Distribution of Inuit languages across the Arctic. East Inuktitut dialects are those coloured dark blue (on the south of Baffin Island), red, pink, and brown.
It is recognised as an official language in Nunavut alongside Inuinnaqtun, and both languages are known collectively as Inuktut. Further, it is recognized as one of eight official native tongues in the Northwest Territories.[5] It also has legal recognition in Nunavik—a part of Quebec—thanks in part to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, and is recognised in the Charter of the French Language as the official language of instruction for Inuit school districts there. It also has some recognition in Nunatsiavut—the Inuit area in Labrador—following the ratification of its agreement with the government of Canada and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The 2016 Canadian census reports that 70,540 individuals identify themselves as Inuit, of whom 37,570 self-reported Inuktitut as their mother tongue.[1][6]
The term Inuktitut is also the name of a macrolanguage and, in that context, also includes Inuvialuktun, and thus nearly all Inuit dialects of Canada.[7] However, Statistics Canada lists all Inuit languages in the Canadian census as Inuktut.[6]
History
Inuktitut in the Canadian school system
Before contact with Europeans, Inuit learned skills by example and participation. The Inuktitut language provided them with all the vocabulary required to describe traditional practices and natural features.[8] Up to this point, it was solely an oral language. Colonialism brought the European schooling system over to Canada. The missionaries of the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches were the first ones to deliver formal education to Inuit in schools. The teachers used the Inuktitut language for instruction and developed writing systems.[9]
In 1928 the first residential school for Inuit opened, and English became the language of instruction. As the government's interests in the north increased, it started taking over the education of Inuit. After the end of World War II, English was seen as the language of communication in all domains. Officials expressed concerns about the difficulty for Inuit to find employment if they were not able to communicate in English. Inuit were supposed to use English at school, work, and even on the playground.[10] Inuit themselves viewed Inuktitut as the way to express their feelings and be linked to their identity, while English was a tool for making money.[8]
In the 1960s, the European attitude towards the Inuktitut language started to change. Inuktitut was seen as a language worth preserving, and it was argued that knowledge, particularly in the first years of school, is best transmitted in the mother tongue. This set off the beginning of bilingual schools. In 1969, most Inuit voted to eliminate federal schools and replace them with programs by the General Directorate of New Quebec [fr] (Direction générale du Nouveau-Québec, DGNQ). Content was now taught in Inuktitut, English, and French.[10]
Legislation
Inuktitut became one of the official languages in the Northwest Territories in 1984. Its status is secured in the Northwest Territories Official Language Act. With the split of the Territory into NWT and Nunavut in 1999, both territories kept the Language Act.[5] The autonomous area Nunatsiavut in Labrador made Inuktitut the government language when it was formed in 2005. In Nunavik, the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement recognizes Inuktitut in the education system.[11]
Languages and dialects
Nunavut
Nunavut's basic law lists four official languages: English, French, Inuktitut, and Inuinnaqtun. It is ambiguous in state policy to what degree Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun can be thought of as separate languages. The words Inuktitut, or more correctly Inuktut ('Inuit language') are increasingly used to refer to both Inuinnaqtun and Inuktitut together, or "Inuit languages" in English.[12]
Nunavut is the home of some 24,000 Inuit, over 80% of whom speak Inuktitut. This includes some 3,500 people reported as monolinguals. The 2001 census data shows that the use of Inuktitut, while lower among the young than the elderly, has stopped declining in Canada as a whole and may even be increasing in Nunavut.
The South Baffin dialect (Qikiqtaaluk nigiani, ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ ᓂᒋᐊᓂ) is spoken across the southern part of Baffin Island, including the territorial capital Iqaluit. This has in recent years made it a much more widely heard dialect, since a great deal of Inuktitut media originates in Iqaluit. Some linguists also distinguish an East Baffin dialect from either South Baffin or North Baffin, which is an Inuvialuk dialect.
As of the early 2000s, Nunavut has gradually implemented early childhood, elementary, and secondary school-level immersion programmes within its education system to further preserve and promote the Inuktitut language. As of 2012[update], "Pirurvik, Iqaluit's Inuktitut language training centre, has a new goal: to train instructors from Nunavut communities to teach Inuktitut in different ways and in their own dialects when they return home."[13]
Nunavik
Quebec is home to roughly 15,800 Inuit, nearly all of whom live in Nunavik. According to the 2021 census, 80.9% of Quebec Inuit speak Inuktitut.[14]
The Nunavik dialect (Nunavimmiutitut, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ) is relatively close to the South Baffin dialect, but not identical. Because of the political and physical boundary between Nunavik and Nunavut, Nunavik has separate government and educational institutions from those in the rest of the Inuktitut-speaking world, resulting in a growing standardization of the local dialect as something separate from other forms of Inuktitut. In the Nunavik dialect, Inuktitut is called ` (ᐃᓄᑦᑎᑐᑦ). This dialect is also sometimes called Tarramiutut or Taqramiutut (ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑐᑦ or ᑕᖅᕐᕋᒥᐅᑐᑦ).
Subdialects of Inuktitut in this region include Tarrarmiut and Itivimuit.[15] Itivimuit is associated with Inukjuak, Quebec, and there is an Itivimuit River near the town.
Labrador
The Nunatsiavut dialect (Nunatsiavummiututᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᕗᒻᒥᐅᑐᑦ or, often in government documents, Labradorimiutut) was once spoken across northern Labrador. It has a distinct writing system, developed in Greenland in the 1760s by German missionaries from the Moravian Church. This separate writing tradition, the remoteness of Nunatsiavut from other Inuit communities, has made it into a distinct dialect with a separate literary tradition. The Nunatsiavummiut call their language Inuttut (ᐃᓄᑦᑐᑦ).
Although Nunatsiavut claims over 4,000 inhabitants of Inuit descent, only 550 reported Inuktitut to be their native language in the 2001 census, mostly in the town of Nain. Inuktitut is seriously endangered in Labrador.
Nunatsiavut also had a separate dialect reputedly much closer to western Inuktitut dialects, spoken in the area around Rigolet. According to news reports, in 1999 it had only three very elderly speakers.[16]
Greenland
Though often thought to be a dialect of Greenlandic, Inuktun or Polar Eskimo is a recent arrival in Greenland from the Eastern Canadian Arctic, arriving perhaps as late as the 18th century.
Eastern dialects of Inuktitut have fifteen consonants and three vowels (which can be long or short). Consonants are arranged with six places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, velar and uvular; and three manners of articulation: voiceless stops, voiced continuants and nasals, as well as two additional sounds—voiceless fricatives. Natsalingmiutut has an additional consonant /ɟ/, a vestige of the retroflex consonants of Proto-Inuit. Inuinnaqtun has one fewer consonant, as /s/ and /ɬ/ have merged into /h/. All dialects of Inuktitut have only three basic vowels and make a phonological distinction between short and long forms of all vowels. In Inuujingajut—Nunavut standard Roman orthography—long vowels are written as a double vowel.
^The voiced palatal stop is absent from many dialects and is not written with a separate letter. If a distinction needs to be made between /j/ and /ɟ/, it is written as r̂.
^In the Siglitun dialect, k is always pronounced as a fricative /x/. In other dialects, the fricative realization is possible between vowels or vowels and approximants.
^In the Siglitun dialect, g is always pronounced as a fricative /ɣ/. In other dialects, the fricative realization is possible between vowels or vowels and approximants.
^/h/ replaces /s/ in Kivallirmiutut and Natsilingmiutut, and replaces both /s/ and /ɬ/ in Inuinnaqtun.
All voiceless stops are unaspirated, like in many other languages. The voiceless uvular stop is usually written as q, but sometimes written as r. The voiceless lateral fricative is romanized as ɬ, but is often written as &, or simply as l.
/ŋ/ is spelt as ng, and geminated /ŋ/ is spelt as nng.
Inuktitut, like other Eskimo–Aleut languages, has a very rich morphological system, in which a succession of different morphemes are added to root words to indicate things that, in languages like English, would require several words to express. (See also: Agglutinative language and Polysynthetic language.) All words begin with a root morpheme to which other morphemes are suffixed. Inuktitut has hundreds of distinct suffixes, in some dialects as many as 700. However, it is highly regular, with rules that do not have exceptions like in English and other Indo-European languages, though they are sometimes very complicated.
One example is the word qangatasuukkuvimmuuriaqalaaqtunga (ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒻᒨᕆᐊᖃᓛᖅᑐᖓ) meaning 'I'll have to go to the airport:[17]
The western part of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories use a Latin alphabet usually called Inuinnaqtun or Qaliujaaqpait, reflecting the predispositions of the missionaries who reached this area in the late 19th century and early 20th.
Moravian missionaries, with the purpose of introducing Inuit to Christianity and the Bible, contributed to the development of an Inuktitut alphabet in Greenland during the 1760s that was based on the Latin script. (This alphabet is distinguished by its inclusion of the letter kra, ĸ.) They later travelled to Labrador in the 1800s, bringing the Inuktitut alphabet with them.
In the 1860s, missionaries imported this system of Qaniujaaqpait, which they had developed in their efforts to convert the Cree to Christianity, to the Eastern Canadian Inuit. The Netsilik Inuit in Kugaaruk and north Baffin Island adopted Qaniujaaqpait by the 1920s.
In September 2019, a unified orthography called Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait, based on the Latin alphabet without diacritics, was adopted for all varieties of Inuktitut by the national organization Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, after eight years of work. It was developed by Inuit to be used by speakers of any dialect from any region, and can be typed on electronic devices without specialized keyboard layouts. It does not replace syllabics, and people from the regions are not required to stop using their familiar writing systems. Implementation plans are to be established for each region. It includes letters such as ff, ch, and rh, the sounds for which exist in some dialects but do not have standard equivalents in syllabics. It establishes a standard alphabet but not spelling or grammar rules.[18][19] Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel (e.g., aa, ii, uu). The apostrophe represents a glottal stop when after a vowel (e.g., maꞌna), or separates an n from an ng (e.g., avin'ngaq) or an r from an rh (e.g., qar'rhuk).[20]
The syllabary used to write Inuktitut (titirausiq nutaaq). The extra characters with the dots represent long vowels; in the Latin transcription, the vowel would be doubled.
In April 2012, with the completion of the Old Testament, the first complete Bible in Inuktitut, translated by native speakers, was published.[21]
The Inuktitut syllabary used in Canada is based on the Cree syllabary devised by the missionary James Evans.[24] The present form of the syllabary for Canadian Inuktitut was adopted by the Inuit Cultural Institute in Canada in the 1970s. Inuit in Alaska, Inuvialuit, Inuinnaqtun speakers, and Inuit in Greenland and Labrador use Latin alphabets.
Though conventionally called a syllabary, the writing system has been classified by some observers as an abugida, since syllables starting with the same consonant have related glyphs rather than unrelated ones.
In 2012 Tamara Kearney, Manager of Braille Research and Development at the Commonwealth Braille and Talking Book Cooperative, developed a Braille code for the Inuktitut language syllabics. This code is based on representing the syllabics' orientation. Machine translation from Unicode UTF-8 and UTF-16 can be performed using the liblouis Braille translation system which includes an Inuktitut Braille translation table. The book ᐃᓕᐊᕐᔪᒃ ᓇᓄᕐᓗ (The Orphan and the Polar Bear) became the first work ever translated into Inuktitut Braille, and a copy is held by the Nunavut Territorial Library at Baker Lake, Nunavut.
^ abDorais, Louis-Jacques (2010). The language of the Inuit: syntax, semantics, and society in the Arctic. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN9780773544451. OCLC767733303.
Spalding, Alex (1992). Inuktitut: a Grammar of North Baffin Dialects. ISBN0-920063-43-8.
"The Inuktitut Language". Project Naming | the identification of Inuit portrayed in photographic collections at Library and Archives Canada. Collectionscanada.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23.
Although as many of the examples as possible are novel or extracted from Inuktitut texts, some of the examples in this article are drawn from Introductory Inuktitut and Inuktitut Linguistics for Technocrats.
Further reading
Allen, Shanley. Aspects of Argument Structure Acquisition in Inuktitut. Language acquisition & language disorders, v. 13. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub, 1996. ISBN1-55619-776-4
Fortescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates – second edition. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2011. ISBN1555001092.
Kalmar, Ivan. Case and Context in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Mercury series. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1979.
Nowak, Elke. Transforming the Images Ergativity and Transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Empirical approaches to language typology, 15. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. ISBN3-11-014980-X
Schneider, Lucien. Ulirnaisigutiit An Inuktitut–English Dictionary of Northern Québec, Labrador, and Eastern Arctic Dialects (with an English-Inuktitut Index). Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1985.
Spalding, Alex, and Thomas Kusugaq. Inuktitut A Multi-Dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq Base). Iqaluit, NT: Nunavut Arctic College, 1998. ISBN1-896204-29-5
Prophet in the Book of Mormon Not to be confused with Michael Avenatti or Aminadi. This article uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Depiction of the death of Abinadi According to the Book of Mormon, Abinadi (/əˈbɪnədaɪ/)[1] was a prophet who lived on the American continent about 150 BC. In the Book of…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Sheila RibeiroLahir25 Maret 1973 (umur 50)KebangsaanBrazil / KanadaPekerjaanArtist Sheila Canevacci Ribeiro (lahir 25 Maret 1973) adalah seorang seniman yang dianggap pasca-konvergen, bekerja di ekosistem media jaringan yang saling bergantung, multi…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento elezioni non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1944 Stato Stati Uniti Data 7 novembre Collegio elettorale 531 elettori Affluenza 55,9% ( 6,6%) Candidati Franklin D. Roosevelt Thomas Dewey Partiti Democratico Repubblicano Voti 25 612 91653,4% …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Parmena novaki Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Parmena Spesies: Parmena novaki Parmena novaki adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spe…
Artikel ini sudah memiliki referensi, tetapi tidak disertai kutipan yang cukup. Anda dapat membantu mengembangkan artikel ini dengan menambahkan lebih banyak kutipan pada teks artikel. (Desember 2023) (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Halim AmbiyaLahirAbdul Halim Ambiya12 Juli 1974 (umur 49)Indramayu, Jawa BaratKebangsaan IndonesiaPendidikanMadrasah Ibtidaiyyah Tarbiyah wa Ta'lim, Bugis, Anjatan, IndramayuMadrasah Tsanawiyah GUPPI, Bugis, Anjatan, Indramayu…
Nama ini menggunakan kebiasaan penamaan Filipina; nama tengah atau nama keluarga pihak ibunya adalah Ebarle dan marga atau nama keluarga pihak ayahnya adalah Tañada. Wigberto E. Tañada Sr.Tañada pada 2018 Pemimpin Kelompok Minoritas Senat FilipinaMasa jabatan18 Januari 1992 – 30 Juni 1995PresidenCorazon AquinoFidel Ramos PendahuluJuan Ponce EnrilePenggantiEdgardo AngaraSenator FilipinaMasa jabatan30 Juni 1987 – 30 Juni 1995Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Filipina da…
Iarnród Éireann 2700 Class2701 stored at Inchicore Works in April 2016In service23 October 1998-10 August 2012ManufacturerGEC AlsthomFamily nameAlstom CommuterConstructed1997-1998Number built12 sets, 1 spare car(25 carriages)FormationTwo-car setsFleet numbers2701 – 2724 & 2726Capacity117 seatedOperatorsCommuterDepotsInchicore WorksLimerickSpecificationsCar body constructionSteelMaximum speed110 km/h (68 mph)Weight38 tonnes (37 long tons; 42 short tons) per carPrime mover(s)Trac…
United States Supreme Court practice Runners carrying the Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision on marriage equality (2015) The running of the interns was a Washington, DC, tradition, sometimes called a race,[1] involving interns of news outlets running to deliver results of major decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States to the press.[2][3] Many media outlets have made note of this, including BuzzFeed, Newsweek, NPR, and Cosmopolitan.[4][5…
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Empat Penunggang Kuda dalam Kitab Wahyu), lukisan karya Victor Vasnetsov (1887). Anak Domba Allah terlihat di bagian atas. Eskatologi Kristen Pandangan eskatologi Berbagai kepercayaan Preterisme Idealisme Historisisme Futurisme Milennium Amilenialisme Postmilenialisme Premilenialisme Pengangkatan sebelum murka Pengangkatan setelah penganiayaan Dispensasionalisme Teks Alkitab Injil sinoptik Kotbah di atas Bukit Zaitun Domba dan Kambing Kitab Daniel Nubuat 70 x 7 m…
Bupati BanyuasinLambang Kabupaten BanyuasinPetahanaHani Syopiar Rustamsejak 18 September 2023Masa jabatan5 tahunPejabat pertamaAmiruddin InoedSitus webwww.banyuasinkab.go.id Bupati Banyuasin adalah kepala daerah yang memimpin Kabupaten Banyuasin, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Bupati Banyuasin didampingi oleh Wakil Bupati Banyuasin. Pasangan Bupati dan Wakil Bupati Banyuasin dipilih melalui pemilihan umum secara langsung setiap 5 tahun sekali. No. Foto Nama Awal menjabat Akhir Jabatan Wakil Bup…
St. KristoAlbum studio karya SiksakuburDirilis18 Mei 2012 (2012-05-18)StudioEC3 Studio, JakartaGenreDeath MetalDurasi52:40LabelPodium MusicProduserSanto GunawanRudi DianKronologi Siksakubur Tentara Merah Darah(2010 (2010)) St. Kristo(2012) Siksakubur(2014 (2014)) St. Kristo adalah album studio keenam oleh band death metal Siksakubur, rilis tanggal 18 Mei 2012 melalui bendera Podium Music yang memuat 7 komposisi lagu dengan karakter khas black death metal yang digarap di EC3 St…
My Father Is a HeroSutradaraCorey YuenProduserWong JingTiffany ChenDitulis olehWong JingSandy ShawCeritaWong JingPemeranJet LiAnita MuiXie MiaoDamian LauYu RongguangBonnie FuBlackie KoCollin ChouPenata musikMark LauWong JimSinematograferTom LauPenyuntingAngie LamDistributor Win's Entertainment, Ltd.Tanggal rilis 2 Maret 1995 (1995-03-02) Durasi104 menitNegara Hong KongBahasaKantonMandarinInggrisPendapatankotorHK$15,530,642.00 My Father Is A Hero (Hanzi sederhana: 给爸爸的信; …
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Kodusa – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Kodusa (021)AsalJakarta, IndonesiaGenreIslamic Metal, Nu MetalTahun aktif1998 – saat iniSitus webFacebook KODUSA Friendster KODUSAAnggotaIves (Vo…
Натура́льное хозя́йство — хозяйство, в котором люди производят продукты лишь для удовлетворения своих собственных потребностей, не прибегая к обмену, к рынку. Всё необходимое производится внутри хозяйственной единицы. Натуральное хозяйство противоположно товарному пр…
Ini adalah nama Tionghoa-Indonesia, marganya adalah Soe (史) Untuk Ketua Komisi Pemilihan Umum, lihat Arief Budiman (komisioner). Arief BudimanLahirSoe Hok Djin(1941-01-03)3 Januari 1941Jakarta, Hindia BelandaMeninggal23 April 2020(2020-04-23) (umur 79)Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, IndonesiaTempat tinggalSalatigaKebangsaanIndonesiaAlmamaterUniversitas IndonesiaPekerjaanGuru BesarDikenal atasAktivis reformasiSuami/istriLeila Chairani BudimanAnakAdrian, SantiOrang tuaSoe Lie PietKerabatSoe Hok Gie(…
Berjuta NikmatAlbum studio karya El HawaDirilis2009GenreQasidahLabelPuspita RecordsKronologi El Hawa T e r o rString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Berjuta Nikmat Berjuta Nikmat adalah sebuah album Qasidah volume ke-10 milik grup musik El Hawa yang dirilis tahun 2009. Daftar lagu Berjuta Nikmat - Eva Rosita (Roseno B. L.) Sarang Dosa - Qory (Drs. H. Moh. Ghufron) Tabah (Hasan Basri H. S.) Suling Qasidah (M. Tjarmadi) Ya Robbi (Hasan Basri H. S.) Peran Tetan…
Nazam adalah salah satu karya sastra membudaya turun-menurun yang merupakan salah satu bagian dari persajakan Aceh dan Gayo yang umumnya ditulis dan dibaca secara berirama. Nazam ini umumnya sarat akan nuansa nilai-nilai spiritualitas (khususnya religi keislaman). Bahkan hampir semua nazam Aceh memaparkan tentang petuah-petuah keagamaan, hukum, sejarah, moral, dan adat etnis Aceh yang bersendikan agama. Ciri-ciri Karakteristik nazam yang membedakan dari karya sastra lainnya ialah nazam umumnya t…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Strychnos lucida Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Tracheophyta Kelas: Magnoliopsida Ordo: Gentianales Famili: Loganiaceae Genus: Strychnos Spesies: S. lucida Nama binomial Strychnos lucidaR. Br. Sinonim Strychnos muricata Kostel.Strychno…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Itaya Haz…