President Barack Obama, a Democrat, nominated Garland to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in March 2016 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia. However, the Republican Senatemajority refused to hold a hearing or vote on his nomination. The unprecedented refusal of a Senate majority to consider a Supreme Court nomination was highly controversial. Garland's nomination lasted 293 days (the longest to date), and it expired on January 3, 2017, at the end of the 114th Congress. Eventually, President Donald Trump, a Republican, nominated Neil Gorsuch to the vacant seat, and the Republican Senate majority confirmed him.
President Joe Biden nominated Garland as U.S. attorney general in January 2021. He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70–30 vote, and took office in March of that same year.
On February 8, 2024, the Department of Justice released a report authored by special counsel Robert Hur into President Biden's handling of classified documents which described perceived problems with Biden's memory and mental acuity. Garland defied House subpoenas to turn over materials related to Hur's investigation, particularly audio of Hur's interview with Biden,[1][2][3] after Biden invoked executive privilege to block the release of the materials.[4] On June 12, 2024, Garland was held in contempt by the House of Representatives for defying the subpoenas.[5]
Early life and education
Merrick Brian Garland was born on November 13, 1952, in Chicago.[6] He grew up in the north Chicago border suburb of Lincolnwood.[7][8]
His mother Shirley (née Horwitz; 1925–2016)[9] was a director of volunteer services at Chicago's Council for Jewish Elderly (now called CJE SeniorLife). His father, Cyril Garland (1915–2000),[10] headed Garland Advertising, a small business run out of the family home.[8][11][12] Garland was raised in Conservative Judaism; the family name had been changed from Garfinkel several generations earlier. His grandparents left the Pale of Settlement in the western Russian Empire in the early 20th century, fleeing antisemiticpogroms in what is now Ukraine and Poland, and seeking a better life for their children in the United States.[12][13] Two of his grandmother's siblings were later murdered in the Holocaust.[14] He is a second cousin of Republican six-term Iowa Governor and former Ambassador to China Terry Branstad.[15]
Garland then attended Harvard Law School,[19] where he was a member of the Harvard Law Review. Garland ran for the presidency of the Law Review but lost to Susan Estrich, so he served as an articles editor instead.[21][20] As an articles editor, Garland assigned himself to edit a submission by U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan on the topic of the role of state constitutions in safeguarding individual rights.[21][22][26] This correspondence with Brennan later contributed to his winning a clerkship with the justice.[26] Garland graduated from Harvard Law School in 1977 with a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude.
Garland insisted on being sent to Oklahoma City in the aftermath of the attack, in order to examine the crime scene and oversee the investigation in preparation for the prosecution.[33] He represented the government at the preliminary hearings of the two main defendants, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols.[33] Garland offered to lead the trial team, but could not because he was needed at the Justice Department headquarters. Instead, he helped pick the team and supervised it from Washington, D.C., where he was involved in major decisions, including the choice to seek the death penalty for McVeigh and Nichols.[33] Garland won praise for his work on the case from the Republican Governor of Oklahoma, Frank Keating.[8]
In 2003, Garland was elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers, completing the unexpired term of Deval Patrick, who had stepped down from the board.[35] Garland served as president of the overseers for 2009–10.[36]
On December 1, 1995, Garland received a hearing regarding the nomination before the Senate Judiciary Committee.[38] In Senate confirmation hearings Garland said that the Supreme Court justices whom he most admired were Justice Brennan, for whom he clerked, and Chief JusticeJohn Marshall. Garland also expressed admiration for the writing style of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.[39] However, Senate Republicans did not schedule a vote on Garland's confirmation,[8] not because of concerns over Garland's qualifications, but because of a dispute over whether to fill the seat.[28][40]
After winning the November 1996 presidential election, Clinton renominated Garland on January 7, 1997.[41] He was confirmed on March 19, 1997, by a 76–23 vote.[42] The majority of Republican senators voted to confirm Garland, including Senators John McCain, Orrin Hatch, Susan Collins, and Jim Inhofe.[43] Senators Mitch McConnell, Chuck Grassley, and Jeff Sessions were among those who voted against Garland.[43] All of the 23 "no" votes came from Republicans, and all were said to be based "on whether there was even a need for an eleventh seat" on the D.C. Circuit.[44] He received his judicial commission on March 20, 1997.[45]
Service as chief judge
Garland became chief judge of the D.C. Circuit on February 12, 2013.[46] As chief judge, Garland announced in May 2013 that the D.C. Circuit had unanimously decided to provide the public with same-day audio recordings of oral arguments in the court.[47][48][45] As chief judge, Garland was an active member of the Judicial Conference of the United States,[49] and was involved in the formulation of new rules to protect federal judicial branch employees from workplace harassment, which were adopted in the wake of multiple sexual misconduct allegations against Judge Alex Kozinski.[49][50] Garland's seven-year term as chief judge ended on February 11, 2020, with Judge Sri Srinivasan succeeding him.[49] Garland continued to serve as an active member of the court until his retirement.[51][52][45]
Notable cases
Garland is considered a judicial moderate and a centrist.[53] Garland has been described by Nina Totenberg and Carrie Johnson of NPR as "a moderate liberal, with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases".[8]Tom Goldstein, the publisher of SCOTUSblog, wrote in 2010 that "Judge Garland's record demonstrates that he is essentially the model, neutral judge. His opinions avoid unnecessary, sweeping pronouncements."[28] Garland has a reputation for collegiality and his opinions rarely draw a dissent.[54] As of 2016, Garland had written just fifteen dissents in his two decades on the court, fewer than his colleague Brett Kavanaugh, who wrote some 17 dissents over the previous decade.[54]
While on the bench, Garland has shown a tendency to be deferential to the government in criminal cases, siding with prosecutors in ten of the fourteen criminal cases in which he disagreed with a colleague.[59] For example, in United States v. Watson (1999), Garland dissented when the court concluded a prosecutor's closing argument was unduly prejudicial, objecting that a conviction should be reversed for only "the most egregious of these kind of errors."[59] In 2007, Garland dissented when the en banc D.C. Circuit reversed the conviction of a Washington, D.C. police officer who had accepted bribes in an FBI sting operation.[60]
Garland has taken a broad view of whistleblower protection laws, such as the False Claims Act (FCA),[61] which creates a private cause of action against those defrauding the federal government.[60] For example, in United States ex rel. Yesudian v. Howard University (1998), Garland wrote for the court in holding that a plaintiff alleging he had been fired by Howard University for whistleblowing could sue under the FCA for retaliation.[28] In United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp. (2004), Garland dissented when the court, in an opinion written by Judge John Roberts, held that the FCA did not apply to false claims submitted to Amtrak because Amtrak is not the government.[60][61] Roberts justified his narrow reading by citing a book by Circuit Judge Henry Friendly.[62] In dissent, Garland (who like Roberts had clerked for Friendly), cited Friendly's book as supporting the use of legislative intent,[60] writing that Roberts was relying on "'canons' of statutory construction, which serve there as 'cannons' of statutory destruction."[61][63] Garland's dissent, expressing concerns that the court's ruling would impede the government's ability to pursue false claims cases against federal grantees, is credited with sparking the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, which eliminated the loophole.[61] During confirmation hearings in 2005, Senator Chuck Grassley sharply questioned Roberts on why he had not adopted Garland's reading.[60] Roberts replied, "Any time Judge Garland disagrees, you know you're in a difficult area."[60]
According to Goldstein, Garland has "tended to take a broader view" of First Amendment rights.[28] In cases involving the Freedom of Information Act and similar provisions related to government transparency, "Judge Garland's rulings reflect a preference for open government."[28] In ACLU v. CIA (2013), Garland wrote for a panel unanimously rejecting the agency's Glomar response and ordering it to process the ACLU's FOIA request regarding targeted killings by CIA drones.[70] In Cause of Action v. FTC (2015), Garland wrote for a panel unanimously overturning the agency's limitation on FOIA fee waivers to large news outlets.[70]
In Lee v. Department of Justice (2005), Garland dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc after the D.C. Circuit affirmed the district court's order holding reporters in contempt of court for refusing to testify about their anonymous sources during the Wen Ho Lee investigation.[69][71] Garland wrote that the panel had erred in failing to "weigh the public interest in protecting the reporter's sources against the private interest in compelling disclosure" and that the decision "undermined the Founders' intention to protect the press 'so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people.'"[71] In Initiative & Referendum Institute v. U.S. Postal Service (2005), Garland wrote for the court, holding that a U.S. Postal Service regulation banning signature-gathering for petitions at post offices violated the First Amendment.[28][71] Garland found the regulation to be facially overbroad and not narrowly tailored.[71]
In cases involving campaign finance reform laws, Garland has applied Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission when he believed that he was compelled to do so, but he has not sought to extend its holding.[69] In Wagner v. Federal Election Commission (2015), Garland wrote for the unanimous en banc D.C. Circuit in upholding a prohibition on campaign contributions from federal contractors because of the governmental interest in preventing corruption.[69][72] In National Association of Manufacturers v. Taylor (2009), Garland wrote for the court in a decision upholding the constitutionality of lobbyist disclosure requirements under the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act.[47][72] Professor Rick Hasen, an election-law expert, writes that Garland's opinions on election law are characterized by careful application of precedent and indicate that Garland believes in reasonable regulation.[72]
Garland has addressed a number of religious freedom cases while on the D.C. Circuit, although several of these have been decided on procedural grounds.[73] In 2002, Garland joined a unanimous court in ruling for two federal prisoners who were denied the right to consume communion wine.[73][74] In 2010, Garland wrote the decision for a unanimous court in favor of an Interior Department employee who brought a religious-discrimination claim after the Interior Department refused to allow her to work weekdays rather than Sunday, when she wished to attend church and Bible study.[73][75]
Second Amendment
In 2007, Garland voted in favor of en banc review of the D.C. Circuit's panel decision in Parker v. District of Columbia invalidating the D.C. handgun ban. The Supreme Court subsequently affirmed this invalidation 5–4 in an opinion by Justice Scalia.[28]
Garland retired from federal judicial service on March 11, 2021, to accept appointment as the Attorney General of the United States.[45]
Supreme Court nomination
Garland was considered twice to fill vacated seats on the United States Supreme Court in 2009 and 2010, before finally being nominated in 2016 by President Barack Obama for the seat left vacant by the death of conservative Associate Justice Antonin Scalia.[79]
2009 and 2010 considerations
In 2009, following the announcement by Justice David Souter that he would retire, Garland was considered as one of nine finalists for the post, which ultimately went to Sonia Sotomayor, then a judge of the Second Circuit.[80]
After the April 2010 announcement by Justice John Paul Stevens that he would retire, Garland was again widely seen as a leading contender for a nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States.[81][82][83] President Obama interviewed Garland, among others, for the vacancy.[53] In May 2010, Senator Orrin Hatch, Republican of Utah, said he would help Obama if Garland was nominated, calling Garland "a consensus nominee" and predicting that Garland would win Senate confirmation with bipartisan support.[84][85] Obama nominated Solicitor General of the United StatesElena Kagan, who was confirmed in August 2010.[53]
On February 13, 2016, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia died.[86] Later that day, Senate Republicans led by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell issued a statement that they would not consider any nominee put forth by Obama, and that a Supreme Court nomination should be left to the next president of the United States.[87][88][89] President Obama responded that he intended to "fulfill my constitutional duty to appoint a judge to our highest court,"[90][91] and that there was no "well established tradition" that a president could not fill a Supreme Court vacancy during their last year in office.[92]
Under Senate Majority LeaderMitch McConnell, the Senate's Republican majority refused to consider Garland's nomination, holding "no hearings, no votes, no action whatsoever" on the nomination.[99][100][101] McConnell's categorical refusal to hold hearings on Garland's nomination was described by political scientists and legal scholars as unprecedented,[100][102][103] McConnell's choice to lead a Republican blockade of the nomination was described as a "culmination of [his] confrontational style,"[104] and an example of constitutional hardball.[105]Yascha Mounk called it a "blatant abuse of constitutional norms."[106]
After a period of 293 days, Garland's nomination expired on January 3, 2017, at the end of the 114th Congress, the 15th nomination to the Supreme Court to lapse at the end of a session of Congress.[107][108] It was the longest pending period of a Supreme Court nominee in history, far exceeding the 125-day delay faced by the ultimately confirmed Justice Louis Brandeis in 1916.[109] On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Court vacancy.[110] On April 7, 2017, the Senate confirmed Gorsuch's nomination to the Supreme Court.
McConnell went on to boast about stopping Garland's nomination, saying in August 2016, "one of my proudest moments was when I looked Barack Obama in the eye and I said, 'Mr. President, you will not fill the Supreme Court vacancy.'"[111][112] In April 2018, McConnell said the decision not to act upon the Garland nomination was "the most consequential decision I've made in my entire public career".[113]
Attorney General (2021–present)
President-elect Joe Biden selected Garland for the position of United States attorney general, with news of the selection coming on January 6, 2021.[114][115] He was formally nominated by Biden on January 20, after Biden took office.[116] In Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearings, Garland vowed to oversee vigorous prosecution of those who stormed the United States Capitol, and other domestic extremists, drawing on his experience prosecuting the perpetrators of the Oklahoma City bombing.[117][118][119] Garland said it was likely the Biden administration would place a moratorium on use of the federal death penalty and expressed reservations about the death penalty in light of the "almost randomness or arbitrariness of its application."[119] He pledged to protect equal justice under law and reinvigorate the DOJ Civil Rights Division, which, according to some media figures, languished under the Trump administration.[118][120] Garland affirmed that the Justice Department would remain independent under his leadership.[119] The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15–7 to advance Garland's nomination to the Senate floor,[121][122] and on March 10, the Senate confirmed Garland's nomination by a vote of 70–30.[123][117][124] He was sworn in on March 11, 2021, by Assistant Attorney General for Administration Lee Lofthus.[125]
On June 7, 2021, the Justice Department continued its defense of a defamation lawsuit by E. Jean Carroll, arguing that President Trump could not be sued because he had denied her rape allegation in offending statements in his presidential capacity. Garland had been deeply involved in the decision. The White House quickly distanced itself from the decision.[127][128][131] Garland in a House Judiciary Committee hearing on October 21 stated that the DOJ's briefing was solely on the question of the application of the Federal Tort Claims Act.[132][133]
On July 1, 2021, Garland imposed a moratorium on all federal executions pending a review of relevant policies and procedures.[134] The review will examine "the risk of pain and suffering associated with the use of pentobarbital," "regulations made in November 2020 that expanded the permissible methods of execution beyond lethal injection, and authorized the use of state facilities and personnel in federal executions", and "December 2020 and January 2021 changes to expedite execution of capital sentences."[134][135][136] This was consistent with Biden's pledge to push for legislation to end the federal death penalty. In spite of this, Garland has continued to pursue the death penalty in cases wherein a previous administration had sought the death penalty against a suspected terrorist.[137] The Trump administration resumed federal executions in 2019, and executed 13 inmates in total, the first in 17 years and including the first woman in 70 years.[135][136]
In July 2021, the Justice Department released two guidance documents regarding election law changes and post-election audits, reminding states that the DOJ was closely observing states' compliance with federal election and civil rights laws.[127][141][142]
In November 2021, the DOJ sued Texas over Senate Bill 1 which required rejection of mail ballots "for immaterial errors and omissions," alleging it would restrict voting for those with limited English proficiency, soldiers deployed and voters overseas.[143][144]
In a separate suit filed by DOJ against Texas the following month, the federal government alleged that Texas' redistricting plans discriminated against Latino and Black voters in violation of the Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act.[145][146][147][148]
Civil rights
During Garland's tenure as AG, the Justice Department has emphasized protection of civil rights.[149] Garland rescinded a Trump administration policy (imposed by Jeff Sessions) that curtailed DOJ investigations into police department misconduct ("pattern-and-practice" investigations) and restricted the use of consent decrees to reform police departments.[149][150][151]
On April 21, 2021, Garland subsequently announced that the DOJ was opening a pattern-and-practice investigation into the Minneapolis Police Department after former officer Derek Chauvin was convicted for the murder of George Floyd, examining the use of force by officers and discriminatory conduct, its treatment of people with behavioral health issues, and the department's current accountability systems.[152] On April 26, Garland announced another investigation into the Louisville Metro Police Department in the aftermath of the killing of Breonna Taylor, examining the execution of search warrants.[153][154] On August 5, Garland opened another investigation into the Phoenix Police Department over its policies on dealing with the homeless.[155][156] On December 3, the DOJ opened another investigation into the Mount Vernon Police Department to assess if it engaged in discriminatory policing, involving its use of force, strip and body cavity searches, how it handles evidence, and its systems of accountability.[157][158]
In June 2021, the DOJ, through a memo issued by Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco, reversed a Trump-era policy that banned federal officers and agents from using body-worn cameras; the memo also mandated the use of body-worn cameras for federal law enforcement in certain circumstances (including when carrying out planned arrests or executing search warrants).[159][160][161]
On September 14, 2021, the DOJ announced a civil investigation into prisons in Georgia, focusing on prison violence and sexual abuse of LGBTQ prisoners by prisoners and staff, continuing with an initial investigation launched in 2016.[162][163][164]
In September, 2021, the DOJ in a memo limited the use of chokeholds and carotid restraints by federal officers during arrests, prohibiting such tactics unless deadly force is authorized (i.e., unless the officer reasonably believes "that the subject of such force poses an imminent danger of death or serious physical injury to the officer or to another person"). The memo also limited the use of unannounced ("no-knock") entries when executing warrants, directing officers to knock-and-announce except "where an agent has reasonable grounds to believe that knocking and announcing the agent’s presence would create an imminent threat of physical violence to the agent and/or another person."[165][166][167]
On October 13, 2021, the DOJ launched another investigation into five juvenile detention facilities in Texas for systemic physical or sexual abuse of children.[163][168]
On July 28, 2021, the DOJ further rejected Rep.Mo Brooks's request to protect him in Eric Swalwell's civil lawsuit against him and President Trump concerning his comments and actions in the attack. The DOJ in a court filing determined that Brooks' relevant comments and actions were outside the scope of his official responsibilities as a member of Congress.[173]
On October 21, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives voted to refer Steve Bannon, the adviser to former President Donald Trump, to the DOJ for criminal contempt of Congress due to defying a subpoena from the House's January 6 select committee over claims of executive privilege. After SpeakerNancy Pelosi certified the contempt referral, it was sent to the U.S. Attorney for DC, who will then decide whether to send the referral to a grand jury for indictment, with Garland having the final say.[174] Garland told lawmakers that the Justice Department "will apply the facts and the law and make a decision" when considering a criminal contempt referral for Bannon. He stated that "the Department of Justice will do what it always does in such circumstances, we'll apply the facts and the law and make a decision, consistent with the principles of prosecution."[132][133][174][175]
In October 2021, amid a surge of threats against school board members across the country, Garland issued a memorandum addressing an "increase in harassment, intimidation, and threats of violence against school administrators, board members, teachers, and staff"; the memo directed the FBI and US attorneys' offices to set up meetings with federal, state and local law enforcement leaders for establishing tiplines for threat reporting and discussing strategies to address such threats.[178][179][132][180] He issued the memo soon after the National School Boards Association wrote to Biden to request a federal response to the protests and threats against school officials and investigations into whether they constituted as forms of domestic terrorism and hate crimes.[181][182][183][184]
The memo prompted criticism from Republicans in the House and Senate, who accused Garland of treating parents like domestic terrorists, although the memo did not mention either of them.[180] McConnell wrote to Garland that parents "absolutely should be telling" local schools what to teach regarding contentious public issues.[179][185] In House and Senate Judiciary Committee hearings, Garland pushed back on Republicans' claims that the DOJ were treating parents like "domestic terrorists" and investigating political speech, testifying that the DOJ "[were] not investigating peaceful protest or parent involvement at school board meetings."[132][133][186][187] Numerous Senate Republicans called on Garland to resign over the memo.[188] Seventeen Republican state attorneys general led by Todd Rokita, and numerous House Republicans, separately wrote to Biden and Garland requesting the memorandum be immediately withdrawn.[180][184][186]
On February 8, 2024, the Department of Justice released a report authored by special counsel Robert Hur into President Biden's handling of classified documents, concluding that charges were not necessary in the incident. As part of its reasoning not to charge Biden, the report mentioned perceived problems with Biden's memory and mental acuity. Biden was interviewed by Hur during the investigation, helping form the report's conclusions.[1]
Garland has been criticized by supporters of Biden and some former prosecutors for his decision to release Hur's report referring to Biden as an “elderly man with a poor memory.” They alleged that Hur’s report included gratuitous language about Biden that could be used to reinforce perceptions that Biden is fading mentally and physically.[189]
Associate deputy attorney general Bradley Weinsheimer, the DOJ's senior nonpolitical career official, rejected criticisms of the report, stating that the report's comments "fall well within the department’s standards for public release".[190] Garland stated that Hur had never proposed an investigative step which he found to be inappropriate.[191]
The House Judiciary Committee and the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas for Garland to turn over materials related to Hur's investigation, particularly audio of Hur's interview with Biden.[2][3] Biden subsequently invoked executive privilege to block the release of the materials, preventing Garland from turning them over.[4] DOJ officials also argued that the audio of Biden's interview could be fraudulently edited or deepfaked and that the disclosure could hamper cooperation in future investigations. On June 12, 2024, Garland was held in contempt by the House of Representatives for defying the subpoenas and refusing to disclose audio of Hur's interview with Biden.[5] The Department of Justice stated that Garland cannot be prosecuted for contempt due to Biden's invocation of executive privilege.[192]
Garland and his wife have two daughters: Rebecca and Jessica, both of whom are graduates of Yale University.[195] Justice Elena Kagan hired Jessica Garland, a 2019 graduate of Yale Law School, as one of her law clerks in early July 2020, before Biden's election and Garland's appointment, to serve as a law clerk in 2022–2023. The Supreme Court said that "in light of the potential for actual or apparent conflicts of interest," Jessica Garland will not serve as Kagan's law clerk while her father remains as attorney general.[196] Garland took part in the ceremony when his daughter Rebecca married Xan Tanner in June 2018.[193]
Financial disclosure forms in 2016 indicated that Garland's net worth at the time was between $6million and $23M.[22] As of 2021, his net worth was estimated by Forbes at $8.6-33M.[197]
——— (April 22, 1985). "Courts Give Deregulatory Policies New Hard Look". Legal Times. Vol. 8, no. 32.
———; Pitofsky, Robert (1984). "Chapter 48: Federal Trade Commission Investigations". In von Kalinowski, Julian O. (ed.). Antitrust Counseling and Litigation Techniques. Vol. 4. New York: Bender. OCLC917754819.
Garland, Merrick B. (1976). "The Supreme Court, 1975 Term: Commercial Speech". Harvard Law Review. 90 (1): 142. doi:10.2307/1340306. JSTOR1340306.
——— (1976). "The State Action Exemption and Antitrust Enforcement under the Federal Trade Commission Act". Harvard Law Review. 89 (4): 715–751. doi:10.2307/1340219. JSTOR1340219.
^Gabrielle M. Duvall, Recent Decisions: From Dusk Till Dawn: The D.C. Circuit's Examination of Juvenile Nocturnal Rights, 68 George Washington Law Review 710 (2000).
^Ramsey, David (February 24, 2016). "President Obama responds to Mitch McConnell on Supreme Court vacancy". Arkansas Times. Retrieved March 1, 2016. The one thing I think is important to dispel is any notion that somehow that this is some well established tradition, or some constitutional principle, that a president in his last year in office cannot fill a Supreme Court vacancy.
^Fishkin, Joseph; Pozen, David E. (2018). "Asymmetric Constitutional Hardball". Columbia Law Review. Vol. 118, no. 3. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
^ abWeinsheimer, Bradley (July 26, 2021). "Testimony to Congress"(PDF). Letter to Jeffrey A. Rosen. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021 – via justsecurity.org.
^Flores, Reena; Shabad, Rebecca (March 16, 2016). "Who is Merrick Garland?". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
▌2 Unknown (2 territories) An asterisk (*) indicates that the officeholder is serving in an acting capacity. State abbreviations link to position articles.
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Joseph QuinnLahir26 Januari 1994 (umur 30)London, InggrisPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif2011–sekarang Joseph Anthony Francis Quinn (lahir 26 Januari 1994) adalah aktor asal Inggris. Dia telah tampil dalam beberapa seri televisi Inggris, termasuk Dickensian (2016), miniseri Howards End (2017) dan Catherine the Great (2019). Dia juga memiliki peran pendukung dalam serial BBC, Les Misérables dan Strike. Pada tahun 2022, ia mendapat perhatian yang lebih luas karena memerankan Eddie Munson di …
CibeberKelurahanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa BaratKotaCimahiKecamatanCimahi SelatanKodepos40531Kode Kemendagri32.77.01.1005 Kode BPS3277010005 Luas332,56 km²Jumlah penduduk21.109 jiwaKepadatan63/km² Cibeber adalah salah satu kelurahan di Kecamatan Cimahi Selatan, Kota Cimahi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, dan merupakan kelurahan paling Barat di Kota Cimahi yang berbatasan langsung dengan Kecamatan Batujajar dan Kecamatan Padalarang. Di kelurahan ini terdapat universitas yang ternama di Kota Cima…
Yehezkel StreichmanLahir1906Kovno, Kekaisaran RusiaMeninggal12 Januari 1993 (usia 86 tahun)Tel Aviv, IsraelKebangsaanIsrael Yehezkel Streichman (Ibrani: יחזקאל שטרייכמןcode: he is deprecated , 1906 – 12 Januari 1993) adalah seorang pelukis asal Israel.[1][2][3] Ia dianggap merupakan pionir lukisan modernis Israel.[4] Ia memenangkan Penghargaan Dizengoff dan Penghargaan Israel. Referensi ^ Rebecca L. Torstrick (2004). Culture and customs of Israel. …
Pilot with extra training to test aircraft For the cocktail, see Test Pilot (cocktail).For the film, see Test Pilot (film). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Léon Lemartin, the world's first professional test pilot,[1] under contract to Louis Blériot in c. 1910 Jimmy Doolitt…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Street Fighter EX2 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1998 video gameStreet Fighter EX2Sales flier for the arcade versionDeveloper(s)ArikaPublisher(s)CapcomPAL: Virgin Interactive (PS)Dir…
Pusat kota Zhuhai Zhuhai (Hanzi: 珠海) merupakan sebuah kota setingkat kabupaten yang terletak di daerah pantai provinsi Guangdong, RRT. Terletak di delta Sungai Mutiara, Zhuhai berbatasan dengan Jiangmen di barat laut, Zhongshan di utara, dan Makau di selatan. Kota ini memiliki luas wilayah 1.653 km². Dengan memiliki jumlah penduduk sebanyak 1.410.000 jiwa (2005), kota ini merupakan pusat ekonomi, politik, budaya, dan sosial di tenggara Tiongkok setelah Guangzhou. Administrasi Zhuhai te…
Thomas CookLahir(1808-11-22)22 November 1808Melbourne, Derbyshire, Inggris, Britania RayaMeninggal18 Juli 1892(1892-07-18) (umur 83)Knighton, Leicester, InggrisKebangsaanInggrisPekerjaanPendiri Thomas Cook & SonOrganisasiThomas Cook & Son Thomas Cook (22[1] November 1808 – 18 Juli 1892) adalah seorang pengusaha Inggris. Ia terkenal karena mendirikan agen perjalanan Thomas Cook & Son. Thomas Cook lahir pada 22 November 1808, dari orang tua John dan Elizabeth Cook, …
Gotgam Kesemek kering adalah jenis makanan ringan khas kawasan Asia Timur (terutama Tiongkok, Korea dan Jepang) yang terbuat dari buah kesemek yang dikeringkan.[1] Kesemek kering memiliki tekstur yang lembut dan warna coklat terang.[2] Produksi Penjemuran buah kesemek dengan latar Gunung Fuji di Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Jepang Buah kesemek yang diikat dengan batangnya, dijemur udara di Kōshū, Jepang. Buah kesemek kering dibuat dari berbagai varietas persimmon Oriental. ketika mata…
Keuskupan Salt Lake CityDioecesis Civitatis Lacus SalsiKatolik LokasiNegaraAmerika SerikatWilayahUtahProvinsi gerejawiLas VegasStatistikLuas84.990 sq mi (220.100 km2)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2014)2.900.872291,000 [1] (10%)Paroki48[1]InformasiDenominasiKatolik RomaRitusRitus RomaPendirian27 Januari 1891KatedralKatedral MadeleinePelindungSanta Maria MagdalenaSanto YosefKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupOscar A. SolisUskup agungGeorge Leo Tho…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento militari spagnoli non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Questa voce sull'argomento militari spagnoli è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Martin de RedinRitratto di Martin de Redin eseguito da Mattia Preti58º Gran Maestro dell'Ordine dei Cavalieri OspedalieriI…
Russian politician In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Ferdinandovich and the family name is Yagafarov. Azat YagafarovАзат Ягафаровofficial portrait, circa 2021Member of the State Duma for TatarstanIncumbentAssumed office 12 October 2021Preceded byRinat KhayrovConstituencyAlmetyevsk (No. 30) Personal detailsBorn (1961-06-08) 8 June 1961 (age 62)Sarles, Aznakayevsky District, Tatar ASSR, RSFSR, USSRPolitical partyUnited Russia Azat F…
Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919. Salernitana SportStagione 1978-1979 Sport calcio Squadra Salernitana Allenatore Domenico Rosati, poi Franco Viviani Presidente Giovanni Benvenuto, dal 3/07/1978 Enzo Paolillo Serie C16º posto Coppa Italia CSedicesimi di finale 1977-1978 1979-1980 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa pagina raccoglie i dati riguardanti la Salernitana Sport nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1978-1979. Indice 1 Stagione 2 Divise 3 Rosa 4 Ri…