List of sovereign states in the 1890s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1890s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1890 and 31 December 1899. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja	Widely recognized state.

Acre – Republic of Acre^[1] (from July 14, 1899) Capital: Cidade do Acre	De facto independent state from July 14, 1899.

Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr^[2] Capital: Agadez	Widely recognized state.

Andorra – Principality of Andorra^[3] Capital: Andorra la Vella	Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.

Angoche – Angoche Sultanate^[4] Capital: Angoche	Widely recognized state.

Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole^[5] Capital: Mbarara	Widely recognized state.

Argentina – Argentine Republic^[6] Capital: Buenos Aires

Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu	Widely recognized state.

Ashanti – Asante Union^[7] Capital: Kumasi	Widely recognized state.

Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa Capital: Aussa	Widely recognized state.

Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire^[8] Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)	Widely recognized state.

B

Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi^[9] (to September 20, 1897) Capital: Massenya (to 1893), Chekna (from 1893 to 1897)	Tributary state of the Bornu Empire. Annexed by France on September 20, 1897.

Bali – Kingdom of Bali^[10] Capital: Klungkung	Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.

Baol – Kingdom of Baol^[11] (to 1895) Capital: Diourbel	Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1895.

Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland^[12] (to 1899) Capital: Mongu	Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.

Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium^[13] Capital: Brussels	Widely recognized state.

Benin – Kingdom of Benin^[14] (to February 18, 1897) Capital: Edo	Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 18, 1897.

Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Punakha	Widely recognized state.

Biu – Biu Kingdom Capital: Biu	Widely recognized state.

Bolivia Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) Republic of Bolivia (to April 12, 1899) Republic of Bolivia (from October 25, 1899)	Widely recognized state.

Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora^[15] (to September 21, 1895) Capital: Nunue, Vaitape	Widely recognized state to September 21, 1895. Annexed by France on September 21, 1895.

Bornu – Bornu Empire^[16] (to 1893) Capital: Ngazargamu	Widely recognized state to 1893. Annexed by France in 1893.

Brakna – Brakna Emirate Capital: Aleg	Widely recognized state.

Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil^[17] Capital: Rio de Janeiro	Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.^[a]

Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda (to 1894) Capital: Mengo, Uganda	Widely recognized state to 1894. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1894.

Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria^[18] Capital: Sofia	De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (to 1899) Capital: Hoima	Widely recognized state to 1899. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.

Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi^[19] (to July 1, 1890) Capital: Gitega, Bujumbura	Widely recognized state to July 1, 1890. Annexed by Germany on July 1, 1890.

Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga Capital: Bugembe	Widely recognized state.

C

Canada – Dominion of Canada Capital: Ottawa	Widely recognized state. Commonwealth realm.

→ Central America (from September 15, 1896) Capital: Amapala Greater Republic of Central America (from September 15, 1896 to November 1, 1898) United States of Central America (from November 1 to November 21, 1898)	A Political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua until November 21, 1898.^[20]

Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (from 1899) Capital: Champasak	Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.

Chile Capital: Santiago Liberal Republic of Chile (to September 18, 1891) Parliamentary Era in Chile (from September 18, 1891)	Widely recognized state.

China – Great Qing Empire Capital: Beijing	Widely recognized state.

Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.

Colombia – Republic of Colombia Capital: Bogota	Widely recognized state.

Congo – Congo Free State Capital: Boma	Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.

Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Capital: San Jose	Widely recognized state.

Crete – Cretan State^[21] (from December 9, 1898) Capital: Chania	Widely recognized state. Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.
D

Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey^[22] (to January 20, 1894) Capital: Abomey	Widely recognized state to January 20, 1894. Annexed by France on January 20, 1894.

Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti^[23] Capital: N'Délé	Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga to 1890. Vassal state of Rabih az-Zubayr from 1890.

Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur (from 1898) Capital: Al Fashir	Widely recognized state from 1898.

Dendi – Dendi Kingdom Capital: Lulami	Widely recognized state.

Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark Capital: Copenhagen	Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Danish West Indies (Colony) Greenland Territory) Iceland (Dependency)

Dhala – Emirate of Dhala Capital: Dhale	Widely recognized state.

Dominican Republic – Second Republic Capital: Santo Domingo	Widely recognized state.

E

Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Republic of Ecuador (to June 1, 1895) Republic of Ecuador (from June 1, 1895) Capital: Quito	Widely recognized state.

El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898) Capital: San Salvador	Widely recognized state to September 15, 1896, and from November 21, 1898.Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.

→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire Capital: Addis Ababa	Widely recognized state.

F

France – French Republic Capital: Paris	Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Comoros (Protectorate) French Algeria (de jure Department of Metropolitan France, de facto Colony) French Dahomey (Colony from 1894 to 1894) French Guiana (Colony) French Guinea (Colony from 1891 to October 27, 1895) French India (Colony) French Indochina (Colony) French Ivory Coast (Protectorate to March 10, 1893 and Colony from March 10, 1893) French Madagascar (Colony from February 28, 1897) French Oceania - French Establishments in Oceania (Colony) French Somaliland (Colony) French West Africa (Federation of colonies from October 27, 1895) Futa Jallon (Protectorate from November 18, 1896) Guadeloupe (Colony) Guangzhouwan (Leased territory of France from May 29, 1898) Hankou (Concession from 1896) Laos (Protectorate from October 3, 1893 to April 19, 1899) → Malagasy Protectorate (Protectorate to February 28, 1897) Martinique (Colony) Mayotte (Colony) New Caledonia (Colony) Obock (Colony to May 20, 1896) Réunion (Colony) Saint Barthélemy (Colony) Saint Martin (Colony) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Colony) Shanghai (Concession) Tientsin (Concession) Tunisia - Tunisian Realm (Protectorate) Upper River (Colony renamed to French Sudan in 1890 to October 27, 1895) Wallis and Futuna (Protectorate)

→ Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon (to November 18, 1896) Capital: Timbo	Widely recognized state to November 18, 1896. Annexed by France on November 18, 1896.

G

Gaza – Gaza Empire (to 1895) Capital: Manjacaze	Widely recognized state to 1895. Annexed by Portugal in 1895.

Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi Capital: Afgooye	Widely recognized state.

Germany – German Empire Capital: Berlin	Widely recognized independent state. Germany had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: German East Africa (Colony) German New Guinea (Colony) German South West Africa (Colony) German West Africa (Colony) Hankou (Concession from 1895) Kamerun (Colony) Kiautschou Bay (Concession from March 6, 1898) Tientsin (Concession from 1895) Wituland (Protectorate to 1890)

Greece – Kingdom of Greece Capital: Athens	Widely recognized state.

Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala Capital: Guatemala City	Widely recognized state.

Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman (to 1895) Capital: Sampa, Drobo	Widely recognized state.

H

Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar Capital: Ha'il	Widely recognized state.

Haiti – Republic of Haiti Capital: Port-au-Prince	Widely recognized state.

Hawaii Capital: Honolulu Kingdom of Hawaii (to January 17, 1893) Provisional Government of Hawaii (from January 17, 1893 to July 4, 1894) Republic of Hawaii (from July 4, 1894 to August 12, 1898)	Widely recognized state to August 12, 1898. Annexed by the United States on August 12, 1898.

Honduras – Republic of Honduras (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898) Capital: Tegucigalpa	Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.

Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine (to September 15, 1895) Capital: Huahine	Annexed by France on September 15, 1895.

Hunza – State of Hunza (to 1892) Capital: Baltit	Widely recognized state to 1892. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1892.

I

Igala – Igala Kingdom Capital: Idah	Widely recognized state.

Igara – Kingdom of Igara Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.

Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀

Italy – Kingdom of Italy Capital: Rome	Widely recognized independent state. Italy had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Italian Eritrea (Colony) Italian Somaliland (Colony)

J

Japan – Empire of Japan Capital: Tokyo City	Widely recognized independent state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Chongqing (Concession from 1897) Hangzhou (Concession from 1897) Hankou (Concession from 1898) Hokkaido (Colony) Kuril Islands (Colony) Minami-Tori-shima (Colony from 1898) Nanpō Islands (Colony from 1891) Ryukyu Islands (Colony) Shashi (Concession from 1898) Suzhou (Concession from 1897) Taiwan (Colony from April 17, 1895) Tientsin (Concession from 1898)

K

Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa (to September 11, 1897) Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha

Kajara – Kajara Kingdom Capital: Not specified

Kano – Emirate of Kano Capital: Takai

Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom Capital: Not specified

Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate Capital: Argungu	Widely recognized state.

Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom (to May 1, 1898) Capital: Sikasso

Kong – Kong Empire (to 1895) Capital: Kong

Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo Capital: Mbanza-Kongo	Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.

→ Korea Capital: Hanseong Kingdom of Great Joseon (to October 12, 1897) Korean Empire (from October 12, 1897)	Tributary state of the Qing dynasty to 1894. Widely recognized independent state from October 12, 1897.

Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya (to August 31, 1896) Capital: Grand Cape Mount

L

Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom Capital: Lafia

Liberia – Republic of Liberia Capital: Monrovia

Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Capital: Vaduz

Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (to 1891) Capital: Saqqa

Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa (to 1895) Capital: Jaʿār

Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Capital: Luxembourg City

M

Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao (to October 30, 1898) Capital: Kuta Watu

Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur (to 1891) Capital: Imphal

Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi (to 1891) Capital: Manthimba

Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom Capital: Bulawayo

Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.

Merina – Kingdom of Imerina (to 1897) Capital: Antananarivo

Mexico – United Mexican States Capital: Mexico City

Monaco – Principality of Monaco Capital: Monaco

Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro Capital: Cetinje

Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco Capital: Fes

Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire (to 1896) Capital: Multiple capitals	Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire: Gurunsi (to 1899) Gwiriko (to 1897) Liptako (to 1897) Nungu (to 1895) Wogodogo (to 1897) Yatenga (to 1895)

Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman Capital: Muscat	De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.

Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.

N

Negeri Sembilan (to 1895) Capital: Seremban	Federated in to the Federated Malay States from 1895.

Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal Capital: Kathmandu

Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands Capital: Amsterdam

→ → Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898) Capital: Managua	Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.

Norway – Kingdom of Norway Capital: Christiania	In personal union between Sweden until December 15, 1899. Union badge removed on December 15, 1899

O

Orange Free State Capital: Bloemfontein	Independent Boer sovereign republic under the British suzerainty in South Africa.

Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.

Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State Capital: Constantinople

P

Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay Capital: Asunción

→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia Capital: Tehran

Peru Capital: Lima National Reconstruction (to 8 September 1895) Aristocratic Republic (from 8 September 1895)

Philippines – First Philippine Republic (from January 23, 1899)^[24] Capital: Several temporary capitals	De facto independent state.

Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal Capital: Lisbon

R

Romania – Kingdom of Romania Capital: Bucharest

→ Russia – Russian Empire Capital: Saint Petersburg

S

Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa Capital: Apia

San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino Capital: San Marino

Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia Capital: Belgrade

Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara Capital: Kota Mambang Segara

Siam – Kingdom of Siam Capital: Bangkok	Widely recognized independent state. The following are vassal states of Siam: Luang Phrabang (Vassal state, to 1893)

Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate Capital: Sokoto

Spain – Kingdom of Spain Capital: Madrid

Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu Capital: Maimbung

Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden Capital: Stockholm	In personal union between Norway until December 15, 1899.

Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Capital: Bern

T

Tagant – Emirate of Tagant Capital: Tidjikja

Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga Capital: Nuku'alofa

Toro – Toro Kingdom (from August 14, 1891) Capital: Kabarole

Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire (to 1890) Capital: Segou

Transvaal – South African Republic Capital: Pretoria

Trarza – Emirate of Trarza Capital: Mederdra

Tui Manuʻa – Tui Manuʻa Confederacy Capital: Fitiuta

U

United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital: London	Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom: Aden (Protectorate) Afghanistan (Protectorate under Treaty of Gandamak) Amoy (Concession) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Condominium of the United Kingdom and the Khedivate of Egypt from 19 June 1899) Ascension Island (Possession) Bahama Islands (Crown colony) Bahrain (Protectorate) Baker Island (Uninhabited possession) Barbados (Crown colony) Basutoland (Crown colony) Barotseland (Protectorate to November 28, 1899) Bechuanaland (Protectorate) Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia (Protectorate from November 28, 1899) Bermuda (Crown colony) British Bechuanaland (Crown colony to November 16, 1895) British Central Africa (Protectorate from 1893) British Ceylon (Crown colony) British Cyprus (Protectorate) British East Africa (Protectorate from July 1, 1895) British Guiana (Colony) British Honduras (Crown colony) British Hong Kong (Crown colony) British Jamaica (Crown colony) British Leeward Islands (Federal colony) British Mauritius (Crown colony) British Somaliland (Crown colony) British Trinidad and Tobago (Crown colony) British Western Pacific Territories (Crown colony) British Windward Islands (Crown colony) → Brunei (Protectorate) Cape Colony (Colony) Colony of Natal (Colony) Cook Islands (Protectorate to March 15, 1893 and Crown colony from March 15, 1893) Falkland Islands (Crown colony) Federated Malay States (Protectorate from 1895) Friendly Islands (Tripartite protectorate) Gambia (Crown colony and protectorate) Gibraltar (Crown colony) Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Protectorate from 1892) Gold Coast (Crown colony) Graham Land (Uninhabited possession) Guernsey (Crown dependency) Hankou (Concession) Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Uninhabited possession) Heligoland (Protectorate to 1890) India - Indian Empire (Crown colony) Isle of Man (Crown dependency) Jarvis Island (Uninhabited possession) Jersey (Crown dependency) Kuwait (Protectorate from January 17, 1899) Labuan (Protectorate to 1890) Lagos (Colony) Maldive Islands (Protectorate) Malta (Crown colony) Manipur (Protectorate to 1891) Muscat and Oman (Protectorate) Nepal (Protectorate) Newfoundland (Crown colony) New South Wales (Colony) New Zealand (Colony) Niger Coast (Protectorate from 12 May 1893 to 31 December 1899) Niger Districts (Protectorate) North Borneo (Protectorate) Oil Rivers (Protectorate until 12 May 1893) British New Guinea (Colony) Rarotonga (Protectorate to 1893) Rhodesia (Company Rule by British South Africa Company) Queensland (Colony) Saint Helena (Crown colony) Sarawak (Protectorate) Sierra Leone (Crown colony and protectorate from August 31, 1896) Sikkim (Protectorate from 1890) South Australia (Colony) Straits Settlements (Crown colony) Suez Canal Zone (Crown colony) Tasmania (Colony) Tientsin (Concession) Tokelau (Protectorate) Tristan da Cunha (Crown colony) Trucial States (Protectorate) Unfederated Malay States Kedah (Protectorate) Kelantan (Protectorate) Perlis (Protectorate) Terengganu (Protectorate) Uganda (Protectorate from June 19, 1894) Union Islands (Protectorate) Victoria (Colony) Victoria Land (Uninhabited possession) Weihai (Concession from July 1, 1898) Western Australia (Colony) Wituland (Protectorate from 1890 to 1895) Zanzibar (Protectorate from 1890)

→ → United States – United States of America Capital: Washington D.C.	Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America: → → Alaska (District) American Samoa (Territory from December 2, 1899) → → Arizona (Territory) → → Bajo Nuevo Bank (Uninhabited territory) Cuba (Territory from April 20, 1898) Guam (Territory from December 2, 1898) Hawaii (Territory from August 12, 1898) Howland Island (Uninhabited territory) Idaho (Territory to July 3, 1890) → → Indian Territory (Territory) → → Johnston Atoll (Uninhabited territory) → → Kingman Reef (Uninhabited territory) → → Middlebrook Island (Uninhabited territory) → → Midway Atoll (Uninhabited territory) → → Navassa Island (Uninhabited territory) → → New Mexico (Territory) → → Oklahoma (Territory from May 2, 1890) Philippine Islands (Territory from August 14, 1898) Puerto Rico (Territory from April 11, 1899) → → Quita Sueño Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Roncador Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Serrana Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Serranilla Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Swan Islands (Uninhabited territory) → → Tientsin (Concession) Wake Island (Uninhabited territory from January 17, 1899) Wyoming (Territory to July 10, 1890) → Utah (Territory to January 4, 1896)

Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Capital: Nişāb

Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Capital: Sa'id

Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa Capital: Mahjaba

Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay Capital: Montevideo

V

Venezuela – United States of Venezuela Capital: Caracas

W

Wadai – Wadai Empire Capital: Abéché

Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban Capital: Habban

Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq Capital: Tosora

Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (to September 29, 1898) Capital: Bissandugu	Annexed by France on September 29, 1898

Wolaita – Kingdom of Wolaita (to November 1894) Capital: Lasho, Dalbo, Sodo	Annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1894

Wukari – Wukari Federation Capital: Wukari

Y

Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma (to 1894) Capital: Fofa

Yeke – Yeke Kingdom (to 1891) Capital: Bunkeya

Z

Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (to 1897) Capital: Not specified

→ Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar (to 1 July 1890) Capital: Stone Town	Widely recognized state to 1 July 1890. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 1 July 1890.

States claiming sovereignty
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh Capital: Kutaraja	Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.

Biak-na-Bato – Republic of Biak-na-Bato (from November 1 to December 15, 1897) Capital: San Miguel	Unrecognized state.

Counani – Republic of Independent Guiana (to 1891) Capital: Counani	Unrecognized state.

Formosa – Republic of Formosa (from May 24 to October 23, 1895) Capital: Taipei	Unrecognized state.

Franceville – Independent Commune of Franceville (to 1890) Capital: None	Unrecognized state.

Lado – Lado District (from 1894) Capital: Lado	Unrecognized state.

Loreto – Federal State of Loreto (from 2 May to 10 July 1896) Capital: Iquitos	Unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru

Mahdist Sudan – Mahdist State (to September 2, 1898) Capital: Omdurman	Unrecognized state. Annexed by Sudan on September 2, 1898

Mato Grosso – Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso (to 1892) Capital: Corumba	Unrecognized state.

Negros – Republic of Negros (from November 27, 1898) Capital: Bacólod	Unrecognized state. Constituent of the Federal State of the Visayas from 1898 to 1899.

Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (from 1894) Capital: Mbabane	Unrecognized state.

Tagalog Republic – Sovereign Tagalog Nation (from August 29, 1896, to March 22, 1897) Capital: Morong	Unrecognized state.

Trinidad – Principality of Trinidad (from 1893 to 1895) Capital: None	Unrecognized state.

Zamboanga – Republic of Zamboanga (from May 18 to November 16, 1898) Capital: Zamboanga City	Unrecognized state.

Notes

^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

References

^ "Acre and its Robber; Cause of the Establishment of the New Republic. The Conflicting Interests of Brazil and Bolivia -- Millions Involved -- Population Not Over 10,000". The New York Times. 1900-11-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
^ "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, November 3, 2021, retrieved 2021-11-17
^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
^ "Argentina", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-11-16, retrieved 2021-11-19
^ "Asante empire". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
^ McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
^ The rough guide to Bali & Lombok by Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.298
^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.
^ "Belgium", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-21, retrieved 2022-02-06
^ Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)", Benin Studies, Routledge, pp. 76–128, doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4, ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4, S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023
^ "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
^ Hudson, Rex A. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22
^ Pearson, Raymond (25 September 2014). The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789–1920. Routledge. ISBN 9781317897774. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "Kingdom of Burundi". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ Slade, William F. (1917). "The Federation of Central America". The Journal of Race Development. 8 (2): 210–215. doi:10.2307/29738239. hdl:2027/inu.30000056731338. JSTOR 29738239.
^ Kitromilides M. Paschalis (ed) Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh University Press, 2008 p. 68.
^ Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.
^ Garbou, Henri (1912). "La région du Tchad et du Oudaï; études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou". Bulletin de Correspondence Africaine. XLVII1.
^ Note: The country had a Dictatorial government and a Revolutionary government prior to its establishment as a sovereign state.

[18] 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

[1] "Acre and its Robber; Cause of the Establishment of the New Republic. The Conflicting Interests of Brazil and Bolivia -- Millions Involved -- Population Not Over 10,000". The New York Times. 1900-11-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-17.

[:1-2] James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.

[3] "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, November 3, 2021, retrieved 2021-11-17

[4] Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[5] Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.

[6] "Argentina", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-11-16, retrieved 2021-11-19

[7] "Asante empire". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 1, 2021.

[1880_to_the_Diamond_Jubilee-8] McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.

[9] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.

[10] The rough guide to Bali & Lombok by Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.298

[11] Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458

[12] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.

[13] "Belgium", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-21, retrieved 2022-02-06

[14] Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)", Benin Studies, Routledge, pp. 76–128, doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4, ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4, S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023

[15] "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.

[16] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.

[locbrazil-17] Hudson, Rex A. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22

[19] Pearson, Raymond (25 September 2014). The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789–1920. Routledge. ISBN 9781317897774. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.

[EB-20] "Kingdom of Burundi". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved 15 October 2016.

[21] Slade, William F. (1917). "The Federation of Central America". The Journal of Race Development. 8 (2): 210–215. doi:10.2307/29738239. hdl:2027/inu.30000056731338. JSTOR 29738239.

[22] Kitromilides M. Paschalis (ed) Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh University Press, 2008 p. 68.

[23] Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.

[Garbou-24] Garbou, Henri (1912). "La région du Tchad et du Oudaï; études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou". Bulletin de Correspondence Africaine. XLVII1.

[25] Note: The country had a Dictatorial government and a Revolutionary government prior to its establishment as a sovereign state.

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List of sovereign states in the 1890s

Sovereign states

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

States claiming sovereignty

Notes

References

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