History of movements and networks opposing fascism after WWII
A red flag with modern Antifaschistische Aktion, commonly shortened to Antifa
Post–World War II anti-fascism, including antifa groups (/ˈæntifɑː,ænˈtiːfə/[1]), anti-fascist movements and anti-fascist action networks, saw the development of political movements describing themselves as anti-fascist and in opposition to fascism. Those movements have been active in several countries in the aftermath of World War II during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.
Europe
Defendants in the Nuremberg Trials - a judicial-political process intended to delegitimize Nazism, and Fascism more broadly, as criminal ideologies
The immediate aftermath of the Second World War saw Fascism and its ideological successors discredited as the ideologies of the defeated Axis powers, with eradication of Fascist ideologies a stated goal of the victorious Allies, culminating in processes like the Nuremberg trials and de-Nazification. The onset however, of the Cold War saw the urgency attached to these goals diminish in the face of superpower competition, and anti-fascist activities becoming less prominent.
Antifa graffiti in Rome: Nationalism is an easy illusion.Antifascist sticker in Warsaw, Poland.
The appearance of rightist political parties and their upsurge since the dissolution of the Soviet Union has stimulated a corresponding growth of anti-fascist movements. In Germany Neo-Nazism was never eradicated, and former Nazis including Reinhard Gehlen and former chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger rose to positions of great power. The Freedom Party of Austria was founded by politicians including former Nazis in 1955. In France, where the far-right National Rally was founded in 1972. In post-WWII Great Britain, skinheads and football hooligans often promoted vehement racism; the English Defence League was founded in 2009. The Netherlands has seen the rise of a number of rightist parties, starting with the Centre Party, then the NVU, and then the PVV with Geert Wilders and the young Forum voor Democratie. The German right has grown rapidly since the Fall of the Berlin Wall, and the far-right party Alternative for Germany was founded in 2012, followed shortly thereafter by the anti-immigrant Pegida movement.
After the defeat of Nazi Germany, groups called Antifaschistische Ausschüsse, Antifaschistische Kommittees or Antifaschistische Aktion, all typically abbreviated to Antifa, spontaneously re-emerged in Germany in 1944, mainly involving veterans of pre-war KPD, KPO and SPD politics[2][3][4][5] as well as some members of other democratic political parties and the Confessing Church, which had opposed the Nazi co-optation of the Lutheran Church during the 1930s and 1940s.[6] Communists tended to make up at least half of the committees.[6] In the western zones, these anti-fascist committees began to recede by the late summer of 1945, marginalized by Allied bans on political organization and by re-emerging divisions between Communists and others and the emerging state doctrine of anti-communism in what became West Germany.[7] In East Germany, the Antifa groups were absorbed into the new Stalinist state.[2]
The modern German Antifa movement ultimately has its origins in West Germany, in the student-based Außerparlamentarische Opposition (extra-parliamentary opposition) of the 1960s and early 1970s which opposed the alleged "fascism" of the West German government.[16] Major factors that formed the backdrop of this movement were criticism of the Vietnam War and the United States, students' anti-authoritarian rebellion against their parents' generation, criticism of professors' dominance of universities and continuity of the societal relations of power, especially the continuity in the civil service since the Nazi era, and the criticism of the centre-left SPD by those to the left of the SPD.[17] The modern movement largely adopted the aesthetics of the Antifaschistische Aktion during the late Weimar Republic, including the abbreviated name Antifa and a version of its logo, while being ideologically somewhat dissimilar. The first Antifa groups in this tradition were founded by the MaoistCommunist League in the early 1970s. Antifa women, dissatisfied with observed sexism in the movement, created the feminist offshoot Fantifa in 1985.[18] From the late 1980s, West Germany's squatter scene and left-wing autonomism movement were the main contributors to the new Antifa movement and in contrast to the earlier movement had a more anarcho-communist leaning. The modern movement has splintered into different groups and factions, including one anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist faction and one anti-German faction who strongly oppose each other. German government institutions describe the contemporary Antifa movement as part of the extreme left and as partially violent, and Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat extremism;[8][19][9][20] the federal office states that the underlying goal of the Antifa movement is "the struggle against the liberal democratic basic order" and capitalism.[9][8]
Ireland
Antifa graffito in Longford, Ireland; it incorporates the Starry Plough, a traditional Irish left-wing symbol. Jonathan Arlow has written that "a close cultural lineage between elements within the left and a past revolutionary tradition will increase the appeal of anti-fascist activism among left-wing activists."[21]
Anti-Fascist Action (AFA) Ireland is one group,[23] while an alliance called Le Chéile (Irish: "together") was founded in 2020 to combat the far-right.[24]
PhD student Jonathan Arlow has written on the topic, saying "in the absence of effective extreme right forces, anti-fascism acts as a form of prophylactic action. In effect, the aim of this activism is to deny political space to extreme right micro groups before they become a popular force or a more serious political threat."[21]
Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI; "National Association of Italian Partisans") is an association founded by participants of the Italian resistance against the Italian Fascist regime and the subsequent Nazi occupation during World War II. ANPI was founded in Rome in 1944[27] while the war continued in northern Italy. It was constituted as a charitable foundation on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against historical revisionism and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 constitution, in which the ideals of the Italian resistance were collected.[28] Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.[29]
Bella ciao (Italian pronunciation:[ˈbɛllaˈtʃaːo]; "Goodbye beautiful") is an Italian folk song modified and adopted as an anthem of the Italian resistance movement by the partisans who opposed nazism and fascism, and fought against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist Italian Social Republic between 1943 and 1945 during the Italian Civil War. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.[30] As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.[31][32]
A well-known Dutch anti-fascist research group is the anti-fascist research group Kafka. The Netherlands also has several chapters of the international network Anti-Fascist Action (AFA / Antifa). Another anti-fascist association in the Netherlands is AFVN / Bond van Anti-fascisten (Dutch League of Former Resistants and Anti-Fascists), founded in 1968 by Communist resistance fighters from the Second World War, to warn against resurging fascism. From 2000 onwards, the AFVN protested several fascist-inspired events and phenomena. The re-appearance of a Dutch opera-singer Johannes Heesters, who performed for the Nazis and was even photographed when visiting Dachau concentration camp and befriending SS-officers, led to loud protest that were nationally published.
The AFVN has had numerous successes, although the group remains relatively small. It effectively uses publicity as its main tool of influence. Some of the actions and events include the following:
protesting a yearly commemoration of Nazi-graves on the day of national remembrance of the war dead, the 4th of May in Vorden; this remembrance was stopped
protesting commemorations by the German ambassador and members of the Bundeswehr at the Ysselsteyn German war cemetery, the largest in Europa containing about 31,000 Nazi-soldiers, SS and Dutch war criminal; after a petition and support from Jewish organisations such as Zentralrat der Juden in Berlin and Beate Klarsfeld and the management of Dachau concentration camp the ambassador relented in 2020
protesting the selling of Nazi-items at dedicated trade fairs and by Dutch eBay subsidiary Marktplaats.nl; Marktplaats has since banished the sale of any item containing swastikas; two of these fairs closed
protesting the sale of anti-semitic books by Dutch Ahold Delhaize subsidiary Bol.nl; these sales were halted[33]
protesting the sale of two books containing extensive falsehoods on WW-II or the resistance and/or anti-Semitic utterances, namely the SS-admiring 'De SS'ers' ('The SS') by Armando and Sleutelaar and 'Grijs Verleden' ('Grey Past') by C. van der Heyden
the commemoration of the so-called February strike against persecution of Jews in the region of Hilversum since 2015;
protesting the commemoration of fallen Dutch aggressors from the Indonesian War of Independence from 1947 till 1950 in Roermond
protesting the unwarranted honoring the writer Armando, author of the SS-admiring book 'De SS'ers' in former Amersfoort concentration camp; the event was canceled.
The AFVN is a member of the Féd. Int. des Résistants FIR.
Some of the AFA-groups are more active then others. The AFA-Fryslân (Frisia) is regionally one of the most active, especially combating the Dutch extreme right and their parties, such as the PVV and Forum voor Democratie. AFA-Fryslân regularly cooperates with the AFVN.
Another relatively successful venture is the yearly anti-discrimination march in Amsterdam on 21 March, organised by a coalition of 15 progressive groups. The coalition is named '21 Maart Tegen Racisme' ('21 March Against Racism').
Some of the Dutch anti-fascists, mostly of so-called 'autonomous' groups, but not Kafka or the AFVN, regard physical violence as a legitimate means of action. An example of this was the violent disruption of the reconciliation meeting between Hans Janmaat and the Center Party on March 29, 1986, in a hotel in Kedichem. The meeting was disrupted by radical, anti-fascist activists who set the hotel on fire. Janmaat's life partner Wil Schuurman became permanently disabled because she after jumping out of a window on the first floor, one of her legs had to be amputated.
The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was an organization for ethnic Germans in Romania. Emmerich Stoffel was the chairman of the Committee and Philipp Geltz its secretary.[34] The committee was based in Bucharest and published the newspaper Neuer Weg ('New Path').[34] By the late 1940s the post-Second World War wave of discriminations against the German minority in Romania had subdued.[35] At its meeting in December 1948, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party adopted a 'Resolution of the National Question' which outlined the need for the formation of a German Anti-Fascist Committee and a German-language newspaper.[36] The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was founded in March 1949 by a number of ethnic German party members, along with its organ Neuer Weg.[37][38]
In the 1970s, fascist and far-right parties such as the National Front (NF) and British Movement (BM) were making significant gains electorally, and were increasingly bold in their public appearances. This was challenged in 1977 with the Battle of Lewisham, when thousands of people disrupted an NF march in South London.[40] Soon after, the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) was launched by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). The ANL had a large-scale propaganda campaign and squads that attacked NF meetings and paper sales. The success of the ANL's campaigns contributed to the end of the NF's period of growth. During this period, there were also a number of black-led anti-fascist organizations, including the Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (CARF) and local groups like the Newham Monitoring Project.[41]
The SWP disbanded the ANL in 1981, but many squad members refused to stop their activities. They were expelled from the SWP in 1981, many going on to found Red Action. The SWP used the term squadism to dismiss these militant anti-fascists as thugs. In 1985, some members of Red Action and the anarcho-syndicalistDirect Action Movement launched Anti-Fascist Action (AFA). Their founding document said "we are not fighting Fascism to maintain the status quo but to defend the interests of the working class".[42][43] Thousands of people took part in AFA mobilizations, such as Remembrance Day demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, the Unity Carnival, the Battle of Cable Street's 55th anniversary march in 1991, and the Battle of Waterloo against Blood and Honour in 1992.[44] After 1995, some AFA mobilizations still occurred, such as against the NF in Dover in 1997 and 1998. However, AFA wound down its national organization and some of its branches and had ceased to exist nationally by 2001.[45]
There was a surge in fascist activity across Europe from 1989 to 1992 after the collapse of Communism.[citation needed] In 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE) coordinated a large militant protest against the visit to London by French right-wing leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen. This sparked a surge in anti-fascist organizations throughout Europe. In the UK alone, in 1992 a number of left-wing groups formed anti-fascist front organizations, such as a re-launched ANL in 1992, the Socialist Party'sYouth against Racism in Europe YRE, and the Revolutionary Communist Party's Workers Against Racism. A number of black-led organizations, along with the Labour Party Black Sections and the National Black Caucus, formed the Anti-Racist Alliance in 1991, which eventually became the National Assembly Against Racism.[46]
The magazine Searchlight was founded in 1975. The group founded Hope not Hate in 2004, which became independent in 2011.
In August 2018, the Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell called for a revival of "an Anti-Nazi League-type cultural and political campaign" following a number of far-right and racist incidents in the UK, including fascist attacks on a socialist bookshop by members of the far-right and UKIP, marches in favor of far-right activist Tommy Robinson and high-profile Islamophobia in the Conservative Party.[47][48] This "welcome and timely" call to action was supported in a Guardian letter signed by the league's founders, which included former Labour minister Peter Hain, political activist Paul Holborow and leading musicians from Rock Against Racism.[48]
Militant anti-fascism emerged in Sweden in the early 1990s, in particular around the yearly November 30 protests in Lund and Stockholm propelled by blockades of neo-nazi marches in both cities in 1991.[49] The main militant antifascist group in the country was the Antifascistisk Aktion (AFA), founded in Sweden in 1993 with as many as 20 branches in the late 1990s. It was inspired by a group with the same name that had started in Copenhagen in 1991 and British groups with similar names from the 1980s. The early tactics mainly focused on large demonstrations, in particular blockades of marches inspired by the 30th November events in Lund between 1991 and 1993. In parts of Sweden where these actions were less anchored in memory culture, a more territorial repertoire of interpersonal violence instead dominated, particular in the late 1990s.[50] It was in this period that AFA published a detailed Activity Guide describing tactical uses of violence against neo-Nazis. In the early 2000s Antifascist Action split, with the now defunct, more Marxist and Workerkist Revolutionära Fronten (The Revolutionary Front) forming out of remnants of its Gothenburg, Stockholm and Örebro branches. Since the late 2000s the type of militant street-based antifascism that AFA and Revolutionära Fronten represented has declined, in response to a more parliamentarian and online focus in the far right. This is evident by the very limited public role in many of the largest antifascist demonstrations in the 2010s, including the large 2018 Gothenburg blockade of the Nordic Resistance Movement, the massive Kärrtorp protest, and the massive 13.000 person strong demonstration in 2014 in response to the stabbing of Showan Shattak and three other antifascists in Malmö.[51]
A network of anti-fascist groups in Ukraine and Europe, the Solidarity Collectives, was set up to gather equipment to send to comrades fighting Russian forces.[54]
In 2020, the activities of Antifa increased. In February, those waving the flag of Antifa were identified among those who were counter-acting against Zaitokukai.[58]
In May, Antifa also participated in the protest against the Abe Cabinet's coronavirus measures. In the protest, a foreign man was holding the Antifa flag, which was written in German as "ANTIFASCHISTSCHE AKTION."[58]
On May 17, Antifa was among the organizers of a nationwide protest against the revision of the Public prosecutor's office Law.[58]
When George Floyd protests occurred in the U.S. at the end of May, protest of "Black Lives Matter" were held in Tokyo and Osaka in June, and Antifa was also seen.[58]
On May 30 and June 6, Antifa and others led the protest against the hate crime by the police around the Shibuya Police Department.[62][63] George Floyd protests were also held at the same time, and many foreigners and opposition members of the Diet also participated in the protests.[59][64]
Antifa's flag was raised, and there were arrests in the fight.[58][65][66]
The incident began when a Kurdish man in Japan claimed to have been unfairly questioned by Metropolitan Police officers and subjected to violence. Mainichi Shimbun and Kyodo News reported this as a hate crime though the Metropolitan Police denied.[62][63][65][66][67]
On June 10, the General Information Center for Foreign Residents of immigration bureaus across Japan received a "bomb threat" e-mail from a person claiming to be "Antifa" targeting the Immigration Bureau and the Shibuya Police Department for abusing foreigners.[58][68][69][70]
However, on June 13, the Japanese Kurdish Cultural Association, which consists of Kurds, expressed a negative view of the protest claims on their official Facebook page. The association declared that they did not support the protest and did not take any part in it, and abandoned the said person, saying there was no room to defend his actions in light of Japanese laws and customs.[65][66][71]
And the association announced that the demonstrators were not all involved in their usual protests against the crackdown on the Kurds or in their support activities.[65][66][71]
They said that a less-than-justified demonstration like this seems to have encouraged prejudice against Kurdish residents in Japan. They also said it's strange that no Japanese major media have covered them at all on this matter.[65][66][71]
After World War II, but prior to the development of the modern antifa movement, violent confrontations with Fascist elements happened sporadically in the United States. In 1958 over 500 Lumbee men armed with rocks, sticks and firearms attacked and disrupted a Ku Klux Klan rally, wounding several Klansmen in an event known as the Battle of Hayes Pond. In 1979 the MaoistCommunist Workers' Party confronted a local Ku Klux Klan chapter, first by disrupting a screening of The Birth of a Nation in China Grove, North Carolina and later organizing a rally and a march against the Klan on November 3 called the "Death to the Klan March" by the CWP.[72] The Maoists
distributed flyers that "called for radical, even violent opposition to the Klan",[72] suggesting the Klan “should be physically beaten and chased out of town."[72] In response, as the marchers collected, a caravan of ten cars (and a van) filled with an estimated 40 KKK and American Nazi Party members confronted the protesters, culminating in a shootout known as the Greensboro Massacre.
In the 2010s, self-described antifa groups have become increasingly active in Western Europe and North America.[73] These loose collectives first arose in the early 2010s in response to growing nationalism in countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, and France.[74][75][76] In the US, anti-fascist groups had existed since at least 1988 in the form of the Anti-Racist Action,[77] but an American movement using the same name has become increasingly active since 2016,[78][79] often affiliated with anarchism, and have become known for their clashes with far-right and alt-right groups.[77][80][81] US anti-fascist activities have included violent disruptions and demonstrations which have drawn criticism from both sides of the mainstream political spectrum.[73][76][82] Through their anarchist and anti-nationalist orientation, antifa groups have sometimes been linked to the punk subculture (including straight edge) both in the US and in Europe.[83]
^ abPritchard, Gareth (2012). Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1107013506.
^Creuzberger, Stefan; Hoffmann, Dierk, eds. (2014). "Geistige Gefahr" und "Immunisierung der Gesellschaft": Antikommunismus und politische Kultur in der frühen Bundesrepublik (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
^ abcdLinksextremismus: Erscheinungsformen und Gefährdungspotenziale [Far-left extremism: Manifestations and danger potential] (PDF). Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 2016. pp. 33–35. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-06-02. Die Aktivitäten „antifaschistischer" Linksextremisten (Antifa) dienen indes nur vordergründig der Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Eigentliches Ziel bleibt der „bürgerlich-demokratische Staat", der in der Lesart von Linksextremisten den „Faschismus" als eine mögliche Herrschaftsform akzeptiert, fördert und ihn deshalb auch nicht ausreichend bekämpft. Letztlich, so wird argumentiert, wurzle der „Faschismus" in den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Strukturen des „Kapitalismus". Dementsprechend rücken Linksextremisten vor allem die Beseitigung des „kapitalistischen Systems" in den Mittelpunkt ihrer „antifaschistischen" Aktivitäten.
^ abc"Aktionsfeld 'Antifaschismus'" [The field of "anti-fascism"]. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Archived from the original on 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2019-07-29. Das Aktionsfeld „Antifaschismus" ist seit Jahren ein zentrales Element der politischen Arbeit von Linksextremisten, insbesondere aus dem gewaltorientierten Spektrum. ... Die Aktivitäten von Linksextremisten in diesem Aktionsfeld zielen aber nur vordergründig auf die Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Im eigentlichen Fokus steht der Kampf gegen die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung, die als „kapitalistisches System" diffamiert wird, und deren angeblich immanente „faschistische" Wurzeln beseitigt werden sollen.
^Jesse, Eckhard (2015). Extremismus und Demokratie, Parteien und Wahlen: Historisch-politische Streifzüge. Böhlau Verlag. pp. 94–95. ISBN9783412223021.
^Agethen, Manfred; Jesse, Eckhard; Neubert, Ehrhart (2002). Der missbrauchte Antifaschismus. DDR-Staatsdoktrin und Lebenslüge der deutschen Linken (in German). Freiburg: Verlag Herder. ISBN978-3451280177.
^Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute". In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa, Katarzyna (eds.). Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart. LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. ISBN9783825887896.
^Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990. Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN9780191500619. Opposition to the US war in South-East Asia united student protest movements from Berkeley to Paris to Berlin. Another thing they had in common was the anti-authoritarian rebellion against the lifestyle of the older generation, against professors' control of the universities, against the 'establishment' and what only seemed to be its tolerance, but what was in reality 'repressive tolerance'. There were additional grounds for protest in West Germany. The most important was the 'repression of the past' and what seemed to be its cause: the continuity of the societal relations of power, defined as a 'restoration'. Another factor was the virtual disappearance of a parliamentary opposition from the left after the formation of a Grand Coalition in late 1966. The student movement and its 'hard core', the SDS, seized this opportunity to represent itself as an 'Extra-Parliamentary Opposition' ... and to level the same charges against the SPD that the extreme left had used repeatedly against it, ever since 1914: 'treason' against its principles
^Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946) The Western Political Quarterly vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948.JSTOR442274
^Prowe, Diethelm (November 1994). "'Classic' Fascism and the New Radical Right in Western Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts". Contemporary European History. 3 (3): 289–313. doi:10.1017/S0960777300000904. JSTOR20081528. S2CID154610186.
^Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley (2005). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 107. ISBN978-0-8264-5814-8; Stefano Fella, Carlo Ruzza (2012). Anti-Racist Movements in the EU: Between Europeanisation and National Trajectories. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-230-29090-7, pp. 67–68
^ abcdefg"各地で姿を現す日本版「アンティファ」の実態に迫る 公安警察も警戒強めだした新たなる極左行動集団の活動" [Approaching the reality of the Japanese version of "Antifa" that appears in various places - New extreme left action group activities which the public security police also increase a sense of vigilance]. Japan Business Press (in Japanese). June 16, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ ab"ジャーナリスト・石井氏「議員がテロ集団と名指しされたアンティファと深く関わる日本共産党と立憲民主党、それを報道しないメディアを持つ日本は何なんでしょうか」" [Journalist Ishii "What is Japan that has the Japanese Communist Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, whose members are deeply involved with Antifa who was named a terrorist group, and media that does not report it?"]. Share News Japan (in Japanese). June 2, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^"怒りは限界に達した 名古屋で「安倍は辞めろ」デモ" [Anger reached the limit "Abe out" Demonstration in Nagoya]. Japanese Communist Party Aichi Committee Official site (in Japanese). January 13, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^"路上から安倍政治に怒り" [Anger at Abe's politics from the streets]. Shimbun Akahata (in Japanese). Japanese Communist Party. January 21, 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ ab"「警官に押さえ込まれけが」 渋谷署前で200人が抗議デモ クルド人訴えに共鳴" ["He was held down by a policeman and injured." 200 people protest in front of Shibuya station - Resonant with Kurdish complaints]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). May 30, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ ab"警視庁渋谷署前で再び抗議デモ 職務質問でクルド人男性がけが" [Another protest in front of the Shibuya police station of the Metropolitan Police Department Kurdish men hurt by police question]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). June 6, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^"渋谷署前のデモ、立憲・石川大我議員の後ろに米大統領がテロ組織と認めた『ANTIFA』の旗 → 石川議員、ツイート削除…" [The protest in front of the Shibuya police station, behind the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, Ishikawa Daiga, there is a flag of "ANTIFA" that the President of the US recognized as a terrorist organization.→Ishikawa deleted the tweet...]. Share News Japan (in Japanese). June 1, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ abcde"在日クルド人ヘイトクライム抗議デモに在日クルド協会が関与否定の異例声明" [Unusual statement by the Kurdish Association of Japan denying its involvement in the Kurdish hate crime protest in Japan]. Business Journal (in Japanese). June 15, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ abcde"警察への抗議デモは「偏見を助長した」 在日クルド人団体「苦言」の背景" [The protest against the police "promoted prejudice" Background of "complaints" by Kurdish groups in Japan]. J cast (in Japanese). June 15, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^"渋谷で「警察は人種差別するな」 500人抗議、クルド人職質にも" ["Police should not be racist" 500 people protest in Shibuya, police check-up to Kurdish]. Kyodo News (in Japanese). Tokyo Shimbun. June 6, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^"「手榴弾爆破させる」 渋谷署などに予告メール クルド人男性への職務質問などに抗議か" ["Explode a grenade" The Shibuya police and others received a bomb scare email ─ Protest against a police checkup on a Kurdish man?]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). June 11, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^"東京入管に爆破予告のメール 12日の窓口業務が中止に" [Tokyo Immigration Bureau had a bomb scare email arrive]. NHK (in Japanese). 11 Jun 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^"東京入国管理局に爆破予告メールが届く" [Tokyo Immigration Bureau received a bomb threat email]. Arab News Japan (in Japanese). 12 Jun 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ abc"渋谷警察署デモに関して日本クルド文化協会が見解発表「正当な理由があるとは言い難いデモ」" [Japan Kurdish Cultural Association announces its opinion on the Shibuya police station demonstration "It is hard to say that there is a valid reason"]. ガジェット通信 (in Japanese). June 15, 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
CáceresMunicipalityCáceres. BenderaLambang kebesaranCountry SpainAutonomous community ExtremaduraProvinceCáceresComarcaLlanos de CáceresJudicial districtCáceresPemerintahan • MayorElena Nevado del Campo (PP)Luas • Total1.750,33 km2 (67,581 sq mi)Ketinggian459 m (1,506 ft)Populasi (2011) • Total94.203 • Kepadatan0,54/km2 (1,4/sq mi)DemonimCacereñosZona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST…
Amy HubermanHuberman pada Festival Film Dublin tahun 2012Lahir28 Maret 1979 (umur 44)Dublin, IrlandiaPekerjaanPemeranPemeranTahun aktif2001–sekarangSuami/istriBrian O'Driscoll (m. 2010)Anak3 Amy Huberman (lahir 28 Maret 1979) adalah pemeran dan penulis Irlandia. Ia paling dikenal untuk perannya sebagai Daisy dalam seri drama RTÉ The Clinic. Pada tahun 2018, ia mulai menulis dan berperan dalam seri komedi Finding Joy. Kehidupan awal Huberman tumbuh besa…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Kon-Katedral Calvi. Katedral CalviKatedral Santo Yohanes PembaptisPrancis: Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Calvicode: fr is deprecated Katedral CalviLokasiCalviNegara PrancisDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Ajaccio Katedral Calvi yang bernama resmi Katedral Santo Yohanes Pembaptis (Pro-cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Calvi) adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terletak di Calvi di…
الدوري الروسي الممتاز 2005 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري الروسي الممتاز النسخة 14 البلد روسيا التاريخ بداية:12 مارس 2005 نهاية:19 نوفمبر 2005 البطل نادي سيسكا موسكو مباريات ملعوبة 240 عدد المشاركين 16 الدوري الروسي الممتاز 2004 الدوري الروسي الممتاز 2006 تعديل مصد…
الهجوم على صحيفة شارلي إبدو الصحفيون والشرطة والطواقم الطبية في موقع الحادثة بعد عدة ساعات المعلومات البلد فرنسا الموقع الدائرة 11 في باريس، فرنسا[1] الإحداثيات 48°51′33″N 2°22′13″E / 48.859246°N 2.370258°E / 48.859246; 2.370258 التاريخ 7 يناير 2015 الهدف موظفي صحيفة شارلي إبدو نو…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Kereta api Gajayana.KRL Ciliwung Naik turun penumpang KRL Ciliwung Blue Line di Manggarai, 2009Artikel ini bukan mengenai Lin Cikarang (KRL Commuter Line) atau Kereta Rel Listrik Indonesia. KRL Ciliwung Blue Line, atau dikenal sebagai KRL Prajayana, merupakan layanan kereta rel listrik kelas ekonomi AC yang pernah dioperasikan PT KAI dan PT INKA. Sebagai KRL anak bangsa Divisi Jabotabek dan kemudian oleh KAI Commuter Jabodetabek dioperasikan sebagai KRL khusus emergenc…
BandyPemain bandy Swedia, Januari 2011.Induk organisasiFederasi Internasional BandyNama lainSepak bola musim dingin[1]Pertama dimainkan1813 di Huntingdonshire, Britania RayaKarakteristikKontak fisikYaAnggota tim11 pemainKategoriOlahraga tim, olahraga musim dinginPeralatanBola bandy, tongkat bandy, sepatu luncur, alat pelindungTempat bertandingLapangan es, arena bandyKeberadaanOlimpiadeUji coba 1952 Bandy adalah olahraga musim dingin yang dimainkan oleh sebuah tim di atas es, pemain mengg…
PAOK 2006–07 football seasonPAOK2006–07 seasonChairman Nikolaos VezyrtzisManager Ilie Dumitrescu , Momčilo Vukotić, Giorgos ParaschosStadiumToumba StadiumSuper League6thGreek CupQuarter-finalsTop goalscorerLeague: Marcin Mięciel (14)All: Marcin Mięciel (15) Home colours Away colours Third colours ← 2005–062007–08 → The 2006–07 season was PAOK Football Club’s 81st in existence and the club’s 48th consecutive season in the top flight of Greek football. The t…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang negara di dunia yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Untuk negara yg memiliki hubungan budaya dan linguistik dengan negara Inggris, lihat Anglosfer. Negara dengan bahasa Inggris atau kreol berbasis Inggris merupakan bahasa ibu bagi mayoritas Negara dengan bahasa Inggris berstatus resmi, tetapi bukan bahasa yg paling banyak digunakan Dunia berbahasa Inggris terdiri dari 88 negara dan teritori dengan setidaknya bahasa Inggris berstatus resmi, d…
Randall Emmett, 2020 Randall Emmett (lahir 25 Maret 1971) adalah seorang produser film dan televisi asal Amerika. Ia adalah ketua dan salah satu pendiri perusahaan produksi Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films. Ia paling dikenal karena memproduksi film-film; 2 Guns, Lone Survivor, dan Silence. Kehidupan dan karier awal Emmett lahir di Miami, Florida. Ia meraih gelar Bachelor of Fine Arts dari School of Visual Arts di New York City.[1] Pada 1995, Emmett memulai karier Hollywood-nya sebagai asisten pr…
$1United StatesYears of minting2006 (2006)ObverseReverse Scientist Founding Father Two commemorative Benjamin Franklin silver dollar coins were issued by the United States Mint in 2006 in honor of the tercentenary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin.[1][2][3] One coin, issued in honor of his legacy as a Scientist, depicts a youthful Franklin with a kite and key on the obverse and his famous 1754 cartoon Join, or Die on the reverse. The obverse was designed by Norman E.…
Railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Flemington RacecoursePTV Commuter rail stationWestbound view from Platform 2 with a stabled Metro Trains Comeng train, 2011General informationLocationLeonard CrescentFlemington, Victoria 3031City of MelbourneAustraliaCoordinates37°47′16″S 144°54′24″E / 37.7879°S 144.9068°E / -37.7879; 144.9068Owned byVicTrackOperated byMetro TrainsLine(s)Flemington RacecourseDistance6.59 kilometres fromSouthern CrossPlatforms2 …
Kermoroc'h Le calvaire de Langouérat. Administration Pays France Région Bretagne Département Côtes-d'Armor Arrondissement Guingamp Intercommunalité Guingamp-Paimpol Agglomération Maire Mandat Marie-Yannick Prigent 2020-2026 Code postal 22140 Code commune 22091 Démographie Gentilé Kermorochois, Kermorochoise Populationmunicipale 433 hab. (2021 ) Densité 70 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 48° 37′ 21″ nord, 3° 12′ 19″ ouest Altitude Min. …
Voce principale: Unione Calcio Sampdoria. UC SampdoriaStagione 1989-1990 Sport calcio Squadra Sampdoria Direttore tecnico Vujadin Boškov Allenatore Narciso Pezzotti Presidente Paolo Mantovani Serie A5º Coppa ItaliaFase a gironi Coppa delle CoppeVincitrice Supercoppa italianaFinale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Dossena, Lombardo, Pagliuca (34) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Mancini (11)Totale: Vialli (21) StadioLuigi Ferraris Abbonati16 535[1] Maggior numero di spettatori39 …
1971 genocide of Bengalis by Pakistan This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be fou…
' تجمع بدو العيص - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن المحافظة محافظة حضرموت المديرية مديرية غيل بن يمين العزلة عزلة غيل بن يمين السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 109 • الذكور 55 • الإناث 54 • عدد الأسر 17 • عدد المساكن 17 معلومات أخرى التوقيت توقيت اليمن (…
Field of science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metals Gold smelting workers in Siuna, Nicaragua in the late 20th centuryCasting, the process of pouring molten metal into a mold Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals, including the productio…
artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Dolby Vision adalah sebuah perangkat teknologi yang dikembangkan oleh Dolby Laboratories untuk video beresolusi high-dynamic-range (HDR).[1]&…