The airport is the fifth-busiest airport in India by passenger traffic and aircraft movements, and fourth busiest by cargo handled in India and international traffic.[3][4][5] In the financial year 2023–24, the airport handled over 21 million passengers and 0.34 million tonnes of cargo. The airport has two asphaltrunways and offers direct flights to three continents. Terminals 1 and 4 handle domestic traffic and Terminal 2, which is being expanded to replace the older Terminal 3, handles international operation. A new satellite terminal is also under construction. A dedicated air cargo complex operates out of the old passenger terminal at Meenambakkam. The airport serves as a hub for Blue Dart Aviation, a focus city for Air India, and an operating base for IndiGo.
Giacomo D'Angelis and his biplane in 1910 during the first flight in the city
The aviation history of the city began in 1910, when a city-based Corsican hotelier Giacomo D'Angelis built a biplane powered by a small engine in association with Simpson's, a leading coach-builder in the city.[6][7] He tested it at Island Grounds at Madras, making it the first powered flight in Asia.[8][9] Further flying displays were performed by a set of aviators including Baron de Caters and Jules Tyck in February 1911.[10] J. W. Madley, a water works engineer with the Madras government, flew an aircraft he had assembled over the Red Hills reservoir and shot aerial photographs in 1914.[11][12]
Tata Sons' airline timetable, c. 1935
In 1915, Tata Air Mail started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras, marking the beginning of civil aviation in South India.[13] A discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of Madras Flying Club in March 1930.[14][15] The first instructional flight took off from the airstrip in July 1930.[16]
Commissioned in 1930, Madras aerodrome was one of the first airports of India.[17] On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata flew a Puss Moth aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to Bombay's Juhu Airstrip. Piloted by aviator Nevill Vintcent, it continued to Madras and became the first scheduled flight to land at the airport.[18][19] The first mail service to Colombo was operated by Tata in 1936, with regular mail and passenger service commencing later in 1938.[20] Although commercial services came into operation earlier, the airport was confined mostly to military operations during World War II, when it became the base of Royal Indian Air Force.[11][21][22]
Expansion
The old terminal at Meenambakkam, now used for cargo
In 1952, the Civil Aviation Department took over the operations of the airport.[21] The first passenger terminal was built in 1954 on the northeastern side of Meenambakkam, and the airport operated as a customs airport with limited international services.[23][24] In 1972, the airport came under the purview of Airports Authority of India (AAI).[21] An air cargo complex was commissioned on 1 February 1978, which was the second gateway air cargo terminal in the country, after Kolkata airport.[25] In August 1984, a bomb blast near the airport killed 33 people and injured 27 others.[26] The entire concourse was razed down and had to be rebuilt.[27] The passenger operations were shifted to the new domestic terminal built at Tirusulam in 1985. An international terminal was added in 1989 and the old terminal building was used for air cargo.[24]
The terminal added in 1980s
In November 1988, British Airways commenced services to Europe, flying to London's Heathrow Airport with Boeing 747s from April 1991.[28][29][30] On 23 September 1999, a handling centre for flowers, fruits and vegetables was commissioned at the air cargo terminal.[24] In 2001, the international airport became the first in the country to receive the ISO 9001-2000 certification.[31][32][33] A new international departure terminal was commissioned in 2003.[21] In May 2005, Delta Air Lines commenced the first direct flights to the Americas, connecting Chennai with New York City via Paris.[34][35]
In 2008, the AAI started a major modernisation project.[36] Two new terminals (Terminal 1 and 4) were constructed, the existing international terminal (Terminal 3) was renovated, the secondary runway was extended, and new taxiways, parking bays and a fire station were constructed.[37]
2015 floods and later modernisation
Aerial view of submerged Chennai airport
In December 2015, unprecedented rainfall associated with India's North-east monsoon caused extensive flooding of the airport tarmac and runways. The airport was closed for a week to all traffic from 1 to 6 December. About 1,500 passengers and 2,000 airport workers were evacuated as water entered terminal buildings and 30–35 aircraft were stranded on the apron.[38] Military authorities permitted the use of Naval Air Station INS Rajali in Arakkonam, 70 km (43 mi) west of central Chennai and Tambaram Air Force Station 20 km (12 mi) south as relief airports for a limited service of civilian commercial flights as well as official rescue/assistance flights.[39] The Indian Air Force evacuated passengers from Chennai airport to the two military bases for onward journeys on Air Force transport aircraft to other domestic destinations.[40] On 5 December, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation permitted a partial re-opening of the airport during daylight hours under visual meteorological conditions only, allowing airlines to ferry stranded aircraft without passengers or cargo on board. Operations under instrument meteorological conditions were not permitted and rescue and assistance flights, were permitted to operate in and out of the airport from 6 December.[41]
In 2018, the construction of a new integrated terminal (Terminal 2) to expand the capacity began and the flight operations started from the new terminal on 7 July 2023.[42]
Accidents and incidents
On 7 January 1974, an Antonov AN-12 of the Indian Air Force crashed on take-off at the airport due to engine failure. There were no fatalities but the aircraft was damaged beyond recovery.[43]
On 26 April 1979, a Boeing 737-200 operated by Indian Airlines (registration VT-ECR) from Trivandrum had a mid-air explosion during descent. The aircraft crash landed more than 2,500 ft (760 m) beyond the runway threshold. There were 14 injuries and no fatalities but the aircraft was destroyed due to subsequent fire.[43][44]
On 29 September 1986, Indian Airlines flight IC 571, an Airbus A300 (registration VT-ELV), on a flight from Madras to Mumbai, aborted take-off due to a bird-strike and suffered a runway excursion. No fatalities were reported but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[43][45]
On 5 March 1999, Air France flight 6745, an ex-UTA Boeing 747-2B3F freighter (registration F-GPAN) from Paris crash-landed and caught fire. The five crew members were rescued by the airport fire service, before the aircraft burned out.[46][43]
On 15 June 2007, a British Aerospace ATP freighter (registration VT-FFB) operated by First Flight Couriers crash landed at the airport due to landing gear collapse and the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[43][47]
Administration
Air traffic control complex with an aircraft in the foreground
Chennai Airport is owned and operated by the Airports Authority of India and serves as the regional headquarters of the AAI for the southern region of India comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, and the union territories of Lakshadweep, and Puducherry.[48][49][50] It functions from the Air Traffic Control Complex within the airport.[51] The airport is the centre of the southern flight information region (FIR), one of the four FIRs that the Indian air space is divided into. It is alo responsible for the air traffic services over the Chennai FIR, which consist of five southern states, two southern union territories, and oceanic air space over parts of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[52]
The immigration services at the airport are handled by the Bureau of Immigration of the Ministry of Home Affairs.[53] The airport is the home to the southern regional office of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), which is responsible for the security of flights.[54] The Airport Sector (CISF) provides security, including a dog squad for identification of narcotics and bomb disposal.[55][56]
In 2013, the Government of India proposed to offer a contract to a private operator to operate the airport, which the AAI invited bids for.[57][58] The plan did not materialise because airport employees, fearing job losses, protested against the move.[59]
Facilities
Runways
Aerial view of the primary (left) and the secondary runway in 2005.
The airport has two runways – the 3,661 m (12,011 ft) long primary runway 07/25 (Northeast – Southwest orientation) and the 2,890 m (9,480 ft) long secondary runway 12/30 (Northwest – Southeast orientation).[60][61] The runways are equipped with CAT-I Instrument Landing System (ILS) for IFR approach with Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) landing aids.[62] An upgraded ILS was installed on runway 07/25 in 2017.[63] As the airport is not equipped with a CAT-III landing system, which will enable operations in poor visibility conditions, disruptions in flight operations happen in poor weather conditions.[64] In 2012, the AAI acquired additional land to install new landing lights and upgrade the ILS.[65]
Primary runway 07/25 approaching from the north-east
The secondary runway (12/30) was closed in 2009 to extend it over the Adyar River by means of a bridge over the watercourse at a cost of ₹4,300 million (US$50 million). The runway which was initially 2,035 m (6,677 ft) long was planned to be extended to 3,445 m (11,302 ft).[66] The expansion was completed in March 2011.[67] The bridge over the Adyar river accommodated the runway and a taxiway, making Chennai airport the first international airport in India to have a runway across a river.[68] The commissioning was delayed due to work on landing lights and VOR antenna.[69] In February 2012, airport authorities announced that only about 2,160 m (7,090 ft) of the secondary runway would be operational due to displacements at both ends and the runway which was earlier used by only smaller aircraft, would be able to accommodate narrow body aircraft.[70]
The layout consists of a long taxiway (B) and a shorter taxiway (R) parallel to primary runway 07/25 and parallel taxiway (N) oriented along the secondary runway 12/30. Two taxiways (P and Q) linked the two runways. Apart from the primary taxiways, other secondary taxiways interconnect the runways, main taxiways and parking aprons.[60][71] In January 2018, the airport began cross-runway operations to reduce flight delays.[72] In May 2023, a rapid exit taxi way was added 1,831 m (6,007 ft) from the threshold on the primary runway 07 and another taxi way linking the main apron.[73] This reduced the runway occupancy time and helped with the plan to increase in flight handling capacity from 36 to 45 flights per hour.[74] In January 2024, AAI announced plans to construct 11 new rapid taxi-ways to improve aircraft handling.[75]
Passenger terminals
The airport occupies an area of 1,301 acres (526 ha) with the passenger terminals located in Tirusulam in Kanchipuram district.[76][77] As of 2024[update], the airport consists of three operational passenger terminals with Terminals 1 and 4 catering to domestic traffic and Terminal 2 handling international traffic.[78] The power supply to the airport is provided by Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation through a 11,000 kV sub-station.[79]
Interior of Terminal 1
Terminals 1 and 4 have three levels with the departure area on the top level with an elevated corridor, which has approach and exit ramps.[80] The arrivals section is on the ground level, which also serves as the base for airlines and other offices. The basement is used for luggage handling. Terminal 1, which can handle 16 million passengers per year, covers 67,700 m2 (729,000 sq ft), has seven gates, 52 check-in counters, and eight counters for e-ticketing.[81][82] Terminal 4 which was originally built to handle international operations, covers an area of 59,300 m2 (638,000 sq ft) and is capable of handling 7 million passengers per year. Both the terminals are equipped with an in-line baggage handling system and security screening system with four departure conveyors of a length of 3,500 m (11,500 ft) and can handle 1,200 baggage pieces per hour.[81] The terminals are designed with two sustainable gardens with wing-like roofs and glass facades. Rainwater is harvested and used to sustain the gardens.[83][84] There is 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) of space at the terminals, consisting of duty-free retail shops, restaurants, snack bars, and executive lounges.[85] There have been more than 65 incidents of false ceiling collapses and breakage of glass windows reported from the terminals over the years.[86][87]
Interior of Terminal 2 showing art decorations
As a part of expansion plan unveiled in 2018, a new integrated terminal and a satellite terminal were planned to increase the terminal area to 160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft) with a capacity of 35 million passengers, up from then existing capacity of 18 million.[88] The satellite terminal near the secondary runway is connected to the main buildings by a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long tunnel built at a cost of ₹7,000 million (US$81 million).[89][90] The new integrated Terminal 2 replaced the older Terminals 2 and 3 which were situated between Terminals 1 and 4. It commenced partial operations on 7 July 2023.[91] The new terminal is designed with the inspiration from Tamil culture, with the building's exterior inspired from Dravidian Architecture of Hindu temples and the roof inspired from pleats of sari worn by Bharatanatyam dancers. The flooring and the false ceiling feature Kolam patterns and colourful murals.[92] The outside of the terminal features a 1,730-kilogram Nachiarkoil lamp.[93]
With the new integrated terminal opening in May 2023, the old Terminal 3 was demolished to extend the new integrated terminal (Terminal 2).[94][95] This second phase of construction involved the expansion of the existing terminal by 60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft). The complete new terminal building would be spread over 197,000 m2 (2,120,000 sq ft) and have a handling capacity of 10 million passengers.[96] The terminal has 100 check-in counters, 11 automated tray retrieval systems, six self-bag drops and six baggage reclaim belts. It is equipped with a passenger flow monitoring system (PFMS) that helps in management of passenger operations.[92]
Cargo complex
Cargo terminal at the airport
The air cargo complex at the airport was established in 1978, with regulatory and facilitating agencies brought under one roof for faster processing and clearance of international cargo.[24] Following the construction of new passenger terminals at Tirusulam, the old passenger terminal at Meenambakkam serves as the air cargo complex.[1] The air cargo complex covers an area of 19.6 acres (7.9 ha) and is operated by AAI Cargo Logistics and Allied Services Company (AAICLAS), a subsidiary of AAI.[97][98]
The cargo complex consists of two divisions, namely, the export and the import wings. The export facility covers an area of 20,595 m2 (221,680 sq ft) and the import facility is spread across 20,096 m2 (216,310 sq ft).[99] The cargo complex is equipped with Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) for efficient storage and easy retrieval of cargo and operates fully mechanised Elevated Transfer Vehicles (ETV) for faster and easier cargo loading and unloading.[100] The complex also has temperature-controlled cold storage for perishable cargo, and secured storage rooms for high value cargo.[101][102] As only a limited number of flights could be handled at the existing cargo complex, plans to build an integrated cargo handling terminal to increase the capacity to 0.3 million tonnes per annum was announced in early 2024.[103][104]
Parking bays
Aircraft parked on the main apron
The airport has 90 parking bays including 18 in-contact bays connected to the passenger terminals. The main apron (A) located to the south of the primary runway and the parallel taxiway B accommodates 33 parking bays including 11 parking bays that can accommodate wide body aircraft. Two aprons (Aprons II and III) are located between the two runways. Apron II can park 36 narrow-body aircraft and Apron III can accommodate 12 wide-body aircraft including one parking bay that can park an Airbus A380.[60]
A remote apron (Apron I) located to the east of the secondary runway can accommodate a further eight narrow body jets. A smaller apron (T) located towards the east end of the secondary runway has three parking bays. An apron (B) located to the east of the air cargo complex caters to cargo operations has 10 parking bays with three of them accommodating wide body aircraft.[60]
Air traffic control
Air traffic control tower with maintenance hangars in the foregroundAirport fire station
The Air traffic control tower is located at the Air Traffic Services Complex and is equipped with advanced surface movement guidance and control system.[105] An automated smart flight guidance system was installed in October 2011 at a cost of ₹420 million (US$4.9 million).[106][107] The automated system combines information from tower control, approach control, area control and oceanic control.[108][109][110] There are two radars, a secondary surveillance radar and a terminal radar.[111] As the airport controls one of the four flight information regions in the country, other radar systems in the region are integrated with the ATC at Chennai.[112] In 2021, AAI announced plans to construct a new ATC complex at the airport.[113]
Other facilities
The old parking lot at the airport accommodated 1,200 cars.[114] In June 2018, a six-level car park with a capacity to accommodate 2,237 cars was planned in front of the airport on a 4.25-acre plot.[115] Construction began in March 2019, was completed in December 2021 and opened in 2022.[116][117][118] In addition, a 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) mall named Aerohub was built. The mall has a 238,100 sq ft (22,120 m2) cinema multiplex and a 35,678 sq ft (3,314.6 m2) 59-key transit hotel facility.[119][120] TajSATS, a joint-venture of the Indian Hotels Company and SATS, provides in-flight catering at Chennai Airport.[121] It also manages the airport lounges.[122] The Taj Madras Flight Kitchen, a joint venture of the Indian Hotels, SATS and Malaysia Airlines which started in 1994, operates restaurants at the airport.[123][124]
In 2008, a 6,503 m2 (70,000 sq ft) maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) hangar was established at a cost of ₹111.5 million (US$1.3 million).[125] The facility can handle one large or two smaller aircraft and functions as a repair shop and assembly area. It is equipped with an engineering and training facility and an engineering maintenance conference room.[126] Fire and rescue services at the airport are provided by Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services in conjunction with AAI.[127][128][129]
The existing airport is expected to reach saturation by 2035, with a peak capacity of 40 million passengers.[130] Plans for a second, greenfield, airport for the city have been put forward since 2012;[131] In August 2022, the state government selected Parandur in Kanchipuram district as location for the new airport on 4,970 acres (2,010 ha) of land.[130]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Annual passenger traffic at MAA airport.
See Wikidata query.
The airport is served by Tirusulam railway station on the Suburban railway network. The airport metro station of the Chennai Metro connects the airport.[241] Shuttle services between the metro station and the terminals are provided for the passengers.[242] The concourse of the metro station is directly linked to the passenger terminals.[243] The Tirusulam suburban train station is also integrated with the metro station and the airport.[244]
Awards
The airport was ranked in the third place as the Best Airport by Size in the category of 15–25 million passengers per annum by Airports Council International in 2017. It was awarded as the Best Tourist Friendly Airport by Tamil Nadu Tourism from the Ministry of Tourism two consecutive times, in 2016 and 2018. It was awarded the Gold Award by the survey of RoSPA Health and Safety Awards for ensuring proper hygienic conditions and safety from accidents and incidents, as well as the Sword of Honour by the British Safety Council for ensuring safety and security, both for the airport's Phase-II of modernisation, in 2020. It was ranked in the eighth place among the most punctual airports in the world, globally, by ensuring timely takeoffs and landings to and from the airport, in 2021 by Cirium, an aviation data analytics company.[245]
^"The Madras experience". The Sunday Telegraph. 2 October 1988. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^"Speech at the inauguration of British Airways non-stop flight between Madras and London on 2nd April 1991". Addresses of Dr. Bhishma Narain Singh, Governor of Tamil Nadu. 1: 97–99. 1993.
^"Chennai Airport". Indian Logistics Info. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
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