Eperisone

Eperisone
Clinical data
Trade names	Myonal
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of; administration	Ora
ATC code	M03BX09 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (2RS)-1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-piperidyl)propan-1-one;
CAS Number	64840-90-0 ; HCl: 56839-43-1 ;
PubChem CID	3236;
DrugBank	DB08992 ;
ChemSpider	3123 ;
UNII	2M2P0551D3; HCl: U38O8U7P6X ;
KEGG	D01671 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:77069 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1902981 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5040671 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C17H25NO
Molar mass	259.393 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CCc1ccc(cc1)C(=O)C(C)CN2CCCCC2;
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H25NO/c1-3-15-7-9-16(10-8-15)17(19)14(2)13-18-11-5-4-6-12-18/h7-10,14H,3-6,11-13H2,1-2H3 ; Key:SQUNAWUMZGQQJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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Eperisone (formulated as the eperisone hydrochloride salt) is an antispasmodic drug.

Eperisone acts by relaxing both skeletal muscles and vascular smooth muscles, and demonstrates a variety of effects such as reduction of myotonia, improvement of circulation, and suppression of the pain reflex. The drug inhibits the vicious circle of myotonia by decreasing pain, ischaemia, and hypertonia in skeletal muscles, thus alleviating stiffness and spasticity, and facilitating muscle movement^[1]

Eperisone also improves dizziness and tinnitus associated with cerebrovascular disorders or cervical spondylosis.

Eperisone has a relatively low incidence of sedation when compared with other antispasmodic drugs; this simplifies the clinical application of the drug and makes it an attractive choice for patients who require antispasmodic therapy without a reduction in alertness.

Eperisone also facilitates voluntary movement of the upper and lower extremities without reducing muscle power; it is therefore useful during the initial stage of rehabilitation and as a supporting drug during subsequent rehabilitative therapy.

Indications

Spastic paralysis in conditions such as cerebrovascular disease^[2]
Spastic spinal paralysis
Cervical spondylosis^[3]
Postoperative sequelae (including from cerebrospinal tumour)^[4]
Sequelae to trauma (e.g. spinal trauma or head injury)^[4]
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Cerebral palsy
Spinocerebellar degeneration
Spinal vascular diseases and other encephalomyelopathies
Cervical syndrome, periarthritis of the shoulder, and lumbago.^[5]

Presentation

Eperisone hydrochloride is available as the brand name preparations Myonal and Epry as 50 mg sugar-coated tablets, or as 10% granules for oral administration.^[6] An experimental form of the drug, as a transdermal patch system, has shown promising results in laboratory tests on rodents; however, this product is not currently available for human use.^[7]

Dosage and administration

In adults, the usual dose of eperisone is 50–150 mg per day, in divided doses, after meals. However, the dosage is adjusted by the prescribing clinician depending on factors such as severity of symptoms, patient age and response.

Eperisone has not been established as definitely safe for paediatric use, therefore its use in paediatrics cannot be recommended without further study.^[6]

If elderly patients are treated with eperisone, a reduced dose is recommended, and the patient should be closely monitored for signs of physiological hypofunction during treatment.^[6]

Safety during pregnancy and breast-feeding

Eperisone has not been established to be safe for use by pregnant women; therefore the drug should not be used in pregnant women, or women who may be pregnant, if the expected therapeutic benefits will outweigh the possible risks associated with treatment. The manufacturers of Myonal recommend the drug not be used during lactation (breast-feeding). If eperisone must be used, the patient is advised to stop breast-feeding for the duration of treatment. Eperisone has been reported to be excreted in breast milk in an animal study (in rats).

Pharmacology

Skeletal muscle relaxation
Relaxation of hypertonic skeletal muscles
Improves intramuscular blood flow
Suppression of spinal reflex potentials
Reduction of muscle spindle sensitivity via motor neurons
Vasodilatation and augmentation of blood flow
Analgesic action and inhibition of the pain reflex in the spinal cord

Contraindications

Eperisone is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug.^[8] Side effects: 'very rare' excessive relaxation, stomachache, nausea, vertigo, anorexia, drowsiness, skin rashes, diarrhoea, vomiting, indigestion, GI disturbances, insomnia, headache, constipation etc.^[9]

Cautions

Eperisone should be administered with care in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any medication, or with disorders of liver function (it may aggravate hepatic dysfunction).

Weakness, light-headedness, sleepiness or other symptoms may occur. In the event of such symptoms, the dosage should be reduced or treatment discontinued. Patients should be cautioned against engaging in potentially hazardous activities requiring alertness, such as operating machinery or driving a car.^[6]

Side effects

Shock and anaphylactoid reactions: In the event of symptoms such as redness, itching, urticaria, oedema of the face^[10] and other parts of the body, dyspnoea, etc., treatment should be discontinued and appropriate measures taken.
Other side effects: anaemia, rash, pruritus, sleepiness, insomnia, headache, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, urinary retention or incontinence.^{[citation needed]}

Drug interactions

There have been reports of disturbances in ocular accommodation occurring after the concomitant use of the related drug tolperisone hydrochloride and methocarbamol.

Safety in overdose

Seizures have been reported in an infant after accidental ingestion of eperisone.^[11]

Future developments

Eperisone suffers from a very low bioavailability when taken orally, as a result of high first pass intestinal metabolism; a transdermal patch containing eperisone is currently in development in South Korea.^[1] This has shown promise, with the antispasmodic effect lasting over 24 hours, compared to one to two hours following oral administration.

Eperisone is also under investigation as an antihypertensive agent, with promising results from trials on beagles.^[12]

Brand names

Eperisone is marketed under many brand names worldwide.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b Yang SI, Park HY, Lee SH, Lee SJ, Han OY, Lim SC, et al. (July 2004). "Transdermal eperisone elicits more potent and longer-lasting muscle relaxation than oral eperisone". Pharmacology. 71 (3): 150–156. doi:10.1159/000077449. PMID 15161997. S2CID 24474033.
^ "eperisone Summary Report - CureHunter". www.curehunter.com.
^ Bose K (April 1999). "The efficacy and safety of eperisone in patients with cervical spondylosis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 21 (3): 209–213. doi:10.1358/mf.1999.21.3.534831. PMID 10389124.
^ ^a ^b "Myonil®" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "Efficacy and safety of eperisone in patients with low back pain: a double blind randomized study". europeanreview.org. 17 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Myonal Tablets 50 mg" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Yang SI, Park HY, Lee SH, Lee SJ, Han OY, Lim SC, et al. (July 2004). "Transdermal eperisone elicits more potent and longer-lasting muscle relaxation than oral eperisone". Pharmacology. 71 (3): 150–156. doi:10.1159/000077449. PMID 15161997. S2CID 24474033.
^ Clinical trial number NCT00327730 for "Evaluation of Eperisone HCl in the Treatment of Acute Musculoskeletal Spasm Associated With Low Back Pain" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ "Myonil®" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
^ Ueno T, Kawana S (July 2007). "[A case of eperisone hydrochloride (myonal)--induced drug eruption leading to erythema and angioedema]". Arerugi = [Allergy] (in Japanese). 56 (7): 709–713. PMID 17671415. Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
^ Tanno K, Narimatsu E, Takeyama Y, Asai Y (May 2007). "Infantile case of seizure induced by intoxication after accidental consumption of eperisone hydrochloride, an antispastic agent". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 25 (4): 481–482. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2006.09.002. PMID 17499672.
^ EP 0310259 Eperisone as a hypotensive agent
^ "International eperisone brands". Drugs.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.