Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup L1 Possible time of origin 107,600–174,300 YBP[ 1] Possible place of origin Central Africa Ancestor L1-6 Descendants L1b, L1c Defining mutations 3666, 7055, 7389, 13789, 14178, 14560[ 2]
Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup L1 in Africa. Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in Central Africa and West Africa .
It diverged from L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago (+33.7 95% CI ).[ 3] peopling of Africa by anatomically modern humans during the Eemian , and it is now mostly found in Central African foragers .
Ancient DNA
Among the less than 1% of subgroups of macro-haplogroup L found among the population in Europe , haplogroup L1b is present; haplogroup L1b in Europe , which is often found in West Africa , has been dated to 10,000 BP.[ 4]
Distribution
Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in Central Africa and West Africa . It reaches its highest frequency among the Mbenga people .
It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the Bantu migration (which is largely associated with haplogroup L2 ).[ 5] Kulubnarti , Sudan , which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).[ 6] Beaker culture individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in Spain (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; [I4245 / RISE695] F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.[ 7]
Subclades
L1c
L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in West and Central Africa, notably among the Mbenga people .[ 8] See map .[ 8] Ba-Kola , 97% of Ba-Benzélé , and 77% of Biaka .[ 9] Bedzan (Tikar) people (100%), Baka people from Gabon (97%) and Cameroon (90%),[ 10] Bakoya (97%), and the Ba-Bongo (82%).[ 8] São Tomé (20%) and Angola (16–24%).[ 11]
L1b
L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in West Africa . It has also been found in Mozambique (1%), Ethiopia (2%), Egypt (1%), the Nile Valley (4%), Kung (1%), Cape Verde (8%), Senegal (17–20%), Niger /Nigeria (15%), Guinea Bissau (11%), Morocco (4–5%), and Algeria (1–2%).[ 12]
Phylogenetics
Interpolation maps for haplogroup L1b and L1c. L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been[year needed re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5).
Phylogeny of L1c:[ 2]
Phylogeny of L1b:[ 2]
L1b
L1b1
L1b1a
L1b1a1'4
L1b1a2
189
L1b1a5
L1b1a6
L1b1a7
See also
References
^ Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini; Noel Thomson; Maru Mormina; Teresa Rito; Arne Röhl; Antonio Salas; Stephen Oppenheimer; Vincent Macaulay; Martin B. Richards (4 Jun 2009). "Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock" . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 (6): 82– 93. doi :10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 . PMC 2694979 PMID 19500773 . ^ a b c van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" . Human Mutation . 30 (2): E386 – E394 . doi :10.1002/humu.20921 PMID 18853457 . S2CID 27566749 . ^ "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material" (PDF) . American Journal of Human Genetics : 82. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29.^ Borbély, Noémi (2024). "Phylogenetic insights into the genetic legacies of Hungarian‑speaking communities in the Carpathian Basin" (PDF) . Scientific Reports . 14 : 11480. Bibcode :2024NatSR..1411480B . doi :10.1038/s41598-024-61978-4 . ISSN 2045-2322 . OCLC 10243951083 . PMC 11106325 PMID 38769390 . S2CID 269928158 . ^ Silva, Marina; Alshamali, Farida; Silva, Paula; Carrilho, Carla; Mandlate, Flávio; Jesus Trovoada, Maria; Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Soares, Pedro (2015). "60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2" . Sci. Rep . 5 : 12526. Bibcode :2015NatSR...512526S . doi :10.1038/srep12526 . PMC 4515592 PMID 26211407 . ^ Sirak, Kendra; Frenandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Van Gerven, Dennis; Pinhasi, Ron (2016). "Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing" . Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016 . IUAES: 115. ^ Iñigo Olalde et al. The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe , 2017^ a b c Quintana-Murci; et al. (2008). "Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter–gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 (5): 1596– 601. Bibcode :2008PNAS..105.1596Q . doi :10.1073/pnas.0711467105 PMC 2234190 PMID 18216239 . ^ Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
^ Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris
^ Batini, Chiara et al 2006, Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa
^ Rosa, Alexandra; et al. (2004). "MtDNA profile of West Africa Guineans: towards a better understanding of the Senegambia region" (PDF) . Annals of Human Genetics . 68 (4): 340– 52. doi :10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00100.x . hdl :10400.13/3044 PMID 15225159 . S2CID 15391342 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 .
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