CLEC10A is a type II transmembrane protein (passing one time through the membrane and oriented with the N terminus inward) that induces endocytosis after ligand binding. To release the ligand in the endosome, participating Ca2+ ions have to be unbound first. This leads to a significant increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.[7]
CLEC10A binds most strongly to N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), preferring α-GalNAc over β-GalNAc, unmodified galactose is bound very weakly.[7] CLEC10A is the only C-type lectin within the human immune system that exclusively recognizes terminal GalNAc.[9] This includes the Tn antigen (GalNAc O-bound to serine or threonine) which is prominently expressed on carcinomas, where it can also be sialylated. These tumor-associated antigens (Neu5Acα2,6-Tn, and NeuGcα2,6-Tn) are also bound.[10]
CLEC10A has also been shown to bind GalNAc in the teichoic acid of the Staphylococcus aureus cell wall and the surface of parasites.[11][12]
CLEC10A is expressed by dendritic cells that differentiate from monocytes recruited to inflammatory environments.[13]
CD45 contains a Tn antigen in exon B. CD45 has 3 important exons (4,5,6), that are designated A,B,C. Isoforms of CD45 are labeled depending on the presence of these exons. CLEC10A can for example bind CD45RB or CD45R, which is shorthand for CD45RABC. Binding causes attenuation of T cell activity, apoptosis, and immunosuppression. However, active T cells express shorter isoforms of CD45 (CD45RO, CD45RA) that lack exon B.[7]
CLEC10A signalling induces IL-10 production in dendritic cells, in part through increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration. IL-10 is the main regulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in humans. In contrast, low concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ result in production of IL-12, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that also leads to Th1 polarisation.[7]
In cancer research, CLEC10A expression was found to both improve[14][15][16] and worsen[17] survival.
In animal models, deficiency of the orthologue to CLEC10A, Mgl1 is associated with worse outcomes in infection and excessive inflammation.[18]
^van Vliet SJ, van Liempt E, Saeland E, Aarnoudse CA, Appelmelk B, Irimura T, et al. (May 2005). "Carbohydrate profiling reveals a distinctive role for the C-type lectin MGL in the recognition of helminth parasites and tumor antigens by dendritic cells". International Immunology. 17 (5): 661–669. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxh246. PMID15802303.
Iijima M, Tomita M, Morozumi S, Kawagashira Y, Nakamura T, Koike H, et al. (October 2009). "Single nucleotide polymorphism of TAG-1 influences IVIg responsiveness of Japanese patients with CIDP". Neurology. 73 (17): 1348–1352. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bd1139. PMID19776380. S2CID207116106.
