Nashville Student Movement

Nashville Student Movement
	Location of former headquarters of the Nashville Student Movement
Abbreviation	NSM
Founded at	Nashville, Tennessee
Purpose	To challenge segregation in Nashville's public accommodations
Location	Nashville, Tennessee, United States;
Methods	Nonviolence
Leader	James Lawson
Strategist	James Bevel and Diane Nash

The Nashville Student Movement was an organization that challenged racial segregation in Nashville, Tennessee, during the Civil Rights Movement. It was created during workshops in nonviolence taught by James Lawson. The students from this organization initiated the Nashville sit-ins in 1960. They were regarded as the most disciplined and effective of the student movement participants during 1960.^[1] The Nashville Student Movement was key in establishing leadership in the Freedom Riders.^[2]

Members of the Nashville Student Movement, who went on to lead many of the activities and create and direct many of the strategies of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, included Diane Nash, Bernard Lafayette, James Bevel, John Lewis, C. T. Vivian, Jim Zwerg, and others.^[3]^[4]

Protesters intentionally dressed 'sharp' during protests in anticipation of their arrests.^[5]

Prominent figures of the Civil Rights Movement, such as Martin Luther King Jr., recognized the brilliance of the Nashville Student Movement. King praised the individuals of this movement for their amazingly organized and highly disciplined attitudes.^[6] The Nashville Student Movement, using Gandhian methods, shone a light on the proficiency of these nonviolent methods, which ultimately allowed for the 1960s movements to have the success they had. Nonviolent methods and tactics allowed for the message to travel further and led to the Nashville Student movement becoming a pillar of success during the age of the Civil Rights Movement.^[7] An impressive accomplishment achieved by the actions of the Nashville Student Movement, was the ending of segregation in Nashville.^[8] This helped Nashville lead the way for desegregation in the United States and acted as an example for other American cities to follow. Lawson, a vitally important member of the movement, served as an effective mentor for the younger generation, and using his knowledge of nonviolence which he gained by religious practices he helped others use pacifism as a method for ending Jim Crow laws.^[9]

Response

The Nashville Student Movement received praise from Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.^[10]

Legacy

The Children, a 1999 book by David Halberstam, chronicles the participants and actions of the Nashville students.^[11]^[12]^[13]

The establishment of the Nashville Student Movement was covered in John Lewis' 2013 graphic novel March: Book One and its animated series adaptation.^[14]^[15]

A marker called the "Nashville Student Movement Office" was placed at 21st Avenue North and Jefferson Street to commemorate the civil rights protests in Nashville.^[16]

Tourism officials in Nashville and Tennessee overall have made efforts to make the civil rights movement in Nashville as a historical tourist attraction. Efforts began in January 2018, and six Nashville locations were made a part of the U.S. Civil Rights Trail across various Southern states, a collection of different Civil Rights locations.^[17]

Nashville became an important site for civil rights activism because of the segregation and racial discrimination that continued in that city. The south was a notorious location for racism and white supremacy, as the demographic was predominately white compared to African Americans. Within Nashville there were four known colleges, which today are known as HBCUs (Historical Black Colleges & Universities). The students that attended these universities experienced various forms of discrimination outside on the streets of Nashville. Many of them decided to stand up and join together to for their rights. These students joined alongside Reverend James Lawson (activist), who orchestrated lessons on nonviolence. A majority of these lessons took place at Clark Memorial United Methodist Church on 14th Avenue North. Even one of the participants from the organization stated, "Clark was the birthplace of the civil rights movement in Nashville." Proceeding with the sit-ins, on the morning of February 27, 82 of the activists were arrested and trailed together on the same day. Of the 82 participants 77 were black students and five were white students. The mass arrests made the court only give them a choice between jail time and paying a fine. The racism that many African Americans had encountered in their daily life was what many had considered to be the cultural leftovers from history. After much success from other historical civil rights movements such as Brown v. Board of Education, Louisiana bus boycott, and the Alabama bus boycott, segregation and racism continued. The Nashville Student Movement tried using the Gandhian approach to nonviolent protests to bring an end to legal segregation in the South.

Bibliography

Cornfield, Daniel B.; Coley, Johnathan S.; Isaac, Larry W.; Dickerson, Dennis C. (2021). " The Making of a Movement: An Intergenerational Mobilization Model of the Nonviolent Nashville Civil Rights Movement. Cambridge University Press.
- This is a peer reviewed article published by a University press. Which summarizes the Nashville Civil Rights Movement as a whole, while touching on the nonviolent methods used in the Nashville Student Movement
Dickerson, Dennis C. (2014). "James M. Lawson Jr.: methodism, nonviolence and the civil rights movement". United Methodist Church, General Commission on Archives & History.
- This is a peer reviewed article which gives background information for James Lawson. A prominent and influential figure of the Nashville Student Movement
Summer, David E. (1995). "Nashville, nonviolence, and the newspapers: The convergence of social goals with news values". The Howard Journal of Communications.
- This is a peer reviewed article which gives a unique perspective to the Nashville Students Movement. Discussing the perspective of the movement for the media and newspapers, while also giving a detailed summary of the movement itself.

References

^ Turner, Jeffrey A. (2010). Sitting In and Speaking Out: Student Movements in the American South, 1960-1970. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 50–56. ISBN 9780820335933.
^ "UT-Martin Civil Rights Conference includes Native American Civil Rights struggles in Tennessee". Clarksville Online. February 24, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ Hall, Heide (March 2, 2017). "Diane Nash refused to give her power away". Tennessean. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
^ Anderson, Cynthia (October 18, 2018). "Civil Rights History Brings Tourists to Nashville". The Tennessee Tribute. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
^ Gonzales, Tony (November 20, 2016). "Newly Discovered, These 1960s Nashville Police Mugshots Of John Lewis Take On New Meaning Today". Nashville Public Radio. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ Summer, David E. (1995). "Nashville, Nonviolence, and the newspapers: The convergence of social values with news values". https://web-p-ebscohost-com.
^ Cornfield, Daniel B.; Coley, Jonathan S.; Isaac, Larry W.; Dickerson, Dennis C. (2021). "The Making of a Movement: An Intergenerational Mobilization Model of the Nonviolent Nashville Civil Rights Movement". Social Science History. 45 (3): 469–494. doi:10.1017/ssh.2021.18. ISSN 0145-5532. S2CID 239742113.
^ Cornfield, Daniel B.; Coley, Jonathan S.; Isaac, Larry W.; Dickerson, Dennis C. (2021). "The Making of a Movement: An Intergenerational Mobilization Model of the Nonviolent Nashville Civil Rights Movement". Social Science History. 45 (3): 469–494. doi:10.1017/ssh.2021.18. ISSN 0145-5532. S2CID 239742113.
^ Dickerson, Dennis C. (2014). "James M. Lawson, Jr.: methodism, nonviolence and the civil rights movement".
^ Rodgers, D. Patrick; Fox, Carrington; Haruch, Steve; Silverman, Jack; Ridley, Jim; Kreyling, Christine; Spurgeon, Ashley; Franklin, Dana Kopp; Lind, J.R.; Hutson, Laura; Jones, Elizabeth; Hyde, Hannah (February 7, 2013). "How did Nashville get to be the 'It' City? Our timeline is full of 'it.'". Nashville Scene. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ Hayden, Tom (1998-03-22). "THE CHILDREN. By David Halberstam. Random House: 784 pp., $29.95". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ "David Halberstam Accepts 1999 Melcher Prize and Speaks on "The Children"". Unitarian Universalist Association. 2012-04-03. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ "Halberstam's 'Best-Brightest' Blunder". Consortium News. May 17, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ "Bill Clinton Endorses Comic Book". Huffington Post. July 30, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ Whitbrook, James (April 26, 2016). "John Lewis' Acclaimed Graphic Novel March Is Becoming an Animated Series". io9. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ "Marker In Nashville Honors Civil Rights Movement". News Channel 5. May 17, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
^ Anderson, Cynthia (October 18, 2018). "Civil Rights History Brings Tourists to Nashville". The Tennessee Tribune. Retrieved November 3, 2018.

Cornfield, Daniel B.; Coley, Johnathan S.; Isaac, Larry W.; Dickerson, Dennis C. (2021). " The Making of a Movement: An Intergenerational Mobilization Model of the Nonviolent Nashville Civil Rights Movement". Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/making-of-a-movement-an-intergenerational-mobilization-model-of-the-nonviolent-nashville-civil-rights-movement/0C650004891CADD24B1F15F6A5DDBCFC
Dickerson, Dennis C. (2014). "James M. Lawson Jr.: methodism, nonviolence and the civil rights movement". United Methodist Church, General Commission on Archives & History. https://go-gale-com.sunyoldwestbury.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=oldwestbury&id=GALE%7CA3783693

External links

Staff, The Tennessean. “Complete Coverage: The Civil Rights Movement in Nashville.” The Tennessean, Nashville Tennessean, 2 Mar. 2017, https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2017/03/02/complete-coverage-civil-rights-movement-nashville/98648442/.
Madeo. “Feb. 13, 1960: Nashville Students Launch Protest; Face Violence and Jail Time.” Home, https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/feb/13.
Clark, Amanda D., Coy, Patrick G. (2015) "Civil Rights, Social Movements, and Domestic Policy: The 1960 Nashville Student Sit-In Movement" Understanding Nonviolence: Contours and Contexts, https://www-s3-live.kent.edu/s3fs-root/s3fs-public/file/Clark%20%26%20Coy%20Civil%20Rts%20Policy%20%26%20Nashville%20Sit-ins%202015.pdf
“Nashville's Historically Black Colleges & Universities.” Visit Nashville TN, 28 Oct. 2021, https://www.visitmusiccity.com/welcome/black/hbcu.