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Great Frost of 1709

Great Frost of 1709
1708/1709 winter temperature anomaly with respect to 1971–2000 climatology
Also known as	Le Grand Hiver

The Great Frost, as it was known in England, or Le Grand Hiver ("The Great Winter"), as it was known in France, was an extraordinarily cold winter in Europe in 1708–1709,^[1] and was the coldest European winter during the past 500 years.^[2]

Notability

William Derham recorded in Upminster, Great Britain, near London, a low of −12 °C (10 °F) on the night of 5 January 1709, the lowest he had ever measured since he started taking readings in 1697. His contemporaries in the weather observation field in Europe likewise recorded lows down to −15 °C (5 °F). Derham wrote in Philosophical Transactions: "I believe the Frost was greater (if not more universal also) than any other within the Memory of Man."^[3]

During the Great Northern War, the Swedish invasion of Russia was notably weakened by the severe winter. Sudden winter storms and frosts killed thousands during the Swedish army's winter offensives, most notably during a single night away from camp that killed at least 2,000. Because the Russian troops were more prepared for the harmful weather and cautiously stayed within their camps, their losses were substantially lower, contributing heavily to their eventual victory at Poltava the following summer.^[4]

France was particularly hard hit by the winter, with the subsequent famine estimated to have caused 600,000 deaths by the end of 1710.^[5]^[6] Because the famine occurred during wartime, there were contemporary nationalist claims that there were no deaths from starvation in the kingdom of France in 1709.^[7]

This winter event has drawn the attention of modern-day climatologists in the European Union's Millennium Project because they are presently unable to correlate the known causes of cold weather in Europe today with weather patterns documented in 1709. According to Dennis Wheeler, a climatologist at the University of Sunderland: "Something unusual seems to have been happening".^[1]

The severity of the winter is thought to be an important factor in the emigration of the German Palatines from central Europe.

Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine, the Duchess of Orléans, had written a letter to her great aunt in Germany describing how she was still shivering from cold and could barely hold her pen despite having a roaring fire next to her, the door shut, and her entire person wrapped in furs. She wrote, "Never in my life have I seen a winter such as this one."^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Pain, Stephanie (7 February 2009), "1709: The year that Europe froze", New Scientist.
^ Luterbacher, Jürg; Dietrich, Daniel; Xoplaki, Elena; Grosjean, Martin; Wanner, Heinz (2004), "European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500", Science, vol. 303, no. 5663, pp. 1499–1503, Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1499L, doi:10.1126/science.1093877, PMID 15001774, S2CID 38985100
^ Derham, W. (1708–1709), "The History of the Great Frost in the Last Winter 1703 and 1708/9", Philosophical Transactions, vol. 26, no. 324, pp. 454–478, doi:10.1098/rstl.1708.0073, JSTOR 103288, S2CID 186211921.
^ Massie, Robert, Peter the Great: His Life and World.
^ Monahan, W. Gregory (1993), Year of Sorrows: The great famine of 1709 in Lyon, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, pp. 125–153, ISBN 978-0-8142-0608-9.
^ Lachiver, Marcel (1991), Les Années De Misère: La famine au temps du Grand Roi, 1680–1720 (in French), Paris: Fayard, pp. 361, 381–382, ISBN 978-2-213-02799-9.
^ Ó Gráda, Cormac & Chevet, Jean-Michel (2002), "Famine and Market in Ancien Régime France", Journal of Economic History, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 706–733, doi:10.1017/S0022050702001055, hdl:10197/368, PMID 17494233, S2CID 8036361.
^ "Rodama: A blog of 18th century & Revolutionary France: The winter of 1709: Letters of Liselotte". 26 May 2016.

Cold waves

Asia

Europe

Before 2000	1683–84 1709 1894–95 (UK) 1946–47 (UK) 1962–63 (UK) 1990–91
2000–present	2006 2009–10 GB & Ire. Sweden 2010–11 (GB & Ire.) 2012 2013 (UK) 2017 2018 (GB & Ire.)

North America

Before 2000	1886–87 1888 1894–95 freeze 1899 blizzard 1911 1912 1936 1977 1978 1982 "Cold Sunday" 1985 1989 1994
2000–present	2014 early late 2015 2017–18 2019 2021 2022

South America

v t e Weather events in the United Kingdom
Climate of the United Kingdom climate change Drought in the United Kingdom United Kingdom weather records
Avalanches	Lewes 1836 Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009
Cold snaps	1683–84 1709 1894–95 1946–47 1962–63 1981–82 1985–86 1987 1990–91 October 2008 2009–10 2010–11 February 2012 Spring 2013 February–March 2018
Snow events	January 1881 March 1891 April 1981 January 1995 February 2009 March 2013 March 2018 (Emma) March 2023 (Larisa)
Flash floods	Louth 1920 Lynmouth 1952 Chew Stoke 1968 Glasgow 2002 Boscastle 2004 Morpeth 2008 Yorkshire Dales 2019 London 2021
Floods	Bristol Channel 1607¹ Holmfirth 1738, 1777, 1944 North East England 1771 Strathspey 1829 Thames 1928 Thames 1947 South England 1968 Autumn 2000 Summer 2007 August 2008 November–December 2009 Workington 2009 2012–13 Winter 2013–14 Somerset Levels 2013–14 Winter 2015–16 June 2016 Winter 2019–20 Yorkshire Dales 2019 Summer 2022 2023 2024
Storm surges	South England 1287 North Sea 1287 Thames 1928 North Sea 1953 North Sea 1976 North Sea 1978 North Sea 2007 North Sea and Irish Sea 2013
Thunderstorms	Widecombe-in-the-Moor 1638 July 1968
Tornadoes	London 1091 Great Malvern 1761 October 1913 November 1981 Birmingham 2005 London 2006 October 2022
Windstorms and former hurricanes	December 1703 November 1824 January 1839 August 1848 October 1859 February 1871 December 1879 October 1881 September 1961 (Debbie) February 1962 January 1968 January 1976 August 1986 (Charley) October 1987 January 1990 October 1996 (Lili) December 1998 January 2007 September 2011 (Katia) December 2011 January 2012 October 2013 December 2013 Christmas 2013 January 2014 February 2014 October 2014 (Gonzalo) November 2015 (Abigail) December 2015 (Desmond) December 2015 (Eva) October 2017 (Ophelia) January 2018 (Eleanor) October 2019 (Lorenzo) February 2020 (Ciara) February 2020 (Dennis) September 2020 (Alex) December 2021 (Barra) February 2022 (Eunice) October 2023 (Babet) November 2023 (Ciarán)
Windstorm seasons	2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24
Heatwaves Droughts	1757 1808 1906 1911 1955 1976 1990 1995 2003 2006 2013 2018 2019 2021 2022
Wildfires	Summer 2018 February–May 2019 Wareham 2020 April–August 2022 Wennington 2022 Cannich 2023
Other	Great Smog 1952 Great Stink 1858
¹ Disputed tsunami

v t e Economic expansions and recessions in the United States and Commonwealth of Nations countries
Aggregate demand/Supply Effective demand General glut Model Overproduction Paradox of thrift Price-and-wage stickiness Underconsumption Business cycle Deflation/Inflation Chronic Classical dichotomy Disinflation Money supply/demand Neutrality of money Price level Real and nominal values Velocity of money Economic expansion Recovery Stagnation U.S. expansions Interest rate Nominal interest rate Real interest rate Yield curve/Inverted Recession Balance sheet Depression Global Rolling Shapes Stagflation U.K. recessions U.S. recessions Shock Demand Supply Unemployment
Commercial revolution (1000–1760)	Great Slump (1430–1490) Slump of 1706 Great Frost of 1709
1st Industrial Revolution (1760–1840)	British credit crisis of 1772–1773 1772–1774; England Scotland Thirteen Colonies 1785–1788 Copper Panic of 1789/Panic of 1792 (1789–1793) Panic of 1796–1797 (1796–1799) 1802–1804 1807–1810 1812 Post-Napoleonic Depression (1815–1821) 1822–23 Panic of 1825 (1825–1826) 1828–29 1833–34 Panic of 1837 (1836–1838 and 1839–1843)
Early Victorian Britain/ Civil War-era United States (1840–1870)	1845–46 Panic of 1847 (1847–1848) 1853–54 Panic of 1857 (1857–1858) 1860–61 Panic of 1866 (1865–1867) Black Friday (1869–1870)
Gilded Age/ 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870–1914)	Long Depression 1873–1879; United Kingdom United States Depression of 1882–1885 1887–88 Baring crisis (1890–1891) Panic of 1893 (1893–1897) 1899–1900 Panic of 1901 (1902–1904) Panic of 1907 (1907–1908) Panic of 1910–1911 (1910–1912) Financial crisis of 1914 (1913–14)
Interwar period (1918–1939)	Post–World War I recession (1918–1919) Depression of 1920–1921 Roaring Twenties 1923–1924 1926–1927 Great Depression 1929–1939; Australia Canada India New Zealand South Africa United Kingdom United States Recession of 1937–1938
Post–WWII expansion (1945–1973)	1945 Recession of 1949 (1948–1949) Recession of 1953 (1953–1954) Recession of 1958 (1957–1958) Recession of 1960–1961 Recession of 1969–1970
Great Inflation (1973–1982)	1973–1975 recession United Kingdom United States Early 1980s recession 1980–1982; Canada United Kingdom United States
Great Moderation/ Great Regression (1982–2007)	1990s United States boom Early 1990s recession 1990–1991; Australia Canada United Kingdom United States 1997 Asian financial crisis Early 2000s recession (2001)
Information Age (2007–present)	Great Recession 2007–2009; Australia Bangladesh Canada India Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States COVID-19 recession 2020–2022; Australia Bangladesh Belize Botswana Canada India Malaysia Namibia New Zealand Singapore United Kingdom United States Zambia

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