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Means of labor

Common variants

Structural
Autonomist Marxism–Leninism Hoxhaism Guevarism Maoism Stalinism Titoism Trotskyism Neo-Gramscianism Regulation school Third-worldist
Hegelian
Budapest School Frankfurt School Humanist Neue Marx-Lektüre Open Political Praxis School
Both
Black Classical Communization Feminist Leninism Neo Post Western

The means of labor (also called instruments of labor) is a concept in Marxist political economy that refers to "all those things with the aid of which man acts upon the subject of his labor, and transforms it."^{[full citation needed]}^{[page needed]} (Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1957) Means of labor include tools, machinery, buildings and land used for production, and infrastructure such as roads, telecommunications networks, and so forth.^{[full citation needed]}^{[page needed]} Labor, itself, defines "work, especially hard physical work."^{[full citation needed]}^{[page needed]}

The means of labor are one of three basic factors of production (Marx, 1967, p. 174), along with human labor and the subject of labor (the material worked on).^{[full citation needed]}^{[page needed]}

The means of labor and the subject of labor comprise the means of production of society.^{[full citation needed]}^{[page needed]}

In some formulations, the means of labor and human labor (including the activity itself as well as the laborer's skills and knowledge used in production) comprise the productive forces of society (e.g., Sheptulin, 1978).^{[page needed]} Other formulations define productive forces more narrowly as the union of instruments of production^{[clarification needed : 'instruments of production' requires a definition]} and the laborers who wield them (e.g., Institute of Economics, 1957),^{[page needed]} thereby excluding invested capital.

References

Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. (1957). Political Economy: A Textbook. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Marx, Karl (1867 | 1967). Capital Vol. I. New York: International Publishers. Internet copy.
Sheptulin, A. P. (1978). Marxist-Leninist Philosophy. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

v t e Marxist phraseology and terminology
Philosophy and politics (Marxist)	Barracks communism Base and superstructure Bourgeoisie Bourgeois democracy Bourgeois nationalism Bourgeois revolution Bourgeois socialism Capitalist mode of production Class struggle Commodification Dialectics Dictatorship of the proletariat Historical materialism Imperialism Liquidationism Lumpenproletariat Means of labor Metabolic rift Petite bourgeoisie Primitive accumulation of capital Proletarian internationalism Proletarian revolution Pure communism Revisionism Revolutionary spontaneity Revolutionary wave Scientific socialism Socialist mode of production Super-imperialism Theoretician Two-stage theory Wage slavery Workers of the world, unite! Workers' council Workers' control World communism World revolution
Sociology and economics (Marxian)	Critique of political economy Accumulation of capital Capital Capitalist mode of production Crisis of capitalism Commanding heights of the economy Commodity Commodity production Dominant ideology Exchange value Free association Law of value Materialism Means of production Mode of production Productive forces Production for use Relations of production Ruling class Simple commodity production Socialist mode of production Socially necessary labour time Socialization Social murder Subject of labor Surplus value Use value Value Worker cooperative
Marxist–Leninist	Anti-revisionism Cadre Central Committee Democratic centralism Dual power Enemy of the people Foco General line of the party National liberation New class People's democratic state Politburo Political rehabilitation Popular front Real socialism Revisionism Revolutionary terror Self-criticism Socialist accumulation Socialism in one country Social fascism Social imperialism Soviet democracy Democracy in Marxism United front Vanguardism
Trotskyist	Deformed workers' state Degenerated workers' state French Turn Permanent revolution Social revolution Transitional demand Uneven and combined development United front World revolution
Maoist	Antagonistic contradiction Anti-revisionism Capitalist roader Continuous revolution theory The East wind prevails over the West wind Four Olds Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Mass line New Democracy Whole-process people's democracy One Divides Into Two People's war Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun Revisionism Revolutionary base area Revolution is not a dinner party Social imperialism Struggle session
Other	People's Multiparty Democracy

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