Relations between Barbados and China began on 4 September 1967 with Barbados recognizing the People's Republic of China from 30 May 1977,[2] just over one decade after the eastern Caribbean island nation's independence from the United Kingdom.[3]
Chinese-Barbadian trade relations have intensified over the decades and are growing, and have expanded in both: growing bilateral trade and strategic cooperation.[4] Given the inherent limit of natural resources in Barbados, various Chinese administrations have taken interest in investing in the construction of infrastructure to support Barbados' human capital like aiding in the construction of the Sir Garfield Sobers Gymnasium (1986), and other projects such as: construction assistance for the Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Conference and Cultural Centre (1994), and renovating Bridgetown's Cheapside Market building (2005). Some media sources[5] have claimed Barbados was highly indebted to China however Barbadian officials have accused this information as being a "falsehood" and "innuendos" and stated that less than 2.5% of the external debt of the country (~$300m) is owed to China.[6]
Barbados adheres with the One China policy as it recognizes the PRC as the sole legitimate government of "China" rather than the Republic of China (ROC). The PRC has an embassy to Bridgetown; and Barbados has an embassy in Beijing, along with a consulate in Hong Kong, SAR[7] The current Chinese Ambassador to Barbados is Yan Xiusheng,[1] who heads the embassy in suburb of Christ Church, Barbados.
In 2004 Barbados was added to China's list of officially approved tourist destinations by the government in China.[9][10][11] with Barbados' former Prime Minister pushing for an open air accord between both nations.[12]
Over the years a number of building projects have been carried out with Chinese government assistance these include: The Wildey Gymnasium,[13] two adjustments on the Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Conference And Cultural Centre, a Home Vegetable Growing Experimental Center, embroidery, grass weaving and feather handicraft. A consideration was also giving according to the Prime Minister of Barbados, David Thompson for China to assist with the opening of a new cruise ship facility in Barbados.[14]
Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, the Barbadian prime minister visited the Chinese Embassy to personally sign the book of condolence to the nation.[15]
In 2014 the two governments signed visa waiver agreements for travel by nationals from both nations.[19][20][21] Later in 2014 there was also an agreement signed in Barbados to establish a branch of the Confucius Institute at the University of the West Indies.[22][23][24][25][26]
In 2018 the newly elected Mottley administration stated its desire to enter the then five year old Belt and Road Initiative.[30]
In February 2019 Barbados and China signed a MOU for Barbados to officially join the Belt and Road Initiative.[31][32]He Lifeng, chairman of the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), and Jerome Walcott, minister of foreign affairs and foreign trade of Barbados, held talks in Beijing, and the two sides exchanged views on jointly building Belt and Road cooperation between China and Barbados. Later that year China's resident Ambassador to Barbados, announced 11 graduate students would be sponsored to study in China. This recent figure brings to a total of over 90 Barbadians who have taken part in the studying in China programme.[33] Other goals outlined in 2019 included China providing technical assistance and funding for building a laboratory to ensure international product accreditation standards and address sanitary and phytosanitary rules of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).[34]
In late 2020 the British media[38] reported that United States military intelligence[39][40] spread an allegation to the Boris Johnson United Kingdom government that Barbados was dropping the Queen as Chief of State to appease China.[41][42]
China is considered one of Barbados's closest allies and partners. China is also one of Barbados's increasingly important trading and export partners.[2] In 2017 China was third only to the US and Trinidad & Tobago as Barbados' largest import market, with an import share of 5.65 per cent, according to World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) data.[43]
Year
Barbadian Exports to China / Chinese Imports from Barbados
Barbadian Imports from China / Chinese Exports to Barbados
Both nations have additionally signed bilateral agreements including a Double taxation agreement[3] (updated 2010 [4]) and a Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments treaty.
The Chinese government remains one of the main stakeholders in the Barbados-based Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), which lends to the various territories throughout the Caribbean region.[44][45]
In 2004 Chinese interests expanded into Barbados' construction industry. Two notable firms include China Construction Barbados Co. Ltd.[46] and ChinaDOS Construction Limited. (A mixture of the name China and Barbados), Which has performed a number of construction projects in Barbados.[47]
In August 2008 the Barbados-based Caribbean Export and Chinese officials signed a deal to increase the export capacity in the region to the Chinese market.[48]
In 2010 a high-level Chinese delegation from the China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) visited the Government of Barbados' tourism unit to ink a branding opportunity for a Barbados tourism website targeting Chinese visitors to Barbados.[5]
Barbados was the first nation of 2019 to sign on the China's Belt and Road Cooperative initiative.[6][49] Later the same year the Association for Barbados-China Friendship (ABCF) was formed in Barbados[50]
Barbados abstained in the vote on the Chinese seat change in the United Nations.
Following the Chinese Civil War, commencing on 4 September 1967 for a brief period Barbados witnessed one-way incoming diplomatic relations from the Republic of China (R.O.C.), commonly called Taiwan. Barbados hadn't, yet established diplomatic relations with the larger "mainland" People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) until after breaking off relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) on January 11, 1977, Barbados moved to instead recognise the mainland government in the People's Republic of China on 30 May 1977 when the Government of Barbados then ceased to recognize Taiwan as the legitimate government of China.
The following is a statement made by the late Henry DeBoulay Forde, S.C., P.C., former Attorney General and Minister of External Affairs on the China issue in a report issued by the Government of Barbados outlined in 1977 to summarize the country's One-China policy until then.[54]
"Barbados had maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, since 4 September 1967. A Taiwanese Embassy was established in Barbados in 1968, but a Barbadian ambassador had never been accredited towards Taiwan. On the occasion of the United Nations debate on the admission of the People's Republic of China to that body, the Barbados delegation expressed the hope that a compromise formula would have been found to have enabled the government of the People's Republic of China. - Neither Taiwan nor the People's Republic of China has, however, been willing to reach this accommodation or to accept the principle of the existence of "two Chinas".
On 25 October 1971, the United Nations General Assembly voted overwhelmingly "to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognise its representatives as the only legitimate representatives of China."
Under the circumstances the Government of Barbados of the day considered that "it can no longer validly treat the Government of Taiwan as the Government of all China. The government of Taiwan had therefore been officially informed that, as from today[11 January 1977], it will no longer be recognised by the Government of Barbados as the Government of China. It is believed, and my Government believes that failure to take this position would be to turn a blind eye to the realities of the international situation and be contrary to our best interest." Since the 1980s Barbados has upheld to the position of there being only one-china based in Beijing.[55]
Joint military cooperation
In October 2006 the Barbadian government found itself sanctioned by U.S. President George W. Bush for not signing an Article 98 Agreements with the United States military to exempt U.S. personnel from the International Criminal Court (ICC). Following the sanctions on Barbados and several other Caribbean nations by the United States the Chinese Government provided Barbados with the financial assistance in-lieu of the situation.[56]
In 2009 the military units of both countries moved to strengthen their military cooperation.[57][58] Then in December 2016 expanded this military cooperation with the Chinese government presenting the government of Barbados with $3 million worth of military equipment which had been the largest gift to the Barbados military to date.[59]
Diplomatic characterization
Former Barbadian Prime Minister J.M.G.M 'Tom' Adams during a visit to China expressed a satisfaction over the development of bilateral relations since the establishment of diplomatic ties. Praising the Chinese policy of "non-interference in other countries' internal affairs", Adams stated: "it is often comparatively difficult to maintain good relations between big and small countries since good bilateral relations lie in ironing out mutual differences and eliminating the control over the small countries by the big ones. The relations of Barbados and other Caribbean countries with China are different. China has never interfered in any way in the internal affairs of Barbados and other countries, and never has it disrupted peace of Barbados and the Caribbean region."[60]
Former Barbadian Prime Minister Owen S. Arthur urged his Chinese counterparts to provide development-aide to the smaller Caribbean economies regional fund and opinioned that: "Any cooperation in tourism should not be only about the movement of people, but we must assist each other in the development of our industries…… and when we have special events we must make it possible for our citizens to attend these activities. This would help build a base for a stronger relationship in the future," Mr. Arthur said.[61] Chinese Premier Wen said that China would like to join hands with Barbados in deepening cooperation in the areas of trade, tourism, architecture, and cultural exchange.[61]
President Xi Jinping of China characterised the relationship with Barbados in 2021 as "a good friend, and partner of China."[62]
The Wildey Gymnasium in Barbados which was built in 1992 with assistance of the P.R.C.
Home Vegetable Growing Experimental Centre Project (1983–1987)
Embroidery and Grass Weaving Project (1985–1987) and
Feather Handicraft Project (1992–1995).
Elsie Payne Ministry of Education Complex Redevelopment[64]
Sam Lord's Castle Redevelopment Project (2017)
Bilateral agreements
Date
Agreement name
Notes
1977-May-30
Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and Barbados
1980-June-13
Cultural Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados
1986-May-16
Agreement between China and Barbados on the Construction of a Gymnasium in Barbados with Chinese Assistance
1990-May-11
Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on Economic and Technological Cooperation
1992-July-27
Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on Economic and Technological Cooperation
1996-May
Exchange of Notes between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on on Providing Gratuitous Assistance to the Barbados Government by the Chinese Government
1997-April-30
Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on the Retention of Honorary Consulate in Hong Kong SAR of China by Barbados
1998-July
Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on Encouragement and Mutual Protection of Investment
2000-May-15
Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion
2000-October
Exchange of Notes between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on on Providing Gratuitous Assistance to the Barbados Government by the Chinese Government
2005-February
Memorandum of Understanding between the National Tourism Administration of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Tourism of Barbados on the Facilitation of Group Travel by Chinese Tourists to Barbados
2006-June-6
2 Agreements between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Barbados on Economic and Technological Cooperation
Barbados appointed its 4th former Prime Minister Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford as its first resident Barbadian Ambassador to Beijing, China in July, 2010.[65][66]
China has both a resident embassy and Economic and Commercial Affairs Office in Christ Church, which is headed by the Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to Barbados.
^Holder, Sherie (30 March 2012). "Barbados explores projects for Chinese funding". Business. The Daily Nation (Barbados) Newspaper. Retrieved 30 March 2021. A government statement said that Sir Lloyd also noted that since Barbados attained its political independence from Britain in 1996[SIC], "the guiding tenets of Barbados' foreign policy have been the maintenance of its sovereignty and independence; safeguarding its peace and security; protecting its democracy and human rights; and the pursuit of its human development and economic growth".
^King, Mike (20 June 2011). "Air accord with China a priority". Business. The Daily Nation newspaper. Retrieved 30 March 2021. Prime Minister Freundel Stuart says that Barbados is making ground in establishing an air service agreement with China that will allow this country to tap into the 50 million Chinese who travel every year.
^Staff writer (15 September 2005). "Wildey Gym Spruce-up". Nation Newspaper. Ministry of Commerce of P.R. China. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2009. [ . . . ] The lighting will be improved, and the air-conditioning should be better now," Walrond said. He noted that the experienced technical team from the People's Republic of China would be working with China State Construction who built the gym, as well as with about 30 Barbadians. [ . . . ]
^Writer, Staff, ed. (28 May 2014). "Barbados and China sign visa waiver agreement". Travel. Caribbean360.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2021. Barbados and China Tuesday signed a visa waiver agreement that Bridgetown said would allow for increased cooperation between the two countries. Foreign Affairs and Foreign and Foreign Trade Minister, Maxine McClean, said the Mutual Visa Abolition Agreement with China will allow diplomatic, governmental and cultural personnel to negotiate viable opportunities for partnership and investment.
^Staff Writer (11 August 2019). "Businesses in Barbados can benefit from China". Business. Barbados Today. Retrieved 31 March 2021. Commending China for opening up its markets and aiding developing countries, through the Belt and Road Agreement, Sutherland expressed the hope that technical assistance and funding could be provided to Barbados for the building of a laboratory to ensure accreditation and address the sanitary and phytosanitary rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Acknowledging that such a lab would benefit agriculture as a whole, and balance trade between China and Barbados, the Commerce Minister told Ambassador Yan: "We welcome you because with respect to the WTO rules and our drive to remove all our technical barriers to trade, we don't believe we should try to prevent China's imports because of a trade imbalance, but what we seek to do is to learn from you and see how we can have our businesses export-ready."
^Moore, Regina Selman (23 August 2021). "Bus Availability To Improve With New Fleet Of Electric Buses". News. The Barbados Advocate (published 23 August 2020). Retrieved 31 March 2021. The buses arrived in Barbados on July 8th, 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, were removed from the Barbados Port on July 10th, were inspected, weighed and licensed over the next few days and they will now become operational, for members of the travelling public.
^Evanson, Heather-Lynn (10 July 2020). "Electric buses moved to Weymouth". News. The Daily Nation (Barbados) Newspaper. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^Staff writer (12 December 2021). "Did China push Barbados to ditch The Queen?". Editorial. Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 31 January 2022. China attracts a good deal of bad press in the West, sometimes deservedly, at other times unfairly, as in the recent suggestion by a highly regarded British newspaper that Barbados dropped The Queen as head of state and became a republic at China's behest.
^van Leeuwen, Hans (29 September 2020). "Is China behind Barbados' move to ditch the Queen?". The Australian Financial Review (AFP). Retrieved 31 January 2022. According to the Mail on Sunday, Mr Johnson has already acted on "US intelligence" that Chinese pressure may have steered Barbados, this week instructing British diplomats to urge greater transparency on China's aid and lending programs.
^[1] "A source told the paper that CIA intelligence about China's influence over the tiny Caribbean island has been passed to Britain."
^Ridgwell, Henry, ed. (1 October 2020). "Barbados Decision to Remove Queen Elizabeth as Head of State Blamed on China". Europe. Voice of America. Retrieved 31 March 2021. Barbados signed up to China's Belt and Road Initiative last year. Many analysts say that while China has been investing heavily in the region in competition with Western nations, claims that Beijing has forced Barbados' decision to become a republic are wide of the mark. "I don't think China's the reason Barbados is changing who's going to be the head of state," Scott MacDonald, senior associate at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies, said in a Skype interview with VOA. "China's role in the Caribbean is large. They have economic statecraft. They come with a large checkbook. But as one Barbadian ambassador said to me, 'You know, if nothing else fails, (Britain's stance is) just blame the Chinese.'"
^Ambassador (30 May 2008). "Mutual Visits (1)". Bridgetown, Barbados: Embassy of the People's Republic of China: Barbados. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ abStaff writer (18 June 2007). "China and Barbados Strengthen Ties". Traveldailynews. news.travel168.net. China Business Network. World Travel Online. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^Staff Writer (14 July 2021). "Xi Jinping Speaks with Barbadian Prime Minister Mia Mottley on the Phone" (Press release). Embassy of the People's Republic of China. Windhoek, Namibia. Retrieved 3 December 2021. Xi Jinping pointed out that Barbados is China's good friend and good partner in the eastern Caribbean. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Barbados 44 years ago, the two countries have witnessed constant high-level exchanges and fruitful cooperation.
^Holder, Sherie (17 August 2012). "Barbados and China forge new ties". Business. Barbados Daily Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 11 December 2021. Over the years, China has provided assistance for numerous development projects, including the construction of the Garfield Sobers Gymnasium, the Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Centre, and the Elsie Payne Complex.
^Carter, Gercine (12 November 2012). "Link that's Sir Lloyd". Lifestyle. The Daily Nation (Barbados) Newspaper. Retrieved 30 March 2021. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford is settling down to the business of building cultural and economic ties between the People's Republic of China and Barbados. This country's first resident Ambassador to China returns to that country tomorrow after coming home for the funeral of late Prime Minister David Thompson, the young Democratic Labour Party member whom Sandiford appointed to his first ministerial position.
Seorang prajurit resimen Württemberg di akhir abad ke-18 Asrama resimen Württemberg di Semarang pada masa Hindia Belanda Resimen Württemberg (Jerman: Württembergisches Kapregimentcode: de is deprecated ) yang dikenal juga dengan Tentara Kontrakan adalah satu resimen berisi orang Jerman asal Württemberg yang dikontrak menjadi tentara Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1790-1808. Resimen Württemberg ini berjumlah 2.000 tentara. Pasukan ini dibawa ke Batavia oleh Karl Eugen, Adipati Württemberg pada …
BanyudonoDesaKantor Desa BanyudonoNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenBoyolaliKecamatanBanyudonoKode pos57373Kode Kemendagri33.09.09.2010 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Banyudono adalah desa di kecamatan Banyudono, Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Pembagian wilayah Desa Banyudono terdiri dari dukuh: Banyudono Gatakan Gisik Jembangan Karangasem Kerten Kunden Ngancar Sorowaden Tegal Etimologi Banyu artinya air sedangkan Dana artinya pemberian. Jadi Banyudon…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of Filipino Catholic saints and beatified people – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This is a list of Filipino saints, beati, venerables, and Servants of God by the Catholic Church. T…
Dindin Kurnadi Informasi pribadiLahir23 November 1959 (umur 64)Bandung, Jawa BaratAlma materAkademi Angkatan Laut (1983)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan LautMasa dinas1983 - 2017Pangkat Laksamana Pertama TNISatuanKorps PelautSunting kotak info • L • B Laksamana Pertama TNI (Purn.) Dindin Kurnadi (lahir 23 November 1959) adalah seorang purnawirawan perwira tinggi TNI-AL yang Berdasarkan Keputusan Panglima TNI Nomor: Kep/163/II/2016 tanggal 29 Feb…
Områden i världen med subtropiskt klimat. Subtropiskt klimat finns för det mesta inom klimatzonen efter tropiska klimatzonen räknat från ekvatorn. Kännetecknas av långa varma somrar och korta milda vintrar.[1] Den subtropiska zonen sträcker sig generellt från latitud 40° till 23,5° på båda halvkloten, men subtropiska klimat kan befinna sig både norr och söder om dessa breddgrader och även inom den tropiska zonen. De hetaste lufttemperaturer som någonsin uppmätts har varit på p…
Presiden Israelנשיא מדינת ישראלStandar kepresidenanPetahanaIsaac Herzogsejak 7 Juli 2021GelarKehormatanKediamanBeit HaNassiDitunjuk olehKnessetMasa jabatanPentahanaPejabat perdanaChaim WeizmannDibentuk16 Februari 1949Situs webwww.president.gov.il Presiden Negara Israel (Ibrani: נשיא המדינהcode: he is deprecated , Nesi HaMedina, lit. President of the State) adalah Kepala negara Israel. Masa jabatan presiden Israel adalah selama tujuh tahun (sebelumnya lima tahun). Kek…
School in St. Charles, Missouri, United StatesDuchesne High SchoolAddress2550 Elm StreetSt. Charles, Missouri 63301United StatesCoordinates38°47′52″N 90°30′1″W / 38.79778°N 90.50028°W / 38.79778; -90.50028InformationTypePrivate, secondary, coeducational, college preparatory schoolMottoEducating mind, body and spirit as oneReligious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished1956PresidentSusan NoonanPrincipalDominic D’UrsoGrades9–12Enrollment300 (2021-2022…
Legal rule prohibiting very long temporary interests in property Dead hand control redirects here. For the album, see Dead Hand Control (album). Property law Part of the common law series Types Personal property Community property Real property Unowned property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future…
Vice president of the United States from 1925 to 1929 Charles G. DawesDawes, c. 1920s30th Vice President of the United StatesIn officeMarch 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929PresidentCalvin CoolidgePreceded byCalvin CoolidgeSucceeded byCharles CurtisUnited States Ambassador to the United KingdomIn officeJune 15, 1929 – December 30, 1931PresidentHerbert HooverPreceded byAlanson B. HoughtonSucceeded byAndrew Mellon1st Director of the Bureau of the BudgetIn officeJune 23, 1921 –&#…
Nicolas Villegas ZamoraGambar Zamora dengan tanda tangannya Informasi pribadiLahir(1875-09-10)10 September 1875Binondo, Manila, FilipinaMeninggal14 September 1914(1914-09-14) (umur 39) Bulakan, Bulacan, FilipinaAgamaKristen (Methodis)Kedudukan seniorLokasiManila, FilipinaLama menjabat1909–1914PenerusAlejandro H. ReyesPenahbisan1900Kedudukan sebelumnyaPutra altarKedudukanPendeta Nicolas Villegas Zamora (10 September 1875 – 14 September 1914) adalah seorang pendeta …
Tactical MRBM Kheibar (Khorramshahr 4) Kheibar missile unveiling by Iran's defense ministerTypeTactical MRBMPlace of originIranService historyIn service2023–presentUsed byIranProduction historyManufacturerIranSpecificationsWarhead1,500 kgEngineliquid fuel rocketOperationalrange2,000 km The Kheibar (Persian: خیبر), also known as Khorramshahr-4,[1] is an Iranian medium-range ballistic missile from the fourth generation of the Khorramshahr missile family manufactur…
Diagram QAPF untuk klasifikasi Batuan Plutonik Diagram QAPF adalah diagram segitiga bolak balik yang digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan batuan beku berdasarkan komposisi mineralogi. Akronimnya, QAPF, merupakan kependekan dari Kuarsa, Alkali Feldspar, Plagioklas, dan Feldspathoid (Foid) , yang merupakan grup-grup mineral yang digunakan untuk klasifikasi dalam Diagram ini. Persentase Q, A, P, dan F dinormalisasi ( dihitung ulang agar totalnya 100%) Sejarah Diagram QAPF dibuat oleh International Un…
Ancient Sumerian and Amorite city Mariتل حريري (in Arabic)Ruins of MariShown within Near EastShow map of Near EastMari, Syria (Syria)Show map of SyriaAlternative nameTell HaririLocationAbu Kamal, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, SyriaCoordinates34°32′58″N 40°53′24″E / 34.54944°N 40.89000°E / 34.54944; 40.89000TypeSettlementArea60 hectares (150 acres)HistoryFoundedc. 2900 BCAbandoned3rd century BCPeriodsBronze AgeCulturesEast-Semitic (Kish civilization…
Plants that grow in marine environments Not to be confused with seaweed, plant-like algae, or with beachgrass, a terrestrial plant SeagrassesTemporal range: 70–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Zostera marina – the most abundant seagrass species in the Northern Hemisphere Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: AlismatalesR.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl Families See Taxonomy Seagrasses are the only flowering plants whic…
Wakil Wali Kota PrabumulihLambang Kota PrabumulihPetahanaH. Andriansyah Fikri, S.H.sejak 18 September 2018Masa jabatan5 tahunDibentuk2003Pejabat pertamaYuri GagarinSitus webwww.kotaprabumulih.go.id Wakil Wali Kota Prabumulih adalah posisi kedua yang memerintah Kota Prabumulih di bawah Wali Kota Prabumulih. Posisi ini pertama kali dibentuk pada tahun 2003. Daftar No Potret Wakil Wali Kota Mulai Jabatan Akhir Jabatan Prd. Ket. Wali Kota 1 Yuri GagarinS.H. 2003 2008 1 Dr. Drs. H.Rachman…
This article is about the Bronze Age archaeological culture in southern Britain. For the later medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, see Wessex. Finds from the Bush Barrow at Stonehenge, c. 1900 BC The Mold gold cape. Bronze Age, about 1900–1600 BC. From Mold, Flintshire, North Wales The Wessex culture is the predominant prehistoric culture of central and southern Britain during the early Bronze Age, originally defined by the British archaeologist Stuart Piggott in 1938.[1] The culture is rela…
Kanga, Kara dan Kirpan – tiga dari lima K. Dalam agama Sikhisme, Lima K (bahasa Punjabi: ਪੰਜ ਕਕਾਰ Pañj Kakār) adalah lima benda yang diperintahkan oleh Guru Gobind Singh pada tahun 1699 untuk dikenakan setiap saat oleh orang-orang Sikh Khalsa. Benda-benda tersebut adalah Kesh (rambut yang tidak dipotong), Kangha (sisir kayu untuk rambut), Kara (gelang besi), Kachera (baju dalam yang dapat diikat 100% dari kapas, bukan yang elastis) dan Kirpan (pedang besi yang cukup besar u…
RektorProf. Adrianus Mooy, M. Sc., Ph.D. Universitas Pelita Harapan Surabaya adalah salah satu perguruan tinggi swasta Kristen yang berlokasi di Surabaya, Indonesia. Universitas Pelita Harapan Surabaya merupakan kampus yang terpisah dari Universitas Pelita Harapan yang berada di Karawaci, Kota Tangerang, Banten, walaupun berada di bawah naungan yayasan yang sama yakni Yayasan Pelita Harapan Surabaya Sejarah Universitas Pelita Harapan Surabaya didirikan oleh Dr. (Hon.) James T Riady. UPH Surabaya…
Angkatan Bersenjata BeninForces Armées BéninoisesLambang negara BeninDidirikan1960AngkatanAngkatan DaratAngkatan Laut Angkatan Udara BeninKepemimpinanPanglima TertinggiPresident Patrice TalonMenteri PertahananYarou Robert TheophileKepala Staf PertahananLaurent AmoussouKekuatan personelWajib militerTidakPersonel aktif4.750[1]BelanjaAnggaran$US73 juta (2011)[1]Persentase terhadap PDB1% (2011)[1]IndustriPemasok asing Amerika Serikat Rusia PrancisArtikel terkaitJenjang…
.svg)
