This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2012)
The foreign relations of Finland are the responsibility of the president of Finland, who leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government. Implicitly the government is responsible for internal policy and decision making in the European Union. Within the government, preparative discussions are conducted in the government committee of foreign and security policy (ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittinen ministerivaliokunta), which includes the Prime Minister and at least the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, and at most four other ministers as necessary.[1] The committee meets with the President as necessary. Laws concerning foreign relations are discussed in the parliamentary committee of foreign relations (ulkoasiainvaliokunta, utrikesutskottet). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy.
During the Cold War, Finland's foreign policy was based on official neutrality between the Western powers and the Soviet Union, while simultaneously stressing Nordic cooperation in the framework of the Nordic Council and cautious economic integration with the West as promoted by the Bretton-Woods Agreement and the free trade treaty with the European Economic Community. Finland shares this history with close neighbour Sweden, which Finland was a part of until the split of the Swedish empire in 1809. Finland did not join the Soviet Union's economic sphere (Comecon) but remained a free-market economy and conducted bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland unilaterally abrogated the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The government filed an application for membership in the European Union (EU) three months after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and became a member in 1995. Finland did not attempt to join NATO, even though post-Soviet countries on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere joined. Nevertheless, defence policymakers quietly converted to NATO equipment and contributed troops.
President Martti Ahtisaari and the coalition governments led Finland closer to the core EU in the late 1990s. Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[2] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defense.[2] However, Halonen allowed Finland to join European Union Battlegroups in 2006 and the NATO Response Force in 2008.
Relations with Russia are cordial and common issues include bureaucracy (particularly at the Vaalimaa border crossing), airspace violations, development aid Finland gives to Russia (especially in environmental problems that affect Finland), and Finland's energy dependency on Russian gas and electricity. Behind the scenes, the administration witnessed a resurrection of Soviet-era tactics as recently as 2017. The Finnish Security Intelligence Service, the nation's security agency, says the known number of Russian agents from Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and GRU now exceeds Cold War levels and there are unknown numbers of others.[3] Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Finland became a NATO member.[4]
As of March 2011 Finland maintains diplomatic relations with all UN member states.[5]
All NATO countries approved Finland's accession to the military alliance by April 1, 2023, and it officially joined on April 4. The move was the final process in Finland's transition from conducting a foreign policy of neutrality to clearly standing as an official part of the Western bloc.
After Finland declared its full independence in 1917, the Finnish Civil War, including interventions by Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia, and failure of the Communist revolution, resulted in the official ban on Communism, and strengthening relations with Western countries. Overt alliance with Germany was not possible due to the result of the First World War, but in general the period of 1918 to 1939 was characterised by economic growth and increasing integration to the Western world economy. Relations with Soviet Russia from 1918 to 1939 were icy; voluntary expeditions to Russia called heimosodat ended only in 1922, four years after the conclusion of the Finnish Civil War. However, attempts to establish military alliances were unsuccessful.[7] Thus, when the Winter War broke out, Finland was left alone to resist the Soviet attack. Later, during the Continuation War, Finland declared "co-belligerency" with Nazi Germany, and allowed Northern Finland to be used as a German attack base. For 872 days, the German army, aided indirectly by Finnish forces, besieged Leningrad, the Soviet Union's second-largest city.[8] The peace settlement in 1944 with the Soviet Union led to the Lapland War in 1945, where Finland fought Germans in northern Finland.
From the end of the Continuation War with the Soviet Union in 1944 until 1991, the policy was to avoid superpower conflicts and to build mutual confidence with the Western powers and the Soviet Union. Although the country was culturally, socially, and politically Western, Finns realised they had to live in peace with the Soviets and so could take no action that might be interpreted as a security threat. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 opened up dramatic new possibilities for Finland and has resulted in the Finns actively seeking greater participation in Western political and economic structures. The popular support for the strictly self-defensive doctrine remains.[9]
2000 constitution
In the 2000 constitution, where diverse constitutional laws were unified into one statute, the leading role of the President was slightly moderated. However, because the constitution still stipulates only that the President leads foreign policy and the government internal policy, the responsibility over European Union affairs is not explicitly resolved. Implicitly this belongs to the powers of the government. In a cohabitation situation as with Matti Vanhanen's recent second government right-wing government and left-wing President Tarja Halonen, there can be friction between government ministers and the president.
The arrangement has been criticised by Risto E. J. Penttilä for not providing a simple answer of who's in charge.[2]
Finnish foreign policy emphasises its participation in multilateral organisations. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and the European Union in 1995. As noted, the country also is a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace as well as an observer in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The military has been prepared to be more compatible with NATO, as co-operation with NATO in peacekeeping is needed, but military alliance does not have popular support. Political scientist Teija Tiilikainen has attributed tensions like this one to the importance that Finland's political identity places on sovereignty and the (sometimes competing) stress it places on international cooperation.[10]
In the European Union, Finland is a member of the Eurozone, and in addition, the Schengen treaty abolishing passport controls. 60% of foreign trade is to the EU. Other large trade partners are Russia and the United States.
Finland is well represented in the UN civil service in proportion to its population and belongs to several of its specialised and related agencies. Finnish troops have participated in United Nations peacekeeping activities since 1956, and the Finns continue to be one of the largest per capita contributors of peacekeepers in the world. Finland is an active participant in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and in early 1995 assumed the co-chairmanship of the OSCE's Minsk Group on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Cooperation with the other Scandinavian countries also is important to Finland, and it has been a member of the Nordic Council since 1955. Under the council's auspices, the Nordic countries have created a common labor market and have abolished immigration controls among themselves. The council also serves to coordinate social and cultural policies of the participating countries and has promoted increased cooperation in many fields.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Finland has moved steadily towards integration into Western institutions and abandoned its formal policy of neutrality, which has been recast as a policy of military nonalliance coupled with the maintenance of a credible, independent defence. Finland's 1994 decision to buy 64 F-18 Hornet fighter planes from the United States signalled the abandonment of the country's policy of balanced arms purchases from Communist countries and Western countries.
In 1994, Finland joined NATO's Partnership for Peace; the country is also an observer in the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Finland became a full member of the EU in January 1995, at the same time acquiring observer status in the EU's defence arm, the Western European Union.
In 2003, Anneli Jäätteenmäki of the Centre Party won the elections after she had accused her rival Paavo Lipponen, who was prime minister at the time, of allying neutral Finland with the United States in the war in Iraq during a meeting with President George W. Bush, and thus associated Finland with what many Finns considered an illegalwar of aggression. Lipponen denied the claims and declared that "We support the UN and the UN Secretary-General." Jäätteenmäki resigned as prime minister after 63 days in office amid accusations that she had lied about the leak of the documents about the meeting between Bush and Lipponen. This series of events was considered scandalous and it is named Iraq leak or Iraq-gate.[11]
Generally, Finland has abided by the principle of neutrality and has good relations with nearly all countries, as evidenced by the freedom of travel that a Finnish passport gives; though relations with Russia remain strained and are often tense due to past historical grievances, including Russian threats and past invasion.[12]
After almost 30 years of close partnership with NATO, Finland joined the Alliance on 4 April 2023. Finland's partnership with NATO was historically based on its policy of military non-alignment, which changed following Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.[13] On 1 March 2024, Alexander Stubb, a staunch supporter of NATO, was sworn in as Finland's new president.[14] On 7 March 2024, Stubb made his first foreign trip as Finland's new president to Nato's Nordic Response military exercise in northern Norway.[15]
Diplomatic relations list
List of countries which Finland maintains diplomatic relations with:
Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is one of Finland's long-term development partners and in the water and education sectors.[30] On April 29, 2009, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced that the Finnish government had made a grant of 11.4 million euros to enable the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to upgrade its capacity to plan and manage its rural water supply and sanitation program to achieve universal access for all Ethiopians.[31]
Finland recognised Namibia on March 21, 1990. Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day.
Namibia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay.
A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were then upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991.[33] Finland has an embassy in Pretoria, a general consulate in Johannesburg, and a consulate in Cape Town. South Africa is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. During World War II South Africa declared war on Finland.[34]
Finland was a strong supporter of the dismantling of Apartheid in South Africa.[34][35][36]
South African exports to Finland include fresh and dried fruits, wine, pulp, paper, iron, steel, and coal. South Africa imports telecommunication equipment, paper, board products, and machinery from Finland.[33]
Finland recognised Tunisia's independence on June 8, 1956.
Since 1994 Finland has an embassy in Tunis. Previously Finland was represented in Tunisia through its embassies in Algiers, Algeria, and Rome, Italy.[37]
Chile recognised Finland's independence on June 17, 1919. Diplomatic relations between them were established in 1931 and have been continuously maintained, despite pressures at times to discontinue them.[40] The two countries maintain resident ambassadors in both capitals.[40]
The relations between Colombia and Finland are harmonious as both countries share a similar ideology based on democracy, human rights and a lasting peace. It's because of this that Colombia has decided to open an embassy in Helsinki. Colombia also defines Finland as a key player on Colombia's accession into the OECD and the ratification of the Colombia-European Union Trade Agreement.[41]
5-25-1988 President Reagan meeting with President Mauno Henrik Koivisto during a trip to Finland at the Helsinki airport in Vantaa
Relations between the United States and Finland are warm. Some 200,000 US citizens visit Finland annually, and about 3,000 US citizens are resident there. The US has an educational exchange program in Finland that is comparatively large for a Western European country of Finland's size. It is financed in part from a trust fund established in 1976 from Finland's final repayment of a US loan made in the aftermath of World War I.
Finland is bordered on the east by Russia and, as one of the former Soviet Union's neighbours, has been of particular interest and importance to the US both during the Cold War and in its aftermath. Before the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, longstanding US policy was to support Finnish neutrality and to maintain and reinforce Finland's historic, cultural, and economic ties with the West. The US has welcomed Finland's increased participation since 1991 in Western economic and political structures.
Economic and trade relations between Finland and the United States are active and were bolstered by the F-18 purchase. US-Finland trade totals almost $5 billion annually. The US receives about 7% of Finland's exports – mainly wood pulp and paper, ships, machinery, electronics and instruments and refined petroleum products[51] – and provides about 7% of its imports – principally computers, semiconductors, aircraft, and machinery.
Armenia is represented in Finland by a non-resident ambassador (based in Yerevan at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
Finland is represented in Armenia by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Azerbaijan is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden) and an honorary consulate in Helsinki.
Finland is represented in Azerbaijan by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Baku.
Finland is represented in Georgia by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Tbilisi.
Georgia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden) and an honorary consulate in Helsinki.
Photograph of the Shah and the Shahbanu during their visit to Tapiola residencial area in Espoo, Finland. To their right, the Finnish president Urho Kekkonen.
Finland recognized the People's Democratic Republic of Korea on April 13, 1973.[71]
Finland condemns North Korean nuclear tests and fully agrees with EU foreign policy statements on this matter.[71]
International trade has been irregular and sporadic, and it is controlled by UN and EU sanctions.[72]
Finland has contributed to humanitarian assistance to North Korea through the Red Cross and the World Food Programme.[72]
Neither Finland nor North Korea currently have resident ambassadors. North Korea is represented by the North Korean embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[72] Finland is represented by the Finnish embassy in Seoul, South Korea.[73]
Finland is an EUmember and Turkey is an EUcandidate. Finland supports Turkey's accession negotiations to the EU, although negotiations have now been suspended.
Both countries are full members of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Passport Union, with no border controls or limitations on travel and residence. On cases concerning an individual, authorities must arrange translations between Finnish and Danish, if necessary.
Denmark and Finland share a long history, where Danish Vikings settled in Finland and made crusades. Both countries were also part of the Kalmar Union.[90] Denmark was the first country along with Sweden to recognize Finland's Independence.
There are 3,000 Finns living in Denmark, and 1,235 Danes living in Finland. During Winter War, over 1,000 Danish volunteers came to help Finland.[91] During the Winter war and the Continuation war, Denmark took 4,200 Finnish war children.[92] Exports to Denmark value at 1.380 billion euros, and imports from Denmark value at 1.453 billion, making Denmark Finland's 10th largest import-trading partner. The Nordic Culture Fund and the Finnish-Danish Cultural Fund support projects of artists in both countries. Many tourists from Finland visit Denmark, 206,000 in 2017, and vice versa: 113,000 Danish tourists visited Finland in 2017. In 1918 Mannerheim visited Copenhagen, asking if Prince Aage would have wanted to become the King of Finland.
Finland's main language, Finnish, is related to Estonian, and there is and has been a certain feeling of kinship. 76% of Finns have visited Estonia and in 2004, 1.8 million Finns reported visiting Estonia. Finnish and Swedish investors are the largest foreign investors in Estonia.[93] Finland and Estonia are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries.
Finland's government recognised Estonia's independence in 1920. In response to the Soviet invasion, diplomatic missions were de facto removed. However, when Estonia declared independence, this "temporary obstruction" was resolved. Both countries restored diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991.
Germany recognised Finland's independence on January 4, 1918.
Germany gave direct military support to Finnish independence by training Finnish Jägers and successfully intervened in Finnish Civil War in favor of the nationalist Whites.
During World War II, the secret protocol in Molotov–Ribbentrop pact enabled Winter War (1939–40), a Soviet attack on Finland. Finland and Nazi Germany were "co-belligerents" against Soviet Union during Continuation War (1941–44), but a separate peace with Soviet Union led to the Finnish-German Lapland War (1944–45).
Hungary recognised Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920.
Finland broke off diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944.
Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947.
Both national languages, Finnish and Hungarian, are Uralic languages, which has led to cultural exchange albeit at a much smaller scale compared to the third major Uralic-speaking country, Estonia.
Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.
Both countries are full members of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Passport Union, with no border controls or limitations on travel and residence. On cases concerning an individual, authorities must arrange translations between Finnish and Icelandic, if necessary.
Both countries are full members of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Passport Union, with no border controls or limitations on travel and residence. On cases concerning an individual, authorities must arrange translations between Finnish and Norwegian, if necessary.
Relations with Russia are peaceful and friendly. Finland imports a lot of goods and basic necessities, such as fuel, and the two nations are agreeing on issues more than disagreeing on them.
Finland was a part of the Russian Empire for 108 years, after being annexed from the Swedish empire. Discontent with Russian rule, Finnish national identity, and World War I eventually caused Finland to break away from Russia, taking advantage of the fact that Russia was withdrawing from World War I and a revolution was starting in earnest. Following the Finnish Civil War and October Revolution, Russians were virtually equated with Communists and due to official hostility to Communism, Finno-Soviet relations in the period between the world wars remained tense. Voluntary activists arranged expeditions to Karelia (heimosodat), which ended when Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Tartu in 1920. However, the Soviet Union did not abide by the treaty when they blockaded Finnish naval ships. Finland was attacked by the Soviet Union in 1939. Finland fought the Winter War and the Continuation War against the Soviets in World War II. During the wars, the Finns suffered 90,000 casualties and inflicted severe casualties on the Russians (120,000 dead in the Winter War and 200,000 in the Continuation War).
Contemporary issues include problems with border controls causing persistent truck queues at the border, airspace violations, pollution of the Baltic Sea, and Russian duties on exported wood to Finland's pulp and paper industry. Russia also considered large swathes of land near the Finnish border as special security area where foreign land ownership is forbidden. A similarly extensive restriction does not apply to Russian citizens. The Finnish Defence Forces and Finnish Security Intelligence Service have suspected that Russians have made targeted land purchases near military and other sensitive installations for intelligence or special operations purposes.[115][116] Right-wing commentators accuse the government of continuing the policy of Finlandisation.
Recently, Finland-Russia relations have been under pressure with annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which Finland considers illegal. Together with the rest of the European Union, Finland enforces sanctions against Russia that followed. Still, economic relations have not entirely deteriorated: 11.2% of imports to Finland are from Russia, and 5.7% of exports from Finland are to Russia, and cooperation between Finnish and Russian authorities continues.[117]
Tensions between the countries rose in late 2008 when a news program on Finland's national broadcasting company station YLE accused Finnish weapons manufacturer Patria of bribing Slovenian officials to secure an arms deal. Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša formally complained to the Finnish ambassador in Ljubljana.[121] This controversy became known as the Patria case.
Finland and Sweden have always had very close relations, resulting from shared history, numerous commonalities in society and politics, and close trade relations. A newly appointed Foreign Minister makes his or her first state visit to Sweden. Finnish politicians often consider Sweden's reaction to international affairs first as a base for further actions, and thus finally both countries often agree on such issues. If there has ever been any dissonance between the two countries those were the Åland question in the early 1920s and the Swedish declaration of non-belligerent status during the Winter War. Finland and Sweden are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries. Furthermore, both participate in the Nordic Council, which grants Swedish nationals slightly more extensive rights than the EU/Schengen treaties alone.
^ ab"Finland". South Africa. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2009. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1949. A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991. Finland and South Africa enjoy excellent relations and a Declaration of Intent was signed in June 2000 to facilitate bilateral consultations between South Africa and Finland.
^"Finland recognises Kosovo". NewsRoom Finland. Helsinki: Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. March 7, 2008. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
1947 film by W. Lee Wilder The PretenderTheatrical release posterDirected byW. Lee WilderWritten byDon MartinDoris MillerProduced byW. Lee WilderStarringAlbert DekkerCatherine CraigCharles DrakeAlan CarneyCinematographyJohn AltonEdited byJohn F. Link Sr.Asa Boyd ClarkMusic byPaul DessauProductioncompanyW. Lee Wilder ProductionsDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date August 13, 1947 (1947-08-13) (United States) Running time69 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The P…
Bagian dari seriIslam Rukun Iman Keesaan Allah Malaikat Kitab-kitab Allah Nabi dan Rasul Allah Hari Kiamat Qada dan Qadar Rukun Islam Syahadat Salat Zakat Puasa Haji Sumber hukum Islam al-Qur'an Sunnah (Hadis, Sirah) Tafsir Akidah Fikih Syariat Sejarah Garis waktu Muhammad Ahlulbait Sahabat Nabi Khulafaur Rasyidin Khalifah Imamah Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan Penyebaran Islam Penerus Muhammad Budaya dan masyarakat Akademik Akhlak Anak-anak Dakwah Demografi Ekonomi Feminisme Filsafat Ha…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Stephen Suleyman Schwartz. Stephen SuleemanStephen Suleeman saat menjadi perwakilan Wikimedia Indonesia.Lahir(1954-03-17)17 Maret 1954Meninggal8 November 2021(2021-11-08) (umur 67)Sebab meninggalGagal ginjal kronisKebangsaanIndonesiaAlmamaterTrinity Theological CollegeUnion Theological SeminaryBethany Theological SeminaryUniversitas IndonesiaPekerjaanDosenTahun aktif1985-2021Suami/istriIndinah Kusnadi (m. 1988–&#…
Mayat yang sedang disayat-sayat untuk persiapan upacara pemakaman langit Mayat yang dimangsa burung pemakan bangkai Puncak gunung tempat pemakaman langit berlangsung Pemakaman langit adalah tradisi adat pemakaman di Tibet.[1] Prosesi ini diawali dengan mendoakan mayat kemudian membawa mayat ke puncak gunung tempat dimana banyak burung pemakan bangkai berada.[2] Di puncak gunung, mayat ditelungkupkan, kemudian disayat-sayat agar mengundang burung pemakan bangkai datang.[2]…
Pegulat Yunani Kuno (Pankratiast) Gulat adalah kontak fisik antara dua orang, di mana salah seorang pegulat harus menjatuhkan atau dapat mengontrol musuh mereka. Teknik fisik yang ditunjukkan dalam gulat adalah joint lock, clinch fighting, grappling hold, dan Leverage. Teknik ini dapat menyebabkan luka yang serius. Banyak gaya gulat yang diketahui dunia dan mempunyai sejarah yang panjang. Olahraga gulat sudah menjadi olahraga olimpik lebih dari 100 tahun. Pranala luar FILA Wrestling Diarsipkan 2…
Bahasa LangitAlbum studio karya Ebiet G. AdeDirilis28 November 2001GenrePopjazzOrkestraLabelPT BMG Music Kama RecordsKronologi Ebiet G. Ade Balada Sinetron Cinta (2000)Balada Sinetron Cinta2000 Bahasa Langit (2001) In Love: 25th Anniversary (2007)In Love: 25th Anniversary2007 Bahasa Langit merupakan salah satu album Ebiet G. Ade. Album ini dirilis pada November 2001 oleh PT BMG Music. Dalam album ini, Ebiet terus mempertahankan warna musiknya dan mengatakan album ini sebagai perenungan terki…
2021 Hoboken mayoral election ← 2017 November 2, 2021 2025 → Turnout30.44%[1] Candidate Ravinder Bhalla Write-in Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan Popular vote 8,771 612 Percentage 87.95% 6.52% Mayor before election Ravinder Bhalla Democratic Elected Mayor Ravinder Bhalla Democratic Elections in New Jersey Federal government U.S. President 1788-89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 18…
Prof.Salim SaidPh.D. Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Republik CekoMasa jabatan18 Oktober 2006 – 10 Agustus 2010PresidenSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono PendahuluSantoso RahardjoPenggantiEmeria Wilujeng Amir Siregar Informasi pribadiLahir10 November 1943 (umur 80)Amparita, Afdeling Parepare, Hindia BelandaKebangsaanIndonesiaAlma materUniversitas IndonesiaOhio State UniversityPekerjaanAkademisi, Dosen, Penulis, Wartawan, DiplomatSunting kotak info • L • B Prof. Salim Haji Said, Ph…
Pohon Ekaliptus, salah satu tanaman alelopati. Alelopati berasal dari bahasa Yunani, allelon yang berarti satu sama lain dan pathos yang berarti menderita.[1] Alelopati didefinisikan sebagai suatu fenomena alam dimana suatu organisme memproduksi dan mengeluarkan suatu senyawa biomolekul (disebut alelokimia) ke lingkungan dan senyawa tersebut memengaruhi perkembangan dan pertumbuhan organisme lain di sekitarnya.[1] Sebagian alelopati terjadi pada tumbuhan dan dapat mengakibatkan t…
Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Latina Calcio. Associazione Sportiva Latina 1996Stagione 2005-2006Sport calcio Squadra Latina Allenatore Giancarlo Favarin poi Marco Ghirotto poi Fortunato Torrisi poi Dario Levanto Presidente Antonio Sciarretta Serie C217º posto nel girone C. Retroc…
2012 compilation album by Michael FranksThe Dream 1973-2011Compilation album by Michael FranksReleased3 April 2012 (2012-04-03)Recorded1973–2011GenreJazzVocal jazzSmooth jazzLanguageEnglishLabelWarner Music FranceMichael Franks chronology Time Together(2011) The Dream 1973-2011(2012) The Music in My Head(2018) The Dream 1973-2011 is a jazz vocal boxed set album by Michael Franks, released in 2012 with Warner Music France.[1] The compilation includes 72 tracks ove…
PallanuotoUn'azione di gioco durante una gara tra le nazionali maschili di Serbia e GreciaFederazioneWorld Aquatics InventatoXIX secolo, Scozia e Inghilterra Componenti di una squadra13 giocatori di cui 7 in vasca e 6 in panchina ContattoSì GenereMaschile e femminile Indoor/outdoorIndoor e outdoor Campo di giocoPiscina, mare Olimpicodal 1900 Campione mondialemaschile Croazia (2024)femminile Stati Uniti (2024) Campione olimpicomaschile Serbia (2020)femminile Stati Uniti (2020) Manuale La pallanu…
Эта страница или раздел содержит текст на языках стран Азии. Если у вас отсутствуют необходимые шрифты, некоторые символы могут отображаться неправильно. Иенг Мауликхмер. អៀង មូលី Старший министр, помощник премьер-министра Камбоджи с 2008 Министр информации Камбоджи…
American judge (born 1951) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: D. Brooks Smith – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) D. …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2020. Obesogen …
История ШвейцарииШвейцария до объединения (1291) Доисторическая Швейцария Римская Швейцария Верхняя Бургундия Швейцарский союз (1291—1798) Федеративная хартия Экспансия Реформация в Швейцарии Три Лиги Лига десяти сообществ Лига дома Божьего Серая лига Во время Наполеоновск…
Caves in Gibraltar St. Michael's CaveOld St. Michael's CaveUplit stalactites in St. Michael's Cave.Map showing location of St. Michael's Cave in Gibraltar.LocationQueen's Road, Upper Rock Nature Reserve, GibraltarCoordinates36°07′34″N 5°20′44″W / 36.126199°N 5.345504°W / 36.126199; -5.345504Depth62 metres (203 ft)Elevation300 metres (980 ft)GeologyLimestoneEntrances3Visitorsc. 1,000,000 St. Michael's Cave or Old St. Michael's Cave is the name g…
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_06.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
