Giray dynasty

House of Giray
House of Giray
Parent house	Borjigin Dynasty
Country	Crimean Khanate
Founded	1431 - Hacı I Giray
Titles	Khan of Crimea; Khan of Qasim; Khan of Kazan; Khan of Astrakhan; Khan of Ulugh Ulus (after 1502);
Dissolution	Qasim:; 1512 - Astrakhan:; 1523, 1531, 1549 - Kazan:; 1551 - Crimea:; 1783 - Budjak Horde:; 1792 -

The House of Giray (Crimean Tatar: Geraylar, كرايلر‎; Ottoman Turkish: آل جنكيز, romanized: Âl-i Cengiz, lit. 'Genghisids'), also Girays,^[1] were the Genghisid/Turkic dynasty that reigned in the Khanate of Crimea from its formation in 1431 until its downfall in 1783. The dynasty also supplied several khans of Kazan and Astrakhan between 1521 and 1550. Apart from the royal Girays, there was also a lateral branch, the Choban Girays (Çoban Geraylar).

Before reaching the age of majority, young Girays were brought up in one of the Circassian tribes, where they were instructed in the arts of war. The Giray Khans were elected by other Crimean Tatar dynasts, called myrzas (mırzalar). They also elected an heir apparent, called the qalgha sultan (qalğa sultan). In later centuries, the Ottoman Sultan obtained the right of installing and deposing the khans at his will.

Their early ancestor was Togay Timur (Tuqa Timur), a younger son of Jochi. The story of the Girays begin with Öreng Timur, son of Togay Timur, receiving Crimea from Mengu-Timur.^[2]

During Ottoman suzerainty

According to some scholars, the Girays were regarded^{[by whom?]} as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Ottoman: "If Rome and Byzantium represented two of the three international traditions of imperial legitimacy, the blood of Genghis Khan was the third... If ever the Ottomans became extinct, it was understood that the Genghisid Girays would succeed them" ^[3]

During the 15th and early 16th centuries, the Giray Khan was second to the Ottoman Emperor - and thus superior to the Grand Vizier - in the Ottoman protocol. After the disobedience and 1584 removal of Mehmed II Giray, the Sultan demoted the Crimean Khan to the level of Grand Vizier. The Giray Khans were also sovereigns of their own realm. They could mint coins, make law by decree, and had their own tughras.

Alliances

The Crimean Khanate made alliances with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and with the Zaporizhian Sich. The assistance of İslâm III Giray during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 contributed greatly to the initial momentum of military successes for the Cossacks. The relationship with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was also strong - the dynasty of Girays would seek sanctuary in Lithuania in the 15th century before establishing themselves on the Crimean peninsula.

Downfall

After the khanate's annexation by Imperial Russia in 1783, the last khan Şahin Giray remained nominally in power until 1787, when he took refuge in the Ottoman Empire, and was executed in Rhodes.

Other dynasts were permitted by the Russian authorities to reside in their Bakhchisaray palace. Selim III's young son, Qattı Giray, was converted by missionaries to Protestantism and married a Scottish heiress, Anne Neilson.^[4]

After downfall

After the execution of Şahin Giray by Abdul Hamid I, his family lived in Burgazada, Istanbul.^[5]

Family Tree

House of Giray

Golden Horde/White Horde/Great Horde (After Islamization)
Kazan Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Qasim Khanate

Hacı I Giray
r. 1428–1429,
1431–1434
r. 1441–1456,
1456–1466

Nur Devlet
r. 1466–1469,
1475–1476
r. 1477–1477
r. 1486–1491

Hayder
r. 1456–1456,
1475–1475

Meñli I Giray
r. 1467–1467,
1469–1475
r. 1478–1515

Satylghan
r. 1491–1506

Janai
r. 1506–1512

Mehmed I Giray
r. 1493–1495
r. 1515–1523

Saadet I Giray
r. 1524–1532

Sahib I Giray
r. 1521–1524
r. 1532–1551

Mubarak Giray

Fetih Giray

Ğazı I Giray
r. 1523–1524

İslâm I Giray
r. 1524–1524,
1525–1525
r. 1528–1528,
1532–1532

Devlet I Giray
r. 1549–1551
r. 1551–1577

Safa Giray
r. 1524–1531,
1535–1546
r. 1546–1549

Mehmed II Giray
r. 1577–1584

İslâm II Giray
r. 1584–1588

Ğazı II Giray
r. 1588–1596,
1596–1607

Fetih I Giray
r. 1596–1596

Selâmet I Giray
r. 1607–1610

Mubarak Giray

Utamesh Giray
r. 1549–1551

Saadet II Giray
r. 1584–1584

İnayet Giray
r. 1635–1637

Toqtamış Giray
r. 1607–1607

Choban Giray

Bahadır I Giray
r. 1637–1641

İslâm III Giray
r. 1644–1654

Mehmed IV Giray
r. 1641–1644,
1654–1666

Qırım Giray

Mubarak Giray

Canibek Giray
r. 1610–1623,
1628–1635

Mehmed III Giray
r. 1623–1628

Safa Giray

Adil Giray
r. 1666–1671

Selim I Giray
r. 1671–1678,
1684–1691
r. 1692–1699,
1702–1704

Haci II Giray
r. 1683–1684

Saadet III Giray
r. 1691–1691

Murad Giray
r. 1678–1683

Safa Giray
r. 1691–1692

Devlet III Giray
r. 1715–1717

Devlet II Giray
r. 1699–1702,
1709–1713

Saadet IV Giray
r. 1717–1724

Ğazı III Giray
r. 1704–1707

Qaplan I Giray
r. 1707–1709,
1713–1715
r. 1730–1736

Meñli II Giray
r. 1724–1730,
1737–1739

Selamet II Giray
r. 1739–1743

Arslan Giray
r. 1748–1756,
1767–1767

Ahmad Giray

Fetih II Giray
r. 1736–1737

Qırım Giray
r. 1758–1764,
1768–1769

Halim Giray
r. 1756–1758

Selim II Giray
r. 1743–1748

Maqsud Giray
r. 1767–1768

Devlet IV Giray
r. 1769–1770,
1775–1777

Bahadır II Giray
r. 1782–1782

Sahib II Giray
r. 1771–1775

Şahin Giray
r. 1777–1782,
1782–1783

Selim III Giray
r. 1764–1767,
1770–1771

Qaplan II Giray
r. 1770–1770

Notes

^ Alternative spellings include Geray, Girey, Guirey, Ghirai, Ghiray, and Ghiray.
^ "HACI GİRAY I". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016. Togay Timur'un oğullarının Kırım'la ilgisi, Öreng Timur'un Altın Orda hükümdarı Mengü Timur'dan (1266-1280) Kırım ve Kefe'yi yurtluk olarak almasıyla başlar.
^ Simon Sebag Montefiore, Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin. London, 2000.
^ Hakan Kırımlı, “Crimean Tatars, Nogays, and Scottish Missionaries: The Story of Kattı Geray and Other Baptised Descendants of the Crimean Khans”, Cahiers du monde russe 45, no. 1 (2004): 61–107.
^ FERİDUN EMECEN, "ŞÂHİN GİRAY", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sahin-giray (14.07.2020).