Racial nationalism

Racial nationalism is an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve "racial purity" of a nation through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races. To create a justification for such policies, racial nationalism often promotes eugenics, and advocates political and legislative solutions based on eugenic and other racial theories.^[1]

Nationalism in Northeast Asia (China, Korea and Japan)^[2] is partly related to 'racial nationalism' (民族主義),^[3]^[4] it is were influenced by the German ethnonationalist tradition (Völkisch movement and Blood and soil) of the 19th century, which was imported from Japan during the Meiji period.^[2]^[5] This kind of nationalism is related to the term 民族 similar to the German word Volk.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

By country

China

Chinese nationalism (中国民族主义 or 中华民族主义) claimed by the Chinese Communist Party in mainland China is multi-ethnic nationalism based on the concept of Zhonghua minzu (中华民族, lit: "Chinese folk"). Zhonghua minzu is translated as "Chinese nation", "Chinese people", "Chinese ethnicity" and "Chinese race".^[10]^[11]^[12] Some critics have referred to Chinese nationalism as "racial nationalism".^[4]

Some argue that the term Zhonghua minzu is intended to justify the Han race (汉族 or 汉民族)^[2] based "assimilationist" policy. Jamil Anderlini, an editor for the Financial Times, said that the concept of "Chinese race" nominally includes 56 officially recognized ethnicities (including Tibetans and Uyghurs) in China, but is "almost universally understood to mean the majority Han ethnic group, who make up more than 90 per cent of the population."^[11]

Germany

Japan

Korea

Korean racial nationalism is related to the concept of minjok, which often translates as "race" in the English-speaking world. In the 20th century, racial nationalist sentiment was shared on all political spectrums in South Korea, including not just right-wing dictatorships, but liberals and leftists who resisted it.^[13]^[14] When the racialist expressions were removed from South Korea's Pledge of Allegance in 2007, it is opposed by some left-wing nationalists who wished for Korean reunification.^[15] According to Brian Reynolds Myers, racial nationalism in North Korea is the main ideology of maintaining the system.^[16]

Many modern Korean nationalists deny the connection to "race" by limiting the meaning of minjok to the meanings of "nation", "people" and "ethnic group",^[17]^[18] because minjok (민족, lit: "folk") and injong (인종, lit: race) are distinct concepts in Korean language.^[18]^[19]^[20] However, many non-Korean observers actually recognize minjok as meaning of "race" because "Korean minjok" (한민족 or 조선민족) is defined by 'pure Korean blood'.^[17]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Peru

References

^ Turda & Weindling 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kelly, Robert E. (24 May 2010). "More on Asian Multiculturalism: 5 Masters Theses to be Written". Retrieved 10 February 2024. Northeast Asians (NEA – Chinese, Koreans, Japanese) strike me as quite nationalistic, and nationalism up here is still tied up in right-Hegelian, 19th century notions of blood and soil. In China, the Han race is the focus of the government's newfound, post-communist nationalism. In Korea, it is only the racial unity of minjeok that has helped keep Korea independent all these centuries. In Japan, the Yamato race is so important that even ethnic Koreans living there for generations can't get citizenship and there's no immigration despite a contracting population. MC in NEA faces huge political opposition that the already existing multiculturalism of South and Southeast Asia (SEA) don't face.
^ Gi-Wook Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy (Stanford University Press, 2006), p. 223.
^ ^a ^b Ko-wu Huang, Max (15 March 2008). The Meaning of Freedom: Yan Fu and Origins of Chinese Liberalism. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. p. 97. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1x0kc5b. ISBN 978-962-996-278-4. JSTOR j.ctv1x0kc5b. S2CID 261749245. ... racial nationalism (minzu zhuyi 民族主義) was characteristic of any race, but he asked: "Will racial nationalism strengthen our race? In my opinion, it definitely will not."...
^ Ryôta Nishino (2011). Changing Histories: Japanese and South African Textbooks in Comparison (1945–1995). V&R Unipress. p. 26. ... minzoku nationalism rested on the twin pillars of 'blood and soil' and 'proper place'.
^ Michael Rudolph (2003). Taiwans multi-ethnische Gesellschaft und die Bewegung der Ureinwohner: Assimilation oder kulturelle Revitalisierung? (in German). Lit. p. 207. ISBN 978-3-8258-6828-4. Zwar hatte man sich bei der Referenz auf das 'Chinesische Volk' (zhonghua minzu) sowie auf ' ethnische Chinesen ' ( hanren minzu ) durchaus schon lange des japanisch / chinesischen Begriffs ' minzoku ' bzw. ' minzu ' ( = Volk , Nation , Volk ) bedient , allein hatte man es vermieden ... zwischen 'Volk (minzu) und 'Ethnie' (zuqun) im chinesischen Kontext darin bestehe, ...
^ Charles K. Armstrong (18 June 2013). Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6893-3. ... (minjok, similar to the German Volk) ...
^ Gayle, Curtis Anderson (2003-08-29). Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism. Routledge.
^ Shiyuan Hao (30 November 2015). How the Communist Party of China Manages the Issue of Nationality: An Evolving Topic. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-662-48462-3. ... minzu to translate the German word volk and the English words ethnos and nation. After the Japanese philosopher Enryou Inoue founded the magazine Nihonjin in 1888, the term minzu became widely used in Japan and influenced the whole news ...
^ Olsson, Jojje (10 January 2018). "Racial Thinking in Modern China: A Bridge to Ethnonationalism?". Taiwan Sentinel. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b Anderlini, Jamil (21 June 2017). "The dark side of China's national renewal". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ Tobin, David (October 2022). Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge University Press. p. 235. doi:10.1017/9781108770408. ISBN 978-1-108-77040-8. S2CID 240707164. Repeated use of what should now be translated as 'Chinese race, (Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), alongside omission of ethnic minorities in official narratives ...
^ Sang-hoon Jang (20 January 2020). A Representation of Nationhood in the Museum. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-75396-1.
^ Gi-wook Shin (2006). Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy. Stanford University Press. p. 175.
^ Myers, Brian Reynolds (20 May 2018). "North Korea's state-loyalty advantage". Free Online Library. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Although the change was inspired by the increase in multiethnic households, not by the drive to bolster state-patriotism per se, the left-wing media objected ...
^ B. R. Myers (2010). The Cleanest Race.
^ ^a ^b Kristol, Bill; Eberstadt, Nicholas. "Nicholas Eberstadt Transcript". Conversations with Bill Kristol. The hum in their ideology is the Korean word minjok, which they would translate for us as "nationality," but is much closer in the way they use it to race.
^ ^a ^b "민족 (民族)". National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-02-14. people; ethnic group
^ "인종 (人種)". National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-02-14. race
^ Clark W. Sorensen; Donald Baker (2013). The Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 18, Number 1 (Spring 2013). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 47. ... injong (race) or minjok (ethnos) in the historical context.
^ Kelly, Robert E. (June 4, 2015). "Why South Korea is So Obsessed with Japan". Real Clear Defense. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
^ Myers, Brian Reynolds (September 14, 2010). "South Korea: The Unloved Republic?". Archived from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
^ Kristol, Bill; Eberstadt, Nicholas. "Nicholas Eberstadt on Understanding North Korea". Conversations with Bill Kristol.
^ "South Korea: The Unloved Republic? | Asia Society". www.asiasociety.org. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.