17 Florida Senators (15 Democrats and 2 Republicans) voted against
Status: Unknown
The Parental Rights in Education Act (HB 1557), commonly referred to as the "Don't Say Gay" law, is a Florida state law passed in 2022 that regulates public schools in Florida. The law is most notable for its controversial sections which prohibit public schools from having "classroom discussion" or giving "classroom instruction"[a] about sexual orientation or gender identity from kindergarten through third grade or in any manner deemed to be against state standards in all grades; prohibits public schools from adopting procedures or student support forms that maintain the confidentiality of a disclosure by a student, including of the gender identity or sexual orientation of a student, from parents; and requires public schools to bear all the costs of all lawsuits filed by aggrieved parents.[2]
Introduced by Florida state legislators Joe Harding and Dennis Baxley, the legislation is generally (though not unanimously) supported by the Republican Party. In the Florida House of Representatives, the act passed in a 69 to 47 vote on February 24, 2022; with 68 Republicans and 1 Democrat voting for it; and 40 Democrats and 7 Republicans voting against it.[3] The Florida Senate passed the bill in a 22 to 17 vote on March 8, 2022; with 22 Republicans voting for it; and 15 Democrats and 2 Republicans voting against it.[4] Florida governor Ron DeSantis signed the bill on March 28, 2022, and the act went into effect on July 1 of that year.[5] Its passage has prompted the introduction of various similar laws within other states and the federal government, and Florida legislators have introduced bills expanding the scope of the law.[6] The Florida Board of Education later expanded the ban on teaching about sexual orientation or gender identity to all grades K-12 in April 2023, with the exception of health or reproductive courses.[7]
The bill received support from Republican politicians and conservative organizations. However, the bill has also received widespread backlash, especially from students, who demonstrated against the act throughout Florida by holding walkouts across middle and high schools.[8] Additional organizations who have issued statements against the act include those representing teachers,[b] pediatricians,[c] psychologists,[d] and hundreds of major corporations.[15] Most prominently among businesses, The Walt Disney Company came out in opposition to the legislation following protests by its employees,[16] precipitating a feud between Disney and DeSantis that resulted in the eventual renaming of the Reedy Creek Improvement District and transferring the power to appoint its board from Disney to DeSantis and the governorship.[17][18] Polls have shown both a plurality or majority opposition to the act or support for the act, with support for the act being higher among older generations and opposition to the act being higher among younger generations.[19]
Multiple lawsuits were filed against the act with the support of advocacy groups representing parents and families of LGBT+ children; numerous other advocacy groups have also issued statements opposing the act.[e][22] After a federal district court dismissed one suit, the Eleventh Circuit (considering an appeal) indicated it would likely rule against the Parental Rights in Education Act. The groups settled with the state in March 2024 to purposely narrow the law to restrict only the direct teaching of gender identity and sexual orientation in classrooms, while once again allowing discussions of LGTBQ+ concepts between teachers and students and allowing libraries to carry LGBTQ-related books.
Etymology
The act is officially titled the Parental Rights in Education Act and is described as "An act relating to parental rights in education" in the act itself.[23]
The Parental Rights in Education Act does not contain the word "gay," though both "gender identity" and "sexual orientation" are referred to twice within the legislation.
The legislative provisions on prohibiting education on gender identity or sexual orientation restrict classroom discussion or classroom instruction instigated by third parties and school personnel, such as teachers and principals. Classroom discussion or classroom instruction on gender identity or sexual orientation is prohibited from kindergarten to third grade, and can be restricted from 4th to 12th grade to what the state deems to be either "age appropriate" or "developmentally appropriate".
The bill additionally requires schools to disclose to parents whether a child has received mental health services through the school. The legislation phrases the provision as parents not being able to be "blocked" by the school from accessing related documents. The legislation enables parents to file legal challenges against school teachings they have personal objections to. Moreover, all lawsuits filed against schools by parents under the act must be paid for by the sued school or district.[36][37][38]
Debate
Support
Politicians
This article is part of a series about Ron DeSantis
DeSantis said that education for children about gender identity "is trying to sow doubt in kids about their gender identity" and that such education is "trying to say that they can be whatever they want to be."[39]
Baxley rhetorically asked, "Why is everybody now all about coming out when you're at school?" and said that there are "kids trying on different kinds of things they hear about and different kinds of identities and experimenting. That's what kids do."[40]
Garcia said that "gay is not a permanent thing, LGBT is not a permanent thing",[41] a statement directly contrary to scientific evidence that sexual orientation and gender identity are not choices and cannot be changed.[42][43] Garcia later apologized.[44][45]
Pushaw said that "The bill that liberals inaccurately call 'Don't Say Gay' would be more accurately described as an Anti-Grooming Bill," and said that "If you're against the Anti-Grooming bill, you are probably a groomer or at least you don't denounce the grooming of 4-8 year old children,"[46] reflecting the anti-LGBT conspiracy theory that people who educate children about the LGBT community, LGBT history, LGBT rights, and same-sex marriage are practicing a form of child grooming, contrary to scientific research by experts in child development and psychology that indicate that the aforementioned education has a positive effect on children.[47][48][49]
The law attracted statements of support from many of the state's representatives in the federal government and figures outside of Florida state politics. Tulsi Gabbard, a former Democrat and representative from Hawaii, argued that the act should go further and cover not only kindergarten through to third grade, but all grades through to twelfth grade.[50] Former president Donald Trump agreed with DeSantis signing the bill, calling it "a good move" in an interview with The Washington Post, though he reportedly declined to elaborate.[51] Ten Republican members of the US House of Representatives from Florida joined senator Marco Rubio in saying that the act helped to keep classes age appropriate, believing that kids as young as five should not have to worry about their gender identity.[52]
Organizations and other individuals
The Florida state chapter of the conservative advocacy group Moms for Liberty supported the act as an advancement of their wishes to increase parental rights over schools. The Pinellas County subchapter's president, Angela Dubach, has called for the law to be expanded to include middle schools up to eighth grade as well.[53]
The National Review has also come out in support, releasing an op-ed written by Madeline Kearns. In her editorial, Kearns believes that parental access to school medical and behavioral records on their respective children is "a no-brainer", terminology she used to also describe the prohibition on parents being restricted access from "critical decisions affecting a student's mental, emotional, or physical health or well-being".[54]
Massive walkouts were carried out by students in middle schools and high schools across Florida and throughout the United States in opposition to what they described as the Don't Say Gay bill, with large crowds of middle schoolers and high schoolers chanting "We Say Gay", "Gay Lives Matter", "We Fight For Gay Rights", and "Hey Hey, Ho Ho, Homophobes Have Got To Go" in response.[55]
The Human Rights Campaign, Equality Florida, and Human Rights Watch oppose the act; they say that it harms LGBT children in Florida's public schools. Joni Madison, the Interim President of the Human Rights Campaign at the time of the passage of the bill, in response to the signing of the bill by Florida GovernorRon DeSantis, stated that "Governor DeSantis once again placed Florida squarely on the wrong side of history, and placed his own young constituents directly in harm's way".[20]Nadine Smith, executive director of Equality Florida, in response to the signing of the bill by Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, stated that "Governor Ron DeSantis signed the 'Don't Say Gay' bill in the most cowardly way possible today. He hid his agenda from the media and the public until the last moment, skulking onto a charter school campus that is exempt from the law and away from students who would protest his presence. He has attacked parents and children in our state". Ryan Thoreson, a Specialist at the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program at Human Rights Watch, stated that the act would "chill open discussions and support for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students".[20][57]
Non-advocacy organizations
The most common organizational argument against the Act is that the provisions harm LGBT children within Florida's public schools. These arguments were amplified by educational organizations, such as the American Federation of Teachers, the National Education Association, and the Florida Education Association. Randi Weingarten, the President of the American Federation of Teachers, stated that the act would "single out certain kids and families for derision and denigration. It is just wrong. Its intent is to divide our communities". Becky Pringle, the President of the National Education Association, and Andrew Spar, the President of the Florida Education Association, further built off of Weingarten's comments, with Pringle stating that the "deeply disturbing legislation aims to censor educators" and prevent them from supporting their students' gender identity", and Spar stating the legislation endangers the self esteem and security of students based on their identity.[58][59][60]
Pediatric and psychological organizations also have opposed the act on the grounds that the legislation harms LGBT children. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychological Association have each issued statements through their respective presidents of either the national organization or the state chapters condemning the law. Dr. Lisa Gwynn, the President of the Florida Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics at the time of the passage of bill,[61] stated that "The 'Don't Say Gay' bill will harm Florida's children in the classroom and beyond".[62] Dr. Frank C. Worrell, PhD, the President of the American Psychological Association at the time of the passage of the bill,[63] stated that the act is "stigmatizing and marginalizing children" and that the act "sends a damaging message to impressionable young people at a critical time in their development".[64] These groups were further joined by the American Bar Association, which states through then-president Reginald Turner the law and derivative legislation like it fosters "a hostile culture beset by bullying and physical violence" against LGBT children at school.[65] Luke P. Norris, a law professor writing in the Virginia Law Review, said that the proliferation of private-enforcement statutes like the Florida bill could lead to consequences such as a growing rift in cultural and political spheres regarding matters of profound moral discourse, adding that, "The spaces members of the public share—healthcare facilities, schools, shopping centers, roadways, and even voting stations—may become freighted, charged spaces, where people are suspicious that fellow members of the public will wield the power of the state and bring the weight of the law to bear on their activities."[66]
321 major businesses oppose the act and other similar acts that have been passed or proposed which these businesses view as restricting the rights of LGBT people, harming LGBT children and LGBT families as well as LGBT people who are their employees and customers. The major businesses noted in a statement that the acts target LGBT children "for exclusion or differential treatment", that the acts "would harm our team members and their families, stripping them of opportunities and making them feel unwelcome and at risk in their own communities. As such, it can be exceedingly difficult for us to recruit the most qualified candidates for jobs in states" that have passed such acts, and that the acts "have a negative effect on our employees, our customers, our competitiveness, and state and national economies". Some of the companies or North American divisions of companies which signed the letter include but are not limited to most major American media conglomerates (including the holding companies for NBC, ABC, and CBS), large technology companies like Apple and Google, the oil giant Shell, automakers General Motors and Toyota, large banks such as Wells Fargo and HSBC, transportation companies like American Airlines and Union Pacific Railroad, retailers PetSmart and CVS, and healthcare firms AstraZeneca and Cardinal Health.[15]
The Walt Disney Company has become the most prominent corporate opponent to the legislation, arguing similarly to most other organizations that the legislation harms LGBT children. Bob Chapek, the CEO of Disney at the time of the passage of bill, stated that the act "could be used to unfairly target gay, lesbian, non-binary and transgender kids and families". Bob Iger, the present CEO and also immediately preceding chief executive, stated that "To me, it wasn't about politics. It is about what is right and what is wrong, and that just seemed wrong. It seemed potentially harmful to kids" and that "When you're dealing with right and wrong or when you're dealing with something that does have profound impact on your business, I just think you have to do what is right and not worry about the potential backlash to it".[69][70]
Legislative history
Florida Senator Dennis Baxley filed Senate Bill 1834, Parental Rights in Education, in the Florida Senate on January 7, 2022, but it died in the Florida Senate Appropriations Committee.[71] Former Florida Representative Joe Harding filed House Bill 1557, Parental Rights in Education, in the Florida House of Representatives on January 11, 2022; this version eventually became the version passed and signed.[72]
The Florida Senate passed the bill on March 8, 2022, in a 22 to 17 vote; with 22 Republicans voting for it; and 15 Democrats and 2 Republicans voting against it. The 2 Republicans who voted against it were Jeff Brandes and Jennifer Bradley.[74]
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed the bill on March 28, 2022; and the act went into effect on July 1, 2022.[75]
Polling
Polls have variously shown plurality or majority opposition to the act or support for the act; results vary depending on the population being sampled, the wording of the poll, and the polling firm that conducted the poll. Polls have consistently shown that support for the act is concentrated among older generations, while opposition to the act is concentrated among younger generations.[76]
A Ipsos poll found that 62% of Americans oppose legislation prohibiting classroom lessons about sexual orientation and gender identity in elementary schools and 37% support such legislation.[77]
A University of Florida poll found that 49% of Florida voters oppose the act and 40% support it.[78]
A Morning Consult poll found that 50% of American registered voters support the act and 34% oppose it.[79]
Employees at The Walt Disney Company planned walkouts over the bill, which culminated in a large protest.[81] The company and CEO Bob Chapek (despite earlier maintaining no stance), as well as Disney heir Charlee Corra all decided to publicly oppose the bill, with Corra also using the moment to come out as transgender. The company received heavy criticism from DeSantis and many conservative media outlets for its opposition to the bill, and DeSantis eventually helped pass legislation in Florida which reformed the Reedy Creek Improvement District, which contains Walt Disney World, into the Central Florida Tourism Oversight District. This move was scrutinized by former Vice President Mike Pence, who said DeSantis was going too far.[82][83][84]
In 2023, a post on Twitter claimed that a teacher in Florida was being investigated for showing the Disney film Strange World and included a photo of a letter reportedly from the Florida Department of Education. The movie includes a same-sex attracted character which led to a parent submitting a complaint about the movie, according the twitter user.[85]
Lawsuits
On July 26, 2022, Florida high school student Will Larkins and the national LGBT+ organization CenterLink, through the Southern Poverty Law Center, Southern Legal Counsel, and Lambda Legal, filed suit against four Florida school districts' boards (those of the Orange County Public Schools, the School District of Palm Beach County, the School District of Indian River County, and the Duval County Public Schools), saying the law's "vigilante enforcement mechanism," combined with its "intentionally vague and sweeping scope, invites parents who oppose any acknowledgement whatsoever of the existence of LGBTQ+ people to sue, resulting in schools acting aggressively to silence students, parents, and school personnel."[86] A representative for Duval County stated that the school administration "will always take steps necessary to comply with Florida laws."[86] In October 2022, federal judge Wendy Berger dismissed the suit, for lack of standing, which challenged the legislation effective since July 1. She gave the plaintiffs 14 days to file a revised lawsuit.[87][88]
On March 31, 2022, a lawsuit was filed in federal court by law firm Kaplan Hecker and Fink, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, and public attorney Elizabeth F. Schwartz on behalf of Equality Florida and Family Equality, which sought to block the bill on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. The lawsuit alleged that the bill violates the constitutionally protected rights of free speech, equal protection and due process of students and families, and argued that the bill was an effort to "control young minds" which prevented students from living "their true identities in school".[89][90][91] The suit was dismissed in February 2023 for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.[92] The groups appealed to the Eleventh Circuit, which through pre-ruling decisions gave weight both reversing and ultimately ruling in favor against the state, but as a final decision likely would have taken several more years, the groups settled with the state in March 2024 to restrict the law to only cover the direct teaching of gender identity and sexual orientation in classrooms.[93] The settlement clarifies the law does not prohibit:[94]
LGBT-themed books in libraries and book fairs if they are not used for instruction
Students, parents, and teachers disclosing their sexual orientation
Discussion of LGBT issues outside of formal instruction
"Literary references" to LGBT people in classroom materials
Inclusion of LGBT people in classroom discussions and student academic work
Teachers displaying a photo of a same-sex or transgender partner
Anti-bullying lessons
"Safe space" signs for LGBT people
LGBT references and characters in musicals and plays
The law still prohibits teaching that any one sexual orientation or gender identity is better than any other.[94]
New York City
In response to the passage of the act, New York City mayor Eric Adams launched an eight-week advertising campaign in five major Florida cities denouncing the act, while celebrating the level of LGBT acceptance in NYC. Adams said the funds for the campaign were provided by advertising firm Kinetic, not sourced from taxpayers.[96][97]
Subsequent Florida bills
HB 1069
House Bill 1069, Education, was filed on February 22, 2023, by Republican state representative Stan McClain. Seen as an extension of the Parental Rights in Education act, the bill would only allow grades 6 to 12 in public schools to receive sex education. Provisions within the bill also require that sex education classes in Florida teach that "sex is determined by biology and reproductive function at birth", and that reproductive gender roles are "binary, stable, and unchangeable."[98][99]
Both houses of the Florida state legislature have passed the bill, with the state Senate passing the bill by a margin of 27-12 and the state House of Representatives by a margin of 77–35. In the senate, the bill was sponsored by Republican senator Clay Yarborough. DeSantis has endorsed the bill and signed it into law in May. Democrats were prominent opponents to the bill, characterizing the bill as not only discriminating LGBT+ people but also enabling book banning.[100][101][102]
HB 1223
House Bill 1223, Public PreK-12 Educational Institution and Instruction Requirements, was filed on February 28, 2023, by Republican state representative Adam Anderson. The bill was seen as an expansion of the Parental Rights in Education act, and includes a variety of measures, including an extension of the prohibition to eighth grade, enacting a statewide definition of "sex" as "the binary division of individuals based upon reproductive function" and "an immutable biological trait", and prohibiting schools from requiring people to use a pronoun or title for someone if they don't correspond to a person's assigned sex at birth.[99][103]
Senate Bill 1320, Child Protection in Public Schools, was filed on March 1, 2023, by Yarborough. The senate bill contains many of the same provisions as house bills 1223 and 1069, and also restricts school employees from sharing their pronouns and asking students about their pronouns. It would also prohibit teaching about sexual orientation or gender identity from pre-kindergarten through the eighth grade. DeSantis has already made comments supporting the bill, signaling that if it passes the legislature, he will likely sign it.[105][106][107]
Other non-Floridian bills
Federal bills
Republican Representative Mike Johnson of Louisiana introduced the Stop the Sexualization of Children Act, a version of the bill in the US House of Representatives which has gained 32 GOP cosponsors. The bill is argued by its critics to not only replicate but go further than the Parental Rights in Education Act, as it would prohibit LGBTQ material in all federal facilities, prohibit drag performances in all federally-funded institutions, and similar to the Texas Heartbeat Act, include a private right of action clause enabling parents and guardians to sue institutions which hold such performances.[108]
State bills
At least 20 states have had their legislatures introduce derivative bills of the Parental Rights in Education Act, including Arizona,[109]Georgia,[110]Iowa,[111][112]Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan,[113]Missouri,[114]Ohio,[115]Oklahoma,[116]Tennessee, and South Carolina.[117][118] In April 2022, Alabama became the second state to pass a similar bill, with governor Kay Ivey signing House Bill 322, legislation which additionally requires all students to use either male or female bathrooms in Alabama public schools based on their biological sex. It is noted that some states have had similar provisions to Florida's law since the 1980s, though they have never gained the name of "Don't Say Gay" bills by critics until recently.[119][120]
Canadian bills
In 2023, the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Saskatchewan introduced new policies and legislation limiting sexual health education and requiring parental consent for changes to names and pronouns in schools, moves that have been cited as examples of the encroachment of American "culture wars" into Canadian politics.[121] In Saskatchewan's case, Premier Scott Moe enshrined its policies in legislation called the Parents' Bill of Rights and invoked the constitution's Notwithstanding clause to protect it from legal challenges based on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[122] Both the Parents' Bill of Rights and New Brunswick's Policy 713 have resulted in significant protests and counter-protests.[123]
Notes
^The preamble to the act utilizes the phrase "classroom discussion". The relevant numbered section of the act utilizes the phrase "classroom instruction".[1]
Chris HardwickLahir1971Amerika SerikatPekerjaanPengisi suara Christopher Ryan Chris Hardwick adalah seorang pengisi suara dalam kartun. Filmografi Back at the Barnyard Referensi Pranala luar Chris Hardwick di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris) Pengawasan otoritas Umum ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Perpustakaan nasional Amerika Serikat Lain-lain MusicBrainz artist Artikel bertopik biografi Amerika Serikat ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs
Bandar Udara PulaZračna luka Pula/PulaIATA: PUYICAO: LDPL PUYLokasi bandar udara di KroatiaInformasiJenisPublikPengelolaPula Airport Ltd.MelayaniPula, KroasiaKetinggian dpl84 mdplKoordinat44°53′37″N 013°55′20″E / 44.89361°N 13.92222°E / 44.89361; 13.92222Situs webwww.airport-pula.hrLandasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan m kaki 09/27 2,950 9,678 Aspal Croatian Aeronautical Information Publication[1] Bandar Udara Pula (IATA: PUY, ICAO: LDPL…
Busko-Zdrój ( dengarkan) ialah sebuah kota di Polandia, di Provinsi Święty Krzyż. Wilayah: 12,28 km² Penduduk: 17.363 Koordinat: 50°28' N 20°43' E Kode telepon: (+48) 41 Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Polandia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs
Peta Lokasi Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota di Sumatera Barat Berikut adalah daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan/desa di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota memiliki 13 kecamatan dan 79 nagari. Luas wilayahnya mencapai 3.571,14 km² dan penduduk 374.067 jiwa (2017) dengan sebaran 105 jiwa/km².[1][2] Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, adalah sebagai berikut: Kode Kemendagri Kecamatan Jumlah Status Daftar 13.07.13 Akabilur…
Grumman CorporationIndustriPesawat; Komponen dan peralatan pesawat; Penyediaan dan pemprosesan data; Peralatan navigasi dan mencari; Badan truk dan bus; peralatan elektronikNasibBergabung dengan NorthropPenerusNorthrop GrummanDidirikan1929Ditutup1994KantorpusatBethpage, New YorkProdukF4F Wildcat; F6F Hellcat; TBF Avenger; A-6 Intruder; F-14 Tomcat; Modul Apollo LunarKaryawan23,000 (1986)AnakusahaGrumman Aerospace Corp.; Grumman Allied Industries, Inc.; Grumman Data Systems Corp. Grumman Aircraft…
The CrowdPoster rilis teatrikalSutradaraKing VidorProduserIrving ThalbergDitulis olehKing VidorJohn V.A. WeaverHarry Behn (tidak disebutkan)PemeranJames MurrayEleanor BoardmanBert RoachSinematograferHenry SharpPenyuntingHugh WynnDistributorMGMTanggal rilis 18 Februari 1928 (1928-02-18) Durasi104 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaAntarjudul Inggris The Crowd adalah sebuah film bisu Amerika 1928 yang disutradarai oleh King Vidor dan dibintangi oleh Eleanor Boardman dan James Murray. Film terseb…
Battle of GalațiPart of the Romanian Campaign of World War Iand the Russian Civil WarMonument commemorating the Battle of Galați, photo from 1921Date12–22 January 1918LocationGalați, Kingdom of RomaniaResult Romanian victory: Russian troops disarmedBelligerents Romania Russian RepublicCommanders and leaders Constantin Prezan Constantin Niculescu-Rizea Dmitry Shcherbachev Yevgeni Iskritsky Strength 500 troops 12,000 troopsCasualties and losses Unknown Unknown, but Russ…
On and OnLagu oleh VIXXSisi-BDon't Want to Be an IdolDirilis17 Januari 2013 (2013-01-17)FormatCD, unduhan digitalDirekam2013GenreK-pop, Synthpop, Dance-popDurasi3:42LabelJellyfish EntertainmentPenciptaKim Eana, RaviProduserHwang Se-jun, Albi Albertsson, Ricky Hanley, Kirstine Lind On and On (Hangul: 다칠 준비가 돼 있어; RR: Dachil Junbiga Dwae Isseo; lit. I'm Ready to Get Hurt) adalah singel ketiga dari boy band asal Korea Selatan, VIXX. Singel ini dirilis pada…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (فبراير 2016) البرتغال في الألعاب الأولمبية علم البرتغال رمز ل.أ.د. POR ل.أ.و. اللجنة الأولمبية البرتغاليةرابط …
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع وزارة التربية والتعليم (توضيح). وزارة التربية والتعليم الفلسطينية وزارة التربية والتعليم (فلسطين) تفاصيل الوكالة الحكومية البلد دولة فلسطين تأسست عام 1994 المركز رام الله31°53′49″N 35°12′12″E / 31.8969376°N 35.2032678°E / 31.8969376; 35.2032678 الإدارة م…
New religious or spiritual groups that originated in the United States Examples and symbols of new religious movements: a Sioux Ghost dance, the USVA emblem for the Native American Church, the symbol for Theosophy, the Cross and Crown of Christian Science, a Pentecostal worship service and a statue of the LDS angel Moroni. Numerous new religious movements have formed in the United States. A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious or spiritual group that has modern origins and is peripheral t…
Yoga guru who founded Siddha Yoga (1908–1982) SwamiMuktanandaMuktananda in 1974PersonalBornKrishna Rai(1908-05-16)16 May 1908Mangalore, Madras Presidency, British IndiaDied2 October 1982(1982-10-02) (aged 74)Ganeshpuri, Maharashtra, IndiaResting placeMuktananda's samādhi shrine, Gurudev Siddha PeethReligionHinduismNotable work(s)Play of ConsciousnessPhilosophyVedanta, Kashmir ShaivismReligious careerPeriod in office1956-1982InitiationShaktipat15 August 1947Ganeshpuri, Mahrashtra, In…
Agama Hindu BaliPersembahyangan umat Hindu Bali di Pura BesakihTotal populasi~ 4,300,000Wilayah dengan populasi signifikanBali • Nusa Tenggara Barat • Lampung • Jawa Timur • Sulawesi TenggaraAgamaAgama HinduKitab suciBerbagai sastra kuno Bali seperti lontar yang beberapa bersumber dari WedaBahasaSanskerta • BaliKelompok etnik terkaitsuku Bali • Suku Nusa Penida • Suku Bali Aga Seorang perempuan Hindu Bali sedang sembahyan pribadi. Agama Hindu Bali…
American television game show This article is about the American game show. For other uses, see Joker's Wild (disambiguation). The Joker's WildAlso known asJoker! Joker!! Joker!!!Created byJack BarryDirected byRichard S. Kline[1]D.A. DianaRich DiPirroPresented byJack BarryBill CullenPat FinnSnoop DoggNarrated byJohnny JacobsJay StewartCharlie O'DonnellEd MacKayDave BurchellTheme music composerPerrey and KingsleyHal HideyAlan ThickeJoe Manolakakis[1]Country of originUnited StatesO…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Putri yang Terbuang (seri televisi). Putri yang DitukarGenre Drama Roman PembuatSinemArtDitulis olehSerena LunaSkenarioSerena LunaSutradaraGita AsmaraPemeran Nikita Willy Glenn Alinskie Rezky Aditya Yasmine Wildblood Lucky Perdana Bobby Joseph Citra Kirana Tsania Marwa Penggubah lagu temad'MasivLagu pembukaSudahi Perih Ini oleh d'MasivLagu penutupSudahi Perih Ini oleh d'MasivPenata musikPurwacarakaNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. e…
American politician (1847–1920) From 1912's Official Manual of the State of Missouri 1911 - 1912 James Alexander Daugherty (August 30, 1847 – January 26, 1920) was an American politician who was a Democratic U.S. Representative and state judge from southwest Missouri. Biography Daugherty was born in Athens, McMinn County, Tennessee, August 30, 1847.[1] He moved to Missouri with his parents, who settled near Carterville, Jasper County, in 1867. As an adult he was active in all civic e…
Yeshiva in New York City 93 Bennett Avenue Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (YRSRH, also known as Breuer's, after its creator) was founded in New York City in 1944, as a means of reestablishing the Orthodox Jewish community of Frankfurt, Germany in the United States. The school, founded by Rabbi Joseph Breuer, is run according to the philosophy of Rabbi Breuer's grandfather, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch. It is located in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights. The institution h…
هذه المقالة عن ماري وارد. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع وارد (توضيح). ماري وارد (بالإنجليزية: Mary Ward) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 27 أبريل 1827(1827-04-27)مقاطعة أوفالي الوفاة 31 أغسطس 1869 (42 سنة) سبب الوفاة حادث سيارة[1] الحياة العملية المهنة عالمة فلك[2]، ومؤلفة[2]، وعال…
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: List of Conservative Party MPs in London – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) The Conservative Party members of Parliament make up the second largest group of MPs in the capital. The Conservative Party currently holds 20 seats ou…
Species of bat Harlequin bat Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Tribe: Eptesicini Genus: ScotomanesDobson, 1875 Species: S. ornatus Binomial name Scotomanes ornatus(Blyth, 1851) Synonyms Nycticejus emarginatus Nycticejus nivicolus Nycticejus ornatus Scotomanes emarginatus The harlequin bat (Scotomanes ornatus) is a species of ba…