The majority of Kurdish people are Muslim by religion.[1][2][3] While the relationship between religion and nationalism has usually been strained and ambivalent with the strong hold of the Islamic leaders in Kurdish society, it has generally been the conservative Muslim Kurds who formed the backbone of the Kurdish movements.[4]
In Iraqi Kurdistan, as of 2023, Nabaz Ismail, the spokesperson for the autonomous region's Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs, estimates the total number of mosques to stand at 5820, 3380 of them offering Friday sermons, with 129 mosques opened in one year, including 56 in the regional capital Erbil. He further states that the ministry employs 2700 Islamic teachers and operates 100 Quran memorization centers as well 21 Islamic schools. Nabaz Ismail also says that 99% of the mosques have been built through philanthropy, relying on private donors and their charity in the form of zakat or sadaqah.[5]
Self-identity as Muslim first
Based on cross-national comparative surveys conducted in 2011 and 2013, it has been found out that when asked about what constitute their most important identity ("above all"), among the Kurds of Turkey 66% chose Muslim, 20% chose the Kurdish identity and 11% the Turkish nation, while among the Kurds of Iraq, 59% chose Muslim, 27% went for their Kurdish identity and 13% chose the Iraqi nation.[6]
Sunni Islam
The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims. The exact proportion is uncertain but McDowall gives the percentage as 'approximately 75%',[7] while Martin van Bruinessen estimates around two thirds or three quarters at least. Most Sunni Kurds follow the Shafi‘imadhhab, which distinguishes them from Arab and Turkish neighbors who in general are Hanafi. This difference is identified by some Kurds as being essential to their ethnic identity and deliberately emphasized.[4]
During the last six centuries, the Kurdish ulama had an influential role in the Ottoman court and taught at important universities like Al-Azhar University and in the Holy Cities of Arabia. Moreover, due to the location of Kurdistan between the three major cultural Islamic regions, many Kurdish ulama not only knew Kurdish but also Arabic, Persian and Turkish giving them an important role in mediating between Indian Muslims who communicated in Persian, Arabic, and Turkish speaking world. Kurdish teaching also had a lasting impact in Indonesia.[8]
Sunni Islam among Kurds is characterized by a strong overtone of mysticism and its scholars’ affiliation with Sufi orders.[2] In Kurdish society these constitute a hierarchical system, in which the leaders (sheikh) deploy their influence onto the localities through their deputies (khalifa), who mediate between sheikhs and common people. Today, Naqshbandiya and Qadiriyya are the most active tariqas. These tariqas had produced numbers of significant figures in the early history of Kurdish nationalist movement, including Mahmud Barzanji of Qadiriyyah, and Sheikh Said and Sheikh Ubeydullah of Naqshbandiyyah. Strong influences of sheikhs in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries were attributed to the Ottoman administrative reforms and the defense against the intrusion of Christian missionaries.[8]
Modern political development among Sunni Muslim Kurds varies throughout the state to which they belong. In Turkey, Said Nursi exerted major influence. Nursi devoted himself to intellectual development. This became the basis of the Nur Movement which espoused Islamic Modernism, mysticism, compatibility with modern science and tolerance. The Nur movement garnered several million followings in the mid 20th century.[9] The group fragmented substantially in the 1970s and 1980s, resulting in offshoots such as the Gülen movement.[10]
Youth reliogisity and radicalization in Iraqi Kurdistan
While studying youth religiosity in Iraqi Kurdistan, Kurdish sociologist Ibrahim Sadiq Malazada through his 2021 empirical research estimates the religious youth to stand at around 50%, or roughly half, noting that the rise of ISIS has had no real impact (with 8-9% decreasing their religiosity but 7% increasing due to ISIS) while COVID-19 instead strengthened religiosity (as 29% consider it "a divine test for society"), Malazada concluding that the "religious identity among youth in Kurdistan tended to be stable and that there has been no significant change in the religious tendencies of young people."[12] As per the same research, 30% of the young Kurds consider their religious identity as being as important as their national identity, 29% consider their religious identity to be more important while 7% consider religion as "the only remaining source of pride."[13]
There are also concerns about youth radicalization because of the worsening socio-economic conditions in Iraqi Kurdistan, even though they go for a quietist form of Salafism, often favored by the local parties in order to reduce the influence of Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated groups, instead of the more violent and revolutionary Salafi jihadism.[14]Salafism among Kurds is a phenomenon going beyond the youth in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Yarsanism (also known as Ahl-I-Haqq, Ahl-e-Hagh or Kakai) is also one of the religions that are associated with Kurdistan.
Although most of the sacred Yarsan texts are in the Gorani and all of the Yarsan holy places are located in Kurdistan, followers of this religion are also found in other regions.[26] For example, while there are more than 300,000 Yarsani in Iraqi Kurdistan, there are more than 2 million Yarsani in Iran.[27] However, the Yarsani lack political rights in both countries.
During the war with ISIL, many Yarsani people were persecuted by the Islamic State, being considered as “heretics” and being driven away from their villages.[28] However, Peshmerga offensives have driven the Islamic State out, and the Yarsani people now enjoy relative safety.[29]
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism was one of the dominant religions in Kurdistan before the Islamic era. Currently, Zoroastrianism is an officially recognized religion in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran and three Zoroastrian temples have opened in Iraqi Kurdistan after the official recognition of Zoroastrianism in the region in 2015.[30] There was a trend of Zoroastrianism in 2015 as well, where many accepted Zoroastrianism after being disillusioned with Islam because of the Islamic State.[31][32] A Kurdish Islamic cleric from Sulaymaniyah, on the other hand, claimed that Zoroastrianism was not the ancestral religion of Kurds and that it forced on them by "fire-worshipping Persians", where as Islam freed them, and he called on Kurds to kill Zoroastrian converts if they do not convert back to Islam in 3 days.[33] On 21 September 2016, the first official Zoroastrian fire temple of Iraqi Kurdistan opened in Sulaymaniyah. Attendees celebrated the occasion by lighting a ritual fire and beating the frame drum or 'daf'.[34][35]
The Zoroastrian community in Iraqi Kurdistan has claimed that thousands of people have recently converted to Zoroastrianism in the region; however, this has not been confirmed by independent sources and there are no official figures on the Zoroastrian population in the region.[36][34] In 2020, it was reported there were 60 Zoroastrian families in Iraqi Kurdistan.[37] At the same time, Reuters claimed many new predominantly Kurdish converts to Zoroastrianism in the Kurdistan Region are not officially registered as such, but some 15,000 members are counted by the Yasna association, which represents Zoroastrians.[38]
Christianity is present in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq through the presence of several distinct communities. These are Kurdish Christians, a minority, and non-Kurdish Assyrians, which include those who identify as Chaldeans and Syriacs, and the Armenians. The Assyrian and Armenian communities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq live primarily in the Erbil and Dohuk Governorates.[39]
According to recent reports, there were between 400 and 730 Jewish families living in the Kurdish region. However, Dr. Mordechai Zaken, an Israeli expert on Kurdish affairs, told the Jerusalem Post in November 2015 interview that the media reports on 430 Jewish families in Iraqi Kurdistan were false: "There were several dozen families that had some distant family connection to Judaism and most of them immigrated to Israel in the aftermath of the Gulf War...".[40]
On October 18, 2015, the Kurdistan Regional Government named Sherzad Omar Mamsani, a Kurdish Jew, as the Jewish representative of the Ministry of Endowment and Religious Affairs.[41] In 2017 Rabbi Daniel Edri, a Chief rabbi of rabbinical coury of Haifa in Israel, claimed he was appointed the chief Rabbi of Kurdistan by the Kurdish Region's Minister of Endowment and Religious Affairs.[42] In 2018, Sherzad Memsani was removed from his position.[42]
Secularism
Kurdistan has been referred to as "the last safe haven for secularism" in a region rife with religious extremism. In 2012, the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region declared that public schools were to be religiously neutral and that all major religions of the world are taught on an equal basis. As of 2012, KRG and Rojava (Syrian Kurdistan), are the only administrations in the entire region that do not openly endorse a single religion in public schools.[43]
^ abvan Bruinessen, Martin (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society. Collected articles. The Isis Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN9789754281620. The relationship of religion and nationalism has often been strained and ambivalent in Kurdistan. Many leading nationalists were irreligious or at least dissatisfied with the strong hold of mullas and shaikhs on the people. It has, on the other hand, usually been the orthodox Muslims who formed the backbone of the Kurdish movement.
^ abMcDowall, David (1997). A Modern History of the Kurds. Bloomsbury, London: I.B. Tauris. p. 10.
^ abvan Bruinessen, Martin (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society. Collected articles. The Isis Press. p. 24. ISBN9789754281620.
^Paul Dumont "Disciples of the Light: The Nurju Movement in Turkey," Central Asian Survey 5:2 (1986): 330.
^van Bruinessen, Martin (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society. Collected articles. The Isis Press. p. 15. ISBN9789754281620.
^Sadiq, Ibrahim (2021). "Kurdish Youth and Religious Identity : Between Religious and National Tensions". In Fazil, Shivan; Baser, Bahar (eds.). Youth Identity, Politics and Change in Contemporary Kurdistan. Transnational Press London. p. 220.
^Sadiq, Ibrahim (2021). "Kurdish Youth and Religious Identity : Between Religious and National Tensions". In Fazil, Shivan; Baser, Bahar (eds.). Youth Identity, Politics and Change in Contemporary Kurdistan. Transnational Press London. p. 212.
^Omarkhali, Khanna (2011). The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths : to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?. OCLC999248462.
VolkswagenJenisPublikIndustriOtomotifDidirikan28 Mei 1937KantorpusatWolfsburg, JermanTokohkunciMartin Winterkorn:Chairman of the Board of Management, Ferdinand Piëch : Chairman of Volkswagen Supervisory BoardProdukMobilProduksi6.073.000 unit (2016)Pendapatan€ 76,73 milyar (2017)Laba bersih€ 4,35 milyar (2017)Karyawan117.400 (2017)IndukGrup VolkswagenSitus webVolkswagen International Volkswagen (biasa disingkat VW) adalah sebuah pabrikan otomotif berbasis di Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Jer…
For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). Chemical element, symbol Cu and atomic number 29Copper, 29CuCopperAppearanceRed-orange metallic lusterStandard atomic weight Ar°(Cu)63.546±0.003[1]63.546±0.003 (abridged)[2] Copper in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobal…
Proyeksi dunia Mollweide. Proyeksi Mollweide dengan indikasi deformasi Tissot Proyeksi Mollweide adalah proyeksi peta area pseudosilindris yang sama yang umumnya digunakan untuk peta dunia atau bola langit. Ia juga dikenal sebagai proyeksi Babinet, proyeksi homolografik, proyeksi homolografis, dan proyeksi elips. Proyeksi ini berbagi akurasi sudut dan bentuk untuk akurasi proporsi di area, dan dengan demikian digunakan di mana properti itu diperlukan, seperti peta yang menggambarkan distribusi g…
Political party in Peru This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Peru Now – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Politics of Peru Constitution Executive President of PeruDina Boluarte Vice Presidents of PeruVacant (1st)Vacant (2n…
Artahsasta I𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂Ukiran Artahsasta I, dari makamnya di Naqsy-e RustamRaja Diraja IranFiraun MesirBerkuasa465–424 SMPendahuluXerxes IPenerusXerxes IISogdyanaDarius IIInformasi pribadiKematian424 SM, SusanPemakamanNaqsy-e Rustam, ParsaAyahXerxes IIbuAmestrisPasanganDamaspiaAnakXerxes IISogdyanaDarius IIArsyitaParysatis Artahsasta I (bahasa Persia Kuno: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂 Artaxšaça,[1] Yang memerintah (xšaça < *xšaθram) dengan asha atau arta (kebenara…
Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov Kapal induk Admiral Kuznetsov (063) Sejarah → Uni Soviet → Rusia Nama Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza KuznetsovAsal nama Nikolay KuznetsovDipesan 31 Maret 1981Pembangun Galangan Kapal Selatan NikolayevBiaya US$ 7 Miliar (Rp109,31 Triliun)Pasang lunas 1 April 1982Diluncurkan 6 Desember 1985Mulai berlayar 20 Januari 1991Diperbarui Mei–Agustus 2015, Juli 2018–sekarangIdentifikasi 063Status Dalam proses perbaikanLencana Ciri-ciri umum Kelas dan jenis…
Amnon LordBiografiKelahiran28 Juli 1952 (71 tahun)Ein Dor (en) KegiatanPekerjaanWartawan, penulis, editor surat kabar dan penulis opini Bekerja diMakor Rishon (en) (1999–)Mida (en) KeluargaPasangan nikahGail Hareven (en) Amnon Lord (Ibrani: אמנון לורדcode: he is deprecated , lahir 1952, Kibbutz Ein Dor, Israel), adalah seorang jurnalis Israel dengan surat kabar harian Makor Rishon.[1] Artikel dan esai Lord tentang media, film, dan politik telah diterbitkan di The Jerusalem…
Artikel ini tentang kronik standar dari Dinasti Konbaung. Lihat Glass Palace Chronicle untuk artikel tentang terjemahan Inggris dari kronik tersebut See Glass Palace Chronicle for the article on the English translation of the chronicle. Hmannan Yazawin Pencetakan ulang tiga volume 2003 HmannanPengarangRoyal Historical CommissionJudul asliမှန်နန်း မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး Hmannan Maha YazawindawgyiNegaraKerajaan BurmaBahasaBurmaSeriKronik BurmaGenr…
NaskahUncial 047Permulaan Injil YohanesPermulaan Injil YohanesTeksInjil †Waktuabad ke-8Aksarabahasa YunaniDitemukanAthosKini diPrinceton University LibraryUkuran20,5 x 15,2 cmJenisteks BizantinKategoriVCatatancruciform (kolom berbentuk salib) Uncial 047 (047 menurut penomoran Gregory-Aland, ε 95 menurut penomoran von Soden) adalah sebuah naskah Injil kuno dalam bahasa Yunani dengan tulisan jenis Uncial. Berdasarkan Paleografi diberi tarikh abad ke-8. Sebelumnya codex ini diberi kode huru…
Mazmur 27Naskah Gulungan Mazmur 11Q5 di antara Naskah Laut Mati memuat salinan sejumlah besar mazmur Alkitab yang diperkirakan dibuat pada abad ke-2 SM.KitabKitab MazmurKategoriKetuvimBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen19← Mazmur 26 Mazmur 28 → Mazmur 27 (disingkat Maz 27, Mzm 27 atau Mz 27; penomoran Septuaginta: Mazmur 26) adalah sebuah mazmur dalam Kitab Mazmur di Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama dalam Alkitab Kristen. Mazmur ini digubah oleh Daud. Dal…
American state election 1928 Michigan gubernatorial election ← 1926 November 6, 1928 1930 → Nominee Fred W. Green William Comstock Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 961,179 404,546 Percentage 69.94% 29.44% County resultsGreen: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90% Governor before election Fred W. Green…
List of events ← 1884 1883 1882 1885 in Germany → 1886 1887 1888 Decades: 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s See also:Other events of 1885History of Germany • Timeline • Years Events in the year 1885 in Germany. Incumbents National level Kaiser – William I Chancellor – Otto von Bismarck State level Kingdoms King of Bavaria – Ludwig II King of Prussia – William I King of Saxony – Albert King of Württemberg – Charles Grand Duchies Grand Duke of…
Perang Skotlandia–NorwegiaTanggal1262–1266LokasiSkotlandia, kemungkinan juga di Hebrides dan OrkneyHasil Perjanjian PerthPerubahanwilayah Kedaulatan Skotlandia atas Hebrides dan Pulau Man. Skotlandia menerima kedaulatan Norwegia atas Shetland dan Orkney.Pihak terlibat Kerajaan Norwegia Kerajaan Kepulauan Earldom of Orkney Kerajaan SkotlandiaTokoh dan pemimpin Haakon IV dari Norwegia Magnus Olafsson Magnus III dari Orkney Ogmund Crouchdance Alexander III dari Skotlandia Alexander Stewart, Hig…
Scottish shipbuilding company Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering CompanyCompany typePublic companyIndustryShipbuildingPredecessorRandolph, Elliott and Co.Randolph, Elder and Co.John Elder & Co.Founded1834Defunct1968FateMerged with others to form Upper Clyde ShipbuildersSuccessorGovan ShipbuildersHeadquartersGovan, Scotland, UKKey peopleCharles RandolphJohn ElderSir William PearceSir James LithgowSir Alexander KennedyProductsNaval shipsMerchant shipsOcean linersMarine enginesParentNorthum…
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu KiaiFortsenalVara KiaiNative toVanuatuRegionEspiritu Santo IslandNative speakers450 (2001)[1]Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianOceanicSouthern OceanicNorth-Central VanuatuNorth VanuatuEspiritu SantoKiaiOfficial statusOfficial language inVanuatuLanguage codesISO 639-3frtGlottologfort1240ELPKiaiKiai is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Kiai is an Ocea…
Balairung Shui Mu Qing Hua (水木清華, kata ini adalah idiom dalam bahasa sastra Mandarin yang artinya mengacu pada: pemandangan, kolam atau taman yang bersih dan indah), salah satu atraksi wisata di Taman Tsinghua Taman Tsinghua (Hanzi tradisional: 清華園; Hanzi sederhana: 清华园; Pinyin: Qīnghuá Yuán) terletak di Distrik Haidian, Beijing, Tiongkok. Dibangun pada masa pemerintahan Kaisar Kangxi (memerintah tahun 1661-1722) dari Dinasti Qing, awalnya bernama Taman Xichun …
Felipe Enrique NeriBaron de BastropBaron de BishopMonument of Baron de Bastrop in Bastrop County, Texas.BornPhilip Hendrik Nering Bögel(1759-11-23)November 23, 1759Paramaribo, SurinamDiedFebruary 27, 1827(1827-02-27) (aged 67)Saltillo, MexicoResting placeSaltilloKnown forLouisiana land developmentTexas colonization partnership with Stephen F. AustinSpouseGeorgine Wolffeline Françoise Lijcklama à NyeholtChildrenFiveParent(s)Conraed Laurens Nering BögelMaria Jacoba Kraayvanger Felipe…
1988 European Athletics Indoor ChampionshipsTrack events60 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen3000 mmenwomen60 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 m walkwomen5000 m walkmenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenShot putmenwomenvte The men's long jump event at the 1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 5 March.[1][2] Results Rank Name Nationality #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Result Notes Frans Maas Netherlands 7.83 x 7.95…
Lampu lalu lintas di Britania Raya. Lampu lalu lintas pada sebuah persimpangan di Indonesia Lampu lalu lintas di Rusia. Lampu lalu lintas (menurut UU no. 22/2009 tentang Lalu lintas dan Angkutan Jalan: alat pemberi isyarat lalu lintas atau APILL) adalah lampu yang mengendalikan arus lalu lintas yang terpasang di persimpangan jalan, tempat penyeberangan pejalan kaki (zebra cross), dan tempat arus lalu lintas lainnya. Lampu ini yang menandakan kapan kendaraan harus berjalan dan berhenti secara ber…