The oblique of /ɦəmaːɾ/ is /ɦəmɾeː/ in Awadhi while it is /ɦəmaːɾeː/ in Western Hindi and /ɦəmrən'kæ/ in Bihari.[8]
Another defining characteristic of Awadhi is the affix /-ɪs/ as in /dɪɦɪs/, /maːɾɪs/ etc. The neighbouring Bhojpuri has the distinctive (i) /laː/ enclitic in present tense (ii) /-l/ in past tense (iii) dative postposition /-laː/ which separates it from the Awadhi language.[20]
mor → mōrā (masculine), mōrī (feminine), mōrē (plural)
hamār → hamrā (masc.), hamrī (fem.), hamrē (pl.)
tōr→ torā (masc.), torī (fem.), torē (pl.)
tumar→ tumrā (masc.), tumrī (fem.), tumrē (pl.)
tohār→ tohrā (masc.), tohrī (fem.), tohrē (pl.)
Word formation
Following are the morphological processes of stem formation in the Awadhi language:
Affixation
An affix is used to alter the meaning or form of a word. It can be either a prefix or a suffix.
Example: Prefix bē– preceding the root saram means "shameless" while apna followed by –pan means "belonging-ness".
Compounding
Two or more stems are combined to form one stem.
Example: nīlkanṭh means "blue bird" and banmānus means "forest man" or "chimpanzee".
Reduplication
This process involves the repetition of certain forms. It may be complete, partial, or interrupted.
Complete reduplication: It denotes continuity of action.
Example: jāt-jāt for "going on".
Partialreduplication: It denotes similarity of one object to other.
Example: hãpaṭ-dãpaṭ for "panting".
Interrupted reduplication: It stresses on the instant condition of the action that follows and expresses abundance of something.
Example: khētaī khēt "between the fields"; garmaī garam "the very hot".
In popular culture
Entertainment
The 1961 film Gunga Jumna features Awadhi being spoken by the characters in a neutralised form. In the 2001 film Lagaan, a neutralised form of Awadhi language was used to make it understandable to audiences.[51][52] The 2009 film Dev.D features an Awadhi song, "Paayaliya", composed by Amit Trivedi.[53] In the television series Yudh, Amitabh Bachchan spoke parts of his dialogue in Awadhi, which received critical acclaim from the Hindustan Times.[54] Awadhi is also spoken by the residents of Ayodhya and other minor characters in Ramanand Sagar's 1987 television series Ramayan. It is believed that the tune and lyrics of the song "Rang Barse Bhige Chunar Wali", from the movie Silsila starring Amitabh Bachchan and Rekha, are taken from a Rajasthani and Haryanvi folk bhajan about Meera. However the lyrics are slightly altered into the Awadhi dialect of Hindi to mould the song into appropriate context of the movie script. The Awadhi folk song "Mere Angne Mein Tumhara Kya Kaam Hai" has become popular in Bollywood with a neutralized version of it being in the 1981 film Laawaris starring Amitabh Bachchan, as well as being in the 1970 film Bombay Talkie and the 1975 film Maze Le Lo, it was also released as a single by Neha Kakkar in 2020.[55] Another Awadhi folk song that became popular through Bollywood was "Holi Khele Raghuveera", which was neutralized and sung by Amitabh Bachchan and put into the 2003 film Baghban starring Amitabh Bachchan and Hema Malini. The hit 1994 Bollywood hit film Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! is based on an Awadhi film from 1982 Nadiya Ke Paar, which itself is partly based on the novel Kohbar Ki Shart by Keshav Prasad Mishra.
Folk
The genres of folklore sung in Awadh include Sohar, Sariya, Byaah, Suhag, Gaari, Nakta, Banraa (Banna-Banni), Alha, Sawan, Jhula, Hori, Barahmasa, and Kajri.[56]
Sample phrases
The Awadhi language comes with its dialectal variations. For instance, in western regions, the auxiliary /hʌiː/ is used, while in central and eastern parts /ʌhʌiː/ is used.
The following examples were taken from Baburam Saxena's Evolution of Awadhi, and alternative versions are also provided to show dialectal variations.
^Masica (1993:9)- A vast central portion of the subcontinent, consisting of the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, plus the Union Territory of Delhi, is known as the "HINDI area", because the official and general written language, that is to say, that of administration, press, school instruction, and modern literature, is Hindi, sometimes called MODERN STANDARD HINDI, and the whole area is heir to the "Hindi literary tradition" – Hindi being used here in a different and wider sense, to refer to pre-modern literature in Braj and Awadhi, and often to those languages proper to Rajasthan and Bihar as well
^Lutgendorf (1991:12)—Since the Ramcaritmanas is a text in the Ramayana tradition, for which the Sanskrit epic of Valmiki is the accepted archetype, it is commonly referred to simply as "the Ramayan" and many popular editions bear only this name on their spine and cover, perhaps adding above it in small print: "composed by Goswami Tulsidas".
^Rao, I. Panduranga (1998). "Review of The Beautiful Verses (Ram-Charit Manas, "Sunder-Kand" and Hanuman Chalisa of Goswami Tulsidas rendered into English verse)". Indian Literature. 41 (1 (183)): 240–241. ISSN0019-5804. JSTOR23341337.
^Orsini (2014:200)—"That Brahmin kathavachaks were not the only tellers of the story is proved by the first Hindi vernacular adaptation of the Dasam Skandha, the Haricharit in the Chaupai Doha by Lalach Kavi, a Kayastha from "Hastigram" (present-day Hathgaon) near Rae Bareilly, concluded in 1530 (VS1587)."
^Vaudeville (1990:260)–The first editor of the Kabir Granthavali, S.S Das, also stresses the composite character of Kabir's language, giving examples in his introduction, of vanis composed in Khariboli (i.e. Standard Hindi), Rajasthani, and Panjabi, besides Awadhi.
^Vaudeville (1990:264)–Among the dialects or languages "melted" in the Hindavi language, the most important is Avadhi, mentioned above. The language of Kabir himself an Easterner, retains old Eastern forms, especially the old Avadhi forms.
^Vaudeville (1990:260)–Chaturvedi has shown that the same pada may be found with more characteristic Avadhi forms in the Bijak, with more Khari-boli in the Guru Granth and with Braj forms in the Kabir Granthavali.
^Vaudeville (1990:259)–According to Grierson, however, there is not a single word typical of the Bhojpuri language in the Bijak. According to him, the basic language of the Bijak is old Avadhi...
^Hawley, John Stratton (2015), Orsini, Francesca; Schofield, Katherine Butler (eds.), "Did Surdas Perform the Bhāgavata-purāṇa?", Tellings and Texts, Music, Literature and Performance in North India (1 ed.), Open Book Publishers, p. 212, ISBN978-1-78374-102-1, JSTORj.ctt17rw4vj.15, Then there are the Ahirs whose performances of the Krishna story fascinated Malik Muhammad Jayasi, as he tells us in his Kanhavat of 1540;...
^Manjhan (2001:xi) —"Manjhan's birthplace Rajgir is in the present-day state of Bihar, not far away from Patna in northern India, and the poem itself is written in Awadhi or eastern Hindavi".
^Jafri, Saiyid Zaheer Husain (2016). "Sectional President's Address: 'MAKING' OF THE COMPOSITE CULTURE IN PRE-NAWABI AWADH". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 77: 148. ISSN2249-1937. JSTOR26552634.
Vaudeville, Charlotte (1990). "Kabīr's language and languages, Hinduī as the language of non-conformity". Indo-Iranian Journal. 33 (4): 259–266. doi:10.1163/000000090790083572. ISSN0019-7246.
Bandar Udara Changi SingapuraIATA: SINICAO: WSSSInformasiJenisPublik dan militerPemilikPemerintah Singapura[1]PengelolaChangi Airport Group Pte LtdMelayaniSingapuraLokasiChangi, Wilayah TimurDibuka29 Desember 1981Maskapai penghubung Jetstar Asia Airways Scoot SilkAir Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines Cargo Tigerair Valuair Ketinggian dpl7 mdplSitus webwww.changiairport.comPetaSINLetak bandar udara Changi di SingapuraLandasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan kaki m 02R/20L 13,123…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang kelahiran pada manusia. Untuk kelahiran oada mamalia dan hewan lainnya, lihat Kelahiran. Kelahiran anakIbu dan bayi baru lahir diperlihatkan dengan tutupan vernixInformasi umumNama lainPersalinan, partus, parturisiSpesialisasiObstetri, kebidananTipePersalinan pervaginam, operasi sesar[1][2]PenyebabKehamilanKomplikasiObstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, postpartum infection, birth asphyxia, neonatal hypothermia[3][4]…
Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Republik YugoslaviaLambang Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik IndonesiaPetahanaTidak adaDitunjuk olehPresiden Indonesia Berikut adalah daftar diplomat Indonesia yang pernah menjabat Duta Besar Republik Indonesia untuk Yugoslavia: No. Nama Mulai menjabat Selesai menjabat Merangkap Ref. 1 Sudarsono 1956 1960 [1] 2 Rudolf Alexander Asmaun 1961 6 Februari 1964 [1][2] 3 Subiyakto 1964 1966 [3] 4 Eko Suhadi 31 Desember 1966 1968 [1][…
Consideration of the harms experienced by animals due to predation as a moral problem A snowy owl carries a killed American black duck The predation problem or predation argument refers to the consideration of the harms experienced by animals due to predation as a moral problem, that humans may or may not have an obligation to work towards preventing. Discourse on this topic has, by and large, been held within the disciplines of animal and environmental ethics. The issue has particularly been di…
Dhol Dhol (bahasa Punjabi: ਢੋਲ, ڈھول; Hindi: ढोल; bahasa Assam: ঢোল, bahasa Pashtun: ډهول; bahasa Urdu: ڈھول; Armenian: դհոլcode: hy is deprecated ; bahasa Georgia:დოლი) dan juga dohol (Persia: دهلcode: fa is deprecated ), adalah sejenis drum (alat musik perkusi) yang banyak digunakan di Anak benua India, terutama di daerah Punjabi, dan khususnya oleh para Sikh di Punjabi Timur. Selan di Punjabi Timur, Dhol juga terdapat di daerah …
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Pupuk – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (April 2021) Pupuk kandang, ditumpuk di tepi ladang. Pupuk adalah material yang ditambahkan pada media tanam atau tanaman untuk mencukupi kebutuhan hara …
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang tim kriket. Untuk tim liga rugbi, lihat tim liga rugbi negara bagian New South Wales. New South Wales BluesPersonnelKaptenSimon KatichPelatihMatthew MottInformasi timDidirikan1856Home groundSydney Cricket GroundANZ StadiumKapasitas46,000SejarahSheffield Shield wins45Ford Ranger Cup wins9KFC Twenty20 Big Bash wins1Champions League Twenty20 wins1Situs webNew South Wales Blues New South Wales Blues (dijuluki Speed Blitz…
Huria Kristen Batak ProtestanSingkatanHKBPPenggolonganProtestanOrientasiLutheranTeologiKonfesi HKBP[1]BentukpemerintahanEpiskopalEphorusPdt. Dr. Robinson ButarbutarSekretaris JenderalPdt. Dr. Victor TinambunanKepala DepartemenKoinonia: Pdt. Dr. Deonal SinagaMarturia: Pdt. Daniel Taruli Asi Harahap, M.ThDiakonia: Pdt. Debora Purada Sinaga, M.ThPerhimpunanPersekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia (PGI)Dewan Gereja-Gereja Asia (CCA)Federasi Lutheran Sedunia (LWF)Dewan Gereja-Gereja Sedunia (WC…
Tu-126 Tu-126 Jenis Pesawat peringatan dini Pembuat Tupolev OKB Penerbangan perdana 23 January 1962 Diperkenalkan 1965 Dipensiunkan 1984 (Uni Soviet) Status Pensiun Pengguna utama Angkatan Udara Uni Soviet Jumlah sekitar 12 Dikembangkan dari Tupolev Tu-114 Tupolev Tu-126 (NATO pelaporan nama: Moss) adalah pesawat Peringatan Dini Airborne dan Kontrol (Airborne Early Warning and Control) bermesin turboprop sayap rendah (low wing) dikembangkan dari pesawat Tupolev Tu-114 oleh biro desain Tupol…
Swedish footballer For the writer, see Martin Olson. Not to be confused with Martin Olsen. Martin Olsson Olsson playing for Sweden at UEFA Euro 2012Personal informationFull name Martin Tony Waikwa Olsson[1]Date of birth (1988-05-17) 17 May 1988 (age 35)[2]Place of birth Gävle, SwedenHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)[3]Position(s) Left backTeam informationCurrent team Malmö FFNumber 13Youth career2005–2006 Högaborgs BK2006–2007 Blackburn RoversSenior ca…
شارون سبرينغز الإحداثيات 42°47′41″N 74°36′57″W / 42.7947°N 74.6158°W / 42.7947; -74.6158 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة شوهاري خصائص جغرافية المساحة 4.731321 كيلومتر مربع4.731327 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010) ارتفاع 336 متر عدد ال…
Chemical compound Not to be confused with 7α-Methylestradiol. MethylestradiolClinical dataTrade namesGinecosid, Ginecoside, Mediol, RenodiolOther namesNSC-52245; 17α-Methylestradiol; 17α-ME; 17α-Methylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diolRoutes ofadministrationBy mouth[1]Drug classEstrogenIdentifiers IUPAC name (8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-13,17-dimethyl-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol CAS Number302-76-1PubChem CID66413ChemSpider59787UNII08IS5358PSKEGGC14483…
Ability to make choices without constraints For other uses, see Free will (disambiguation). Freewill redirects here. For the software company, see FreeWill. Not to be confused with Self-agency. A biker performing a dirt jump that, according to some interpretations, is the result of free will Free will is the capacity or ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.[1] Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, and…
Chemical compound L-838,417Identifiers IUPAC name 3-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)-7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methoxy]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine CAS Number286456-42-6 YPubChem CID9908880IUPHAR/BPS4241ChemSpider8084532 YUNII8CZO0970G3ChEMBLChEMBL373250 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID90432710 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC19H19F2N7OMolar mass399.406 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CN1N=CN=C1COC4=NN2C(C=C4C(C)(C)C)=NN=C2C3=CC(F)=CC…
Not to be confused with Aspen HYSYS, a software to simulate chemical processes. Earth observation satellite HySISRender of HySISOperator ISROCOSPAR ID2018-096A SATCAT no.43719Mission durationPlanned: 5 years[1] Elapsed: 5 years, 4 months, 7 days Spacecraft propertiesBusIMS-2Launch mass380 kilograms (840 lb)Dimensions2.158 × 1.387 × 1.157 meters (Stowed) Start of missionLaunch date29 November 2018, 04:27:30 UTC (2018-11-29UTC04:27:30Z)RocketPSLV-C43Launch siteSa…
شامبان - أردان علم شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالفرنسية: Champagne-Ardenne)(بالفرنسية: Champagne)[1] الإحداثيات 49°00′N 4°30′E / 49°N 4.5°E / 49; 4.5 [2] تاريخ التأسيس 4 يونيو 1960[1] سبب التسمية شامبانيا، وأردين تقسيم إداري البلد فرنسا[3][4] …
Canadian IdolPembuatSimon FullerPresenterBen MulroneyJon Dore (2003-2005)JuriSass JordanFarley FlexZack WernerJake GoldNegara asalKanadaJmlh. episode186 (Hingga 10 September, 2008)ProduksiLokasi produksiJohn Bassett Theatre TorontoDurasiVariasiRilis asliJaringanCTVRilis1 Juni 2003 –kini Canadian Idol adalah bagian dari Idol Series di negara Kanada. Dengan pembawa acara Ben Mulroney sejak musim pertama hingga kini. Pemenang Musim Pemenang Lagu Kemenangan Runner-up Pertama, 2003 Ryan Malcol…
Ini adalah nama Batak Toba, marganya adalah Aritonang. Edward Aritonang Kepala Kepolisian Daerah Jawa TengahMasa jabatan23 Agustus 2010 – 11 Juli 2011 PendahuluAlex Bambang RiatmodjoPenggantiDidiek Sutomo TriwidodoKepala Kepolisian Daerah Nusa Tenggara TimurMasa jabatan2002–2005 PendahuluBrigjen. Pol. Yakobus Jacki UlyPenggantiR.B. Sadarum Informasi pribadiLahir28 September 1953 (umur 70)Rantau Prapat, Sumatera Utara, IndonesiaPartai politikNasDemSuami/istriFrida SilalahiAnakRo…
_Jodhpur,_c._1775;_62.7_x_134.5_cm_Mehrangarh_Museum_Trust.jpg)
