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List of sovereign states in the 1890s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1890s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1890 and 31 December 1899. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

 Abuja – Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja 		Widely recognized state.
Acre – Republic of Acre[1] (from July 14, 1899)
Capital: Cidade do Acre 		De facto independent state from July 14, 1899.
 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[2]
Capital: Agadez 		Widely recognized state.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra[3]
Capital: Andorra la Vella 		Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[4]
Capital: Angoche 		Widely recognized state.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[5]
Capital: Mbarara 		Widely recognized state.
 Argentina – Argentine Republic[6]
Capital: Buenos Aires
Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu 		Widely recognized state.
 Ashanti – Asante Union[7]
Capital: Kumasi 		Widely recognized state.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa
Capital: Aussa 		Widely recognized state.
 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire[8]
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania) 		Widely recognized state.

B

  Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[9] (to September 20, 1897)
Capital: Massenya (to 1893), Chekna (from 1893 to 1897) 		Tributary state of the Bornu Empire. Annexed by France on September 20, 1897.
Bali – Kingdom of Bali[10]
Capital: Klungkung 		Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
  Baol – Kingdom of Baol[11] (to 1895)
Capital: Diourbel 		Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1895.
 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[12] (to 1899)
Capital: Mongu 		Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[13]
Capital: Brussels 		Widely recognized state.
 Benin – Kingdom of Benin[14] (to February 18, 1897)
Capital: Edo 		Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 18, 1897.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha 		Widely recognized state.
 Biu – Biu Kingdom
Capital: Biu 		Widely recognized state.
Bolivia Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) 		Widely recognized state.
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[15] (to September 21, 1895)
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape 		Widely recognized state to September 21, 1895. Annexed by France on September 21, 1895.
Bornu – Bornu Empire[16] (to 1893)
Capital: Ngazargamu 		Widely recognized state to 1893. Annexed by France in 1893.
 Brakna – Brakna Emirate
Capital: Aleg 		Widely recognized state.
Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil[17]
Capital: Rio de Janeiro 		Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[a]
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda (to 1894)
Capital: Mengo, Uganda 		Widely recognized state to 1894. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1894.
Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria[18]
Capital: Sofia 		De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (to 1899)
Capital: Hoima 		Widely recognized state to 1899. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi[19] (to July 1, 1890)
Capital: Gitega, Bujumbura 		Widely recognized state to July 1, 1890. Annexed by Germany on July 1, 1890.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe 		Widely recognized state.

C

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa 		Widely recognized state. Commonwealth realm.
→ Central America (from September 15, 1896)
Capital: Amapala
  • Greater Republic of Central America (from September 15, 1896 to November 1, 1898)
  • United States of Central America (from November 1 to November 21, 1898)
 A Political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua until November 21, 1898.[20]
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (from 1899)
Capital: Champasak 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.
Chile
Capital: Santiago 		Widely recognized state.
 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing 		Widely recognized state.
 Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogota 		Widely recognized state.
 Congo – Congo Free State
Capital: Boma 		Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.
Costa Rica Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose 		Widely recognized state.
Crete – Cretan State[21] (from December 9, 1898)
Capital: Chania 		Widely recognized state. Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.

D

Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[22] (to January 20, 1894)
Capital: Abomey 		Widely recognized state to January 20, 1894. Annexed by France on January 20, 1894.
 Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[23]
Capital: N'Délé 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga to 1890. Vassal state of Rabih az-Zubayr from 1890.
Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur (from 1898)
Capital: Al Fashir 		Widely recognized state from 1898.
 Dendi – Dendi Kingdom
Capital: Lulami 		Widely recognized state.
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen 		Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale 		Widely recognized state.
Dominican Republic – Second Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo 		Widely recognized state.

E

Ecuador Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito 		Widely recognized state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898)
Capital: San Salvador 		Widely recognized state to September 15, 1896, and from November 21, 1898.Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa 		Widely recognized state.

F

France – French Republic
Capital: Paris 		Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
→ Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon (to November 18, 1896)
Capital: Timbo 		Widely recognized state to November 18, 1896. Annexed by France on November 18, 1896.

G

 Gaza – Gaza Empire (to 1895)
Capital: Manjacaze 		Widely recognized state to 1895. Annexed by Portugal in 1895.
 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi
Capital: Afgooye 		Widely recognized state.
 Germany – German Empire
Capital: Berlin 		Widely recognized independent state. Germany had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens 		Widely recognized state.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City 		Widely recognized state.
 Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman (to 1895)
Capital: Sampa, Drobo 		Widely recognized state.

H
Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Capital: Ha'il 		Widely recognized state.
Haiti Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince 		Widely recognized state.
Hawaii
Capital: Honolulu 		Widely recognized state to August 12, 1898. Annexed by the United States on August 12, 1898.
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Tegucigalpa 		Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine (to September 15, 1895)
Capital: Huahine 		Annexed by France on September 15, 1895.
Hunza – State of Hunza (to 1892)
Capital: Baltit 		Widely recognized state to 1892. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1892.

I
 Igala – Igala Kingdom
Capital: Idah 		Widely recognized state.
 Igara – Kingdom of Igara

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.
 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome 		Widely recognized independent state. Italy had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

J
Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City 		Widely recognized independent state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

K
 Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa (to September 11, 1897)
Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha
 Kajara – Kajara Kingdom

Capital: Not specified

Kano – Emirate of Kano
Capital: Takai
 Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom

Capital: Not specified

 Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate
Capital: Argungu 		Widely recognized state.
 Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom (to May 1, 1898)
Capital: Sikasso
 Kong – Kong Empire (to 1895)
Capital: Kong
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Capital: Mbanza-Kongo 		Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
→ Korea
Capital: Hanseong 		Tributary state of the Qing dynasty to 1894. Widely recognized independent state from October 12, 1897.
 Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya (to August 31, 1896)
Capital: Grand Cape Mount

L
 Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom
Capital: Lafia
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz
 Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (to 1891)
Capital: Saqqa
Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa (to 1895)
Capital: Jaʿār
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City

M
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao (to October 30, 1898)
Capital: Kuta Watu
 Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur (to 1891)
Capital: Imphal
 Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi (to 1891)
Capital: Manthimba
 Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Capital: Bulawayo
 Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.
Merina – Kingdom of Imerina (to 1897)
Capital: Antananarivo
Mexico Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco
 Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje
Morocco Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes
 Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire (to 1896)
Capital: Multiple capitals 		Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:
 Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat 		De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.
 Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.

N
Negeri Sembilan (to 1895)
Capital: Seremban 		Federated in to the Federated Malay States from 1895.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu
 Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam
→ → Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Managua 		Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Christiania 		In personal union between Sweden until December 15, 1899. Union badge removed on December 15, 1899

O
 Orange Free State
Capital: Bloemfontein 		Independent Boer sovereign republic under the British suzerainty in South Africa.
 Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.
 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople

P
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción
→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran
 Peru
Capital: Lima
Philippines – First Philippine Republic (from January 23, 1899)
Capital: Several temporary capitals 		De facto independent state.
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon

R
 Romania – Kingdom of Romania
Capital: Bucharest
→ Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg

S
Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
Capital: Apia
 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino
 Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia
Capital: Belgrade
Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
Capital: Kota Mambang Segara
Thailand Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok 		Widely recognized independent state. The following are vassal states of Siam:
Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
Capital: Sokoto
Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Capital: Maimbung
Sweden Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
Capital: Stockholm 		In personal union between Norway until December 15, 1899.
Switzerland Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern

T
 Tagant – Emirate of Tagant
Capital: Tidjikja
 Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga
Capital: Nuku'alofa
 Toro – Toro Kingdom (from August 14, 1891)
Capital: Kabarole
 Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire (to 1890)
Capital: Segou
 Transvaal – South African Republic
Capital: Pretoria
 Trarza – Emirate of Trarza
Capital: Mederdra
 Tui Manuʻa – Tui Manuʻa Confederacy
Capital: Fitiuta

U
 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London 		Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom:
→ United States →  United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C. 		Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America:
  Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Capital: Nişāb
  Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Capital: Sa'id
 Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa
Capital: Mahjaba
 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo

V
 Venezuela – United States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas

W
 Wadai – Wadai Empire
Capital: Abéché
 Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban
Capital: Habban
 Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq
Capital: Tosora
Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (to September 29, 1898)
Capital: Bissandugu 		Annexed by France on September 29, 1898
 Wolaita – Kingdom of Wolaita (to November 1894)
Capital: Lasho, Dalbo, Sodo 		Annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1894
 Wukari – Wukari Federation
Capital: Wukari

Y
 Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma (to 1894)
Capital: Fofa
 Yeke – Yeke Kingdom (to 1891)
Capital: Bunkeya

Z
  Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (to 1897)
Capital: Not specified
→ Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar (to 1 July 1890)
Capital: Stone Town 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1890. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 1 July 1890.

States claiming sovereignty

Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
Capital: Kutaraja 		Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.
Biak-na-Bato – Republic of Biak-na-Bato (from November 1 to December 15, 1897)
Capital: San Miguel 		Unrecognized state.
Counani – Republic of Independent Guiana (to 1891)
Capital: Counani 		Unrecognized state.
Formosa – Republic of Formosa (from May 24 to October 23, 1895)
Capital: Taipei 		Unrecognized state.
Franceville – Independent Commune of Franceville (to 1890)
Capital: None 		Unrecognized state.
Lado – Lado District (from 1894)
Capital: Lado 		Unrecognized state.
 Loreto – Federal State of Loreto (from 2 May to 10 July 1896)
Capital: Iquitos 		Unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru
Mahdist Sudan – Mahdist State (to September 2, 1898)
Capital: Omdurman 		Unrecognized state. Annexed by Sudan on September 2, 1898
Mato Grosso – Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso (to 1892)
Capital: Corumba 		Unrecognized state.
Negros – Republic of Negros (from November 27, 1898)
Capital: Bacólod 		Unrecognized state. Constituent of the Federal State of the Visayas from 1898 to 1899.
Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (from 1894)
Capital: Mbabane 		Unrecognized state.
Tagalog Republic – Sovereign Tagalog Nation (from August 29, 1896, to March 22, 1897)
Capital: Morong 		Unrecognized state.
Trinidad – Principality of Trinidad (from 1893 to 1895)
Capital: None 		Unrecognized state.
  Zamboanga – Republic of Zamboanga (from May 18 to November 16, 1898)
Capital: Zamboanga City 		Unrecognized state.

Notes

  1. ^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

References

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  2. ^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  3. ^ "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, November 3, 2021, retrieved 2021-11-17
  4. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
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  10. ^ The rough guide to Bali & Lombok by Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.298
  11. ^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
  12. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.
  13. ^ "Belgium", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-21, retrieved 2022-02-06
  14. ^ Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018), "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)", Benin Studies, Routledge, pp. 76–128, doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4, ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4, S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023
  15. ^ "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  16. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
  17. ^ Hudson, Rex A. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22
  18. ^ Pearson, Raymond (25 September 2014). The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789–1920. Routledge. ISBN 9781317897774. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ "Kingdom of Burundi". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  20. ^ Slade, William F. (1917). "The Federation of Central America". The Journal of Race Development. 8 (2): 210–215. doi:10.2307/29738239. hdl:2027/inu.30000056731338. JSTOR 29738239.
  21. ^ Kitromilides M. Paschalis (ed) Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh University Press, 2008 p. 68.
  22. ^ Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.
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