The rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup was a Nazi raid and mass arrest of Jews in Lyon's Sainte-Catherine street by the Gestapo. The raid, ordered and personally overseen by Klaus Barbie, took place on 9 February 1943 at the Fédération des sociétés juives de France (Federation of Jewish Societies of France), then located at the number 12 of this street. To catch as many people as possible, the Nazis not only chose the day the Federation normally gave free medical treatment and food to poor Jewish refugees, but they also set up a trap by forcing arrested Federation employees to encourage further people to come to the 12 rue Sainte Catherine.
A total of 86 Jewish people were arrested, 84 of whom were then sent to the Drancy internment camp. Ultimately 83 people were deported to the extermination camps of Sobibor and Auschwitz, and to a lesser extent to Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, and Majdanek. Of those arrested, two escaped before deportation, one was released from Drancy, and only three survived the extermination camps. A number of victims belonged to the French Resistance. The rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup was one of the main charges against Barbie at his trial. Malvine Lanzet, then 14 years old, the prisoner released from Drancy, testified at the trial in 1987. Further written testimonies were given by the few surviving witnesses.
Context
In 1943, the offices of the fifth chapter of the Union Générale des Israélites de France (UGIF, General union of Israelites of France) were located at 12 Rue Sainte-Catherine in Lyon. Officially, the UGIF was an organisation created by the collaborationist government of Vichy France under the auspices of Nazi Germany.[2] In Lyon, it resulted from the merging of two pre-war entities: the Comité intergouvernemental pour les réfugiés (intergovernmental committee for refugees), created in 1938 to help Austrian and German Jewish refugees settle in France; and a branch of the French Jewish Society. During the war, it was nominally placed under the control of the Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs.[3]
The UGIF actually acted in secret for the social assistance and welfare of Jewish people, receiving funding from the American Quakers[4] and, as the Nazis believed, from a Geneva-based Jewish society.[5]
The association provided shelter and general help to refugees from all over Europe arriving in Lyon since before the war. The UGIF also provided counterfeit papers and helped smuggle people abroad, in particular to Switzerland. The organisation included a number of non-Jewish helpers as well, who provided temporary housing for some refugees.[6] These activities became known by the Nazis and served as a pretext for the Gestapo to raid the UGIF premises in Lyon, although their actual aim was simply to round up and send as many Jews as possible to the extermination camps.[7]
Roundup
Events
Hôtel Terminus was the seat of the Gestapo in Lyon during the war
On Tuesday, 9 February 1943,[8] the Gestapo, acting under the direction of Klaus Barbie, who was personally present,[9] decided to arrest the members of the UGIF in Lyon and set up a trap to arrest all people visiting them. They chose a Tuesday because this was the day that the UGIF gave free food and administered medical treatments to the needy.[10]
Gilberte Jacob, one of the few survivors of the roundup reported at the trial of Barbie that she was at her reception desk when, in the early afternoon, three men armed with revolvers arrested her. In total 30 people were present in the UGIF offices when a dozen Gestapo men dressed in plain clothes arrived.[4][11]
In the following hours, the Gestapo forced the UGIF receptionists to answer calls as usual and to especially encourage people to visit the UGIF that day. Four or five Gestapo members plus Barbie interrogated everybody.[12]
The Gestapo trap worked and soon two rooms were filled with 80 people.[10] The Nazis took all their belongings.[13]
Among the arrested people were Victor Szulklaper and Michel Kroskof-Thomas,[14] who both managed to convince Barbie that they were not Jewish thanks to counterfeit documents. Kroskof-Thomas explained his presence by arguing that he was a painter. After he was let go, he tried to warn as many people as possible not to go to the Union office.[15] In 1983 he provided crucial testimony in which he reported that Barbie was personally present at the UGIF premises on the day of the roundup.[16] In 1985, he also formally identified Barbie in prison.[17] Also initially arrested were Annette Grinszpan and her infant son René Grinszpan, then eight months old. Using counterfeit papers she passed as Alsacian, but ultimately Barbie sent her away because her baby was crying loudly.[citation needed]
On 8 February 1943, Léa Katz-Weiss, then 16 years old, had overheard that a roundup was going to take place in the Grande synagogue de Lyon the next day.[18] Looking for Rabbi Schonberg to warn him, she went to the UGIF offices in the afternoon of the 9th where she was arrested. She managed to convince a Gestapo officer to let her go in exchange for her coming back the next morning to the Hôtel Terminus,[19] so that she could warn her ill mother of her impending departure. Eva Gottlieb, receptionist at the UGIF, used counterfeit papers to claim she was unrelated to the UGIF and was only bringing back a Beethoven music score to a friend, so she was consequently let go. Both Eva Gottlieb and Annette Grinszpan gave written testimonies at the trial of Barbie.[10]
Fate of the prisoners
At the end of the day, the Gestapo had arrested 86 people, of whom 62 were men and 24 women.[20] In the early evening they were forced into two trucks and sent to Fort Lamothe, a military casern that served as a temporary prison as the normal Montluc prison was full. They were left there, crammed into two rooms[13] without food or water for two days under the control of the Wehrmacht. Two people, David Luksemberg and Driller Siegfried,[21] managed to escape during this time in the early morning hours of 11 February 1943.[note 1]
The 84 prisoners still in German hands were sent by train convoy to the Drancy internment camp, north of Paris. At some point, Malvine Lanzet was released from Drancy, possibly owing to her youth and placed in the care of the UGIF in Paris. The remaining 83 people were deported to the Extermination camps of Sobibor, Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen and Majdanek. Among these, only three survived.[20][22]
Victims
Lola Rappaport, a victim of the Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup, here in 1932
Complete list of people arrested during the Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup with their age at the time of arrest, given in alphabetical order:[23][24][25]
Berthe Ackerman (also Berthe Akierman), 22 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 2]
Bronia Andermann, 36 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 3]
Israël Bach, 54 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 4]
Simon Badinter, father of the French politician Robert Badinter, 47 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[27]
Leizer Bleiberg (also Bleuberg), 43 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 5]
Emmanuel Bloch, 68 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 6]
Isidore Bollack, 72 years old, murdered in Auschwitz[note 7]
Julius Brender (also Jules Brender), 44 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 8]
Wolf Brull (also Wolf Bruhl), 62 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 9]
Chuma Czerwonogora (also Chouna Czerwonogora), 32 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 10]
André Deutsch, 34 years old, was bringing 30,000 Francs to the UGIF for poor refugees which were stolen by the Gestapo.[29] He was murdered in Auschwitz.[note 11]
Sigmund Dickmann, 33 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 12]
Noel (also Nathan) Domnicz, 22 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 13]
Gisèle Dornheim (born Gisèle Flesch), 45 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 14]
Emmanuel Edelmann, 35 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 15]
Albert Engel, 53 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 16]
Israel Epelbaum, 47 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 17]
Jacob Esskreis, 65 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 18]
Jacob Ettlinger (ou Jacob Ettinger), 39 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 19]
Salomon Feldhandler, 35 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 20]
Pierre Freidenberg, 42 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 21]
Erna Freund, 54 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 22]
Icek Frydmann, 34 years old, murdered in Majdanek.[note 23]
Georg Fuchs, 37 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 24]
Osias Fuhrer, 53 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 25]
Walter Fuhrer, 18 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 26]
Régine Gattegno, 19 years old, member of the French Resistance, murdered in Sobibor on 30 March 1943.[note 27]
Kalman Gelber (also Kalmann Gelber), 42 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 28]
Joseph Goldberg, 40 years old, murdered in Majdanek.[note 29]
Michel Gorodistan (also Michel Gorodistean), 42 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 30]
Aurélie Gottlieb, 51 years old, member of the French Resistance, murdered in Auschwitz on 28 June 1943.[note 31]
Heinrich Grad (also Henri Grad), 44 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 32]
Esther Grinberg, 32 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 33]
Paul Guerin (also Benno Breslerman), 13 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 34]
Franz Hirschler (also Frantz Hirschler), 52 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 35]
Isaac Horowicz, 33 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 36]
Gilberte Jacob (later Gilberte Lévy), 30 years old, deported to Bergen-Belsen she survived the war and was a witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie.[note 37]
Ryfka Jelem, 41 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 38]
Samuel Kohn, 42 years old, member of the French Resistance, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 39]
Salomon Kruman, 41 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 40]
Ruchla Landau, 41 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 41]
Pierre Lanzenberg, 43 years old, dermatologist, member of the French Resistance, murdered in Sobibor.[note 42]
Anna Lanzet, 43 years old, mother of Malvine Lanzet, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 43]
Malvine Lanzet (later Malvine Kessler), 14 years old. After she arrived in Drancy, she was released on 12 June 1943 and went to an orphanage in Paris where she was cared for by the Union. She was a witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie.[note 44]
Annie Lederer, 27 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 45]
Hans Lichtenstein, 41 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 46]
Sidonie Lichtenstein, 37 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 47]
Marcelle Loeb, 19 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 48]
Ephraim Loebel (also Ephraim Lobel), 57 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 49]
Michael Max, 52 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 50]
Gerson Merker, 54 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 51]
Norbert Muntzer (or Norbert Munzer), 34 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 52]
Chaim Peretz, 57 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 53]
Jacques Peskine, 61 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 54]
Lola Rappaport (also Loja Rappaport or Laja Rapaport), 21 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 55]
Klara Reckendorfer, 45 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 56]
Jean-Jacques (Joseph) Rein, 23 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 57]
Alexandre Reznik, 47 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 59]
Feiwel Ring, 33 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 60]
Marcus Rokotnitz (or Marais Rokonitz), 42 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 61]
Herta Rosenbach, 35 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 62]
Abraham Rosenberg, 64 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 63]
Zeli Rosenfeld, 48 years old, unknown fate.[note 64]
Irma Rosenthal, 64 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 65]
Henri Rosencweig (also Chemja Rosensweig or Chamja Rosensweig), 25 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 66]
Menachem Safran, 42 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 67]
Madeleine Schick, 22 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 68]
Bernard Schneebalg (or Bernard Schnelbalg), 43 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 69]
Simha Schkira, 50 years old, unknown fate.[note 70]
Joseph Soudakoff (or Joseph Soudrkoff), 52 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 71]
Betty Steigmann, 36 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 72]
Armand Steinberg, 32 years old. Dentist, he was deported to Auschwitz and then to the Dachau concentration camp, surviving both ordeals. His testimony was read at the trial of Klaus Barbie. He was interviewed for the documentary Les Témoins impossibles (Impossible witnesses) in 1987.[41][note 73]
Jules Steinmuller, 48 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 74]
Joseph Sztark, 31 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 75]
Rachmill Szulklaper (also Sullaper), 31 years old, brother of Victor Szulklaper[16][42] who was released owing to good counterfeit papers in his possession identifying him as a French citizen. Deported to Auschwitz, Rachmill survived the war and died in 1984, on the eve of the trial of Klaus Barbie.[note 76]
Benno Taubmann, 33 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 77]
Feiwel Taubmann, 60 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 78]
Sally Taubmann, 63 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 79]
Victor Tlagarza (or Victor Tlagarz), 43 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 80]
Juliette Weill, 21 years old, member of the French Resistance murdered in Sobibor.[note 81]
Hermann Weinstock, 47 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 82]
Maier Weismann, 57 years old. The day of the roundup, he was bringing 225,000 Francs in funds from the US to help poor refugees in Lyon. This was stolen by the Gestapo[29] and he was murdered in Sobibor.[note 83]
Elias Wolf, 65 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 84]
The four survivors from the 84 arrested were:
Gilberte Jacob, later Gilberte Lévy, witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie;
Malvine Lanzet, later Malvine Kessler, witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie;
Drancy where 84 of the 86 people arrested during the roundup were imprisoned until their departure to the extermination camps.
Following the roundup, the Nazis closed the premises of the UGIF at the Rue Sainte-Catherine.[45]
In April 1943, the head of the UGIF in Lyon at the time of the roundup, Robert Kahn, was sacked and replaced by Raymond Geissmann. Geissmann chose new collaborators and relocated the UGIF to the 9 Rue de l'Hôtel de Ville.[21] In spite of this, from then on most of the help to Jewish refugees came from elsewhere, for example from the office of the Rabbi of Lyon as the 5th chapter of the UGIF had been weakened by the roundup.[46]
In 1983, Serge Klarsfeld accessed the archives of the Union générale des israélites de France which had been brought to the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York shortly after 1945.[47] Thanks to these documents as well as the list of arrivals at the Drancy camp on 12 February 1943, Klarsfeld managed to establish a complete list of names for the 84 victims.
The order signed by Barbie for the roundup was subsequently uncovered, which meant that the events of the Rue Sainte-Catherine were included at the trial of Barbie in 1987. Klarsfeld compiled these documents in the book La rafle de la rue Sainte-Catherine à Lyon le 9 février 1943 (The Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup in Lyon on 9 February 1943).[note 85] The roundup of the Rue Sainte-Catherine was therefore instrumental in securing Barbie's life sentence.
Commemorative plaque
On 13 February 2011, on the occasion of the 68th anniversary of the roundup, a commemorative plaque was put in the Rue Sainte-Catherine with the names of the 84 people arrested on 9 February 1943.[48][20] The plaque, donated by the Association des Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France (Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France), was unveiled by the senator and mayor of Lyon, Gérard Collomb.[49]
Above the names of the victims, it bears the text:
"A la mémoire des Juifs raflés par la gestapo, le 9 février 1943, dans les locaux de la Fédération des Sociétés Juives de France et du Comité d'assistance aux Réfugiés, 12 rue Sainte Catherine Lyon 1er : 86 personnes furent arrétées, 80 furent déportées dont 3 survécurent." [...]
"In remembrance of the Jews rounded up by the Gestapo on 9 February 1943 at the premises of the Fédération des Sociétés Juives de France and the Aid Committee for the Refugees, 12 Rue Sainte Catherine, Lyon 1: 86 people were arrested and 80 were deported of which 3 survived." [...]
A yearly commemoration takes place in Lyon in remembrance of the events of 9 February 1943. On the morning of 21 October 2019, the plaque was defaced with half of the names of the victims covered in black ink.[50]
^On 15 February 1943, Barbie notified his superiors of the evasion, mistakenly stating that "Aron Luxembourg", the brother of David, and Siegfried Driller had escaped.[10]
^Born in 1921 in Paris, she was deported with the Train Convoy No. 53, from Drancy to Sobibor on 25 March 1943.[26]
^Born on 3 September 1906 in Buezaz, Poland. She was deported with Convoy No. 52, from Drancy to Sobibor on 23 March 1943.
^Born on 19 June 1889 in Przemyśl, Poland. He was deported with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943, from Drancy to Auschwitz.
^Born 9 May 1899 in Bortchoff, Poland, he was deported with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943 from Drancy to Auschwitz.
^Born on 16 September 1874 in Niederrœdern, he died on 31 July 1943.
^Born 17 October 1870 in Sicrentz. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 59, on 2 September 1943. Isidore Bollack was the son of Moïse Bollack and Claire Picard. He married Alice Haymann in Lyon.[28]
^He was born on 26 July 1898 in Pastauna. He was deported from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 1 December 1880 in Jarosław, Poland. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 21 May 1911 in Belchatow, Poland. Sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 55, on 23 June 1943.
^Deported to Auschwitz, where he actively participated in the French Committee for Solidarity with Henry Bulawko.[30][31] Born on 14 March 1909 in Lugos. Before his arrest, he lived at the 80 rue de Trarieux in Lyon. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 55, on 23 June 1943.
^He was born on 21 September 1909 in Stanislav, Poland. He was deported from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 9 Octobre 1920 in Warsaw, Poland. He was deported from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 18 September 1898 in Vienna, she was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 2 February 1908 in Poland. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 14 April 1889 in Berlin. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born in 1896 in Nadimine, France. He was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 15 December 1877 in Lviv, then a part of Poland but now in Ukraine. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 20 August 1903 in Budapest, Hungary. He was deported from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 28 March 1908 in Vienna. He was deported from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 11 July 1901 in Beaune, France. He was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 27 July 1888 in Erfurt, Germany. She was deported with Convoy No. 52, on 23 March 1943 from Drancy to Sobibor.
^Born on 25 May 1908 in Nolomeri, Poland. He was sent from Drancy to Majdanek with Convoy No. 51, on 6 March 1943.
^Born on 25 August 1905 in Hidaskürt, now Mostová in Slovakia. He was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 22 February 1890, in Przemyśl, Poland. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 22 November 1924 in Vienna. He was sent with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943 from Drancy to Auschwitz.
^Born on 15 September 1923 in Lyon. She was sent with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943 from Drancy to Sobibor.
^Born on 4 March 1900 in Brechatza, Romania. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 20 May 1902 in Magalnica, Poland. He was sent from Drancy to Majdanek with Convoy No. 51, on 6 March 1943.
^Born on 10 February 1901 in Kirnienew, Russia. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 55, on 23 June 1943.
^Born in 1892. She was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 55.[32]
^Born on 18 May 1899 in Radkowicz. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49 on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 16 October 1910 in Paris. She was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 1 December 1929 in Marseille, France. He was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 16 February 1891 in Mannheim, Germany. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49 on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 16 January 1910 in Brzesborg. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49 on 2 March 1943.
^She was born on 25 January 1913 in Paris. At the time of her arrest, she lived at 40 Rue Michel Servet in Lyon. She was sent from Drancy to Bergen-Belsen with Convoy No. 80, on 23 July 1944.
^Born on 3 September 1901 in Smiobitch, Poland. She was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49 on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 12 July 1901 in Paris. In Drancy he tried to escape by digging a tunnel with others but was caught. He was deported to Auschwitz with Convoi No. 62 on 20 November 1943 and died later that same month.
^Born on 20 January 1909 in Mykulyntsi, Ukraine. He was deported from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.[33]
^Born on 11 October 1901 in Chrzanów, Poland. She was deported from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 3 January 1900 in Colmar, France. He was deported to Sobibor from Dancy after a brief period at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp, aboard Convoy No. 53 on 25 March 1943. He killed in Sobibor on 30 March 1943.
^Born on 10 August 1900 in Bolechowo, Poland. She was transferred to the Rothschild hospital on 15 March 1943 but was arrested there by members of the SS under the direction of Alois Brunner.[34] She was deported from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 62, on 20 November 1943.
^Born on 4 or 11 August 1928 in Vienna, she was freed from Drancy on 12 June 1943.[35][36][37]
^Born on 12 April 1915 in Habeloutz. She was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 11 April 1901 in Deina-Szezdahe. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 55, on 23 June 1943.
^Born on 23 June 1905, in Uherský Brod, Czech Republic. She was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 55, on 23 June 1943.
^Born on 28 April 1923 in Strasbourg, France. Nicknamed Topy, she was Pierre Lanzenberg's assistant as his medical practice, living in Lyon at the time of the roundup. She was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53 on 25 March 1943. She was killed there on 30 March 1943.
^Born on 10 May 1885 in Kanena. He was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 49 on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 12 March 1891, in Pilgersdorf, Austria. Michael Max was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 29 August 1888 in Tyśmienica, Lublin Voivodeship. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz aboard Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 20 August 1908 in Vienna. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz aboard Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 22 February 1886 in Poland. He was deported from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 48, on 13 February 1943.
^Born on 7 August 1881 in Vilnius. He was deported from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 48, on 13 February 1943.
^Born on 30 December 1922 or 30 December 1920 in Częstochowa, Poland. At the time of her arrest, she lived at the 17, Rue de Sully in Roanne. She was deported aboard Convoy No. 57, from Drancy to Auschwitz or Sobibor on 18 July 1943.[38]
^Born on 23 March 1898, in Nuremberg, Germany. She was deported with Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943 from Drancy to Auschwitz.
^Born on 28 February 1920, in Mulhouse, France. Member of the French Resistance, he made counterfeit papers and set up safe houses for refugees. He was deported from Drancy to Sobibor aboard Convoy No. 53 on 25 March 1943. He was murdered there on 30 March 1943.
^Born on 9 July 1878 in Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France. She was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz with Convoy No. 59, on 2 September 1943. Her brother, Marcel Baumann, aged 63 and living in Villefranche-sur-Saone was born on 17 June 1881 in Ilkirrch. He was also deported from Drancy to Auschwitz, but aboard Convoy No. 77, on 31 July 1944.[40]
^Born on 3 June 1917 in Bratislava, Slovakia, then known as Presburg.
^Born on 29 July 1900 in Krosno, Poland. He was sent from Drancy to Auschwitz on Convoy No. 49, 2 March 1943.
^Born on 22 November 1920 in Colmar, France. She was sent from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 31 March 1899 in Katity, Czechoslovakia. He was onboard Convoy No. 53, on 25 March 1943 from Drancy to Sobibor.
^Born on 13 April 1910 in Chernivtsi, then in Romania but now in Ukraine. He was onboard Convoy No. 52, which departed Drancy for Sobibor on 23 March 1943.
^Born on 12 October 1882 in Snyalin. He was onboard Convoy No. 52, which departed Drancy for Sobibor on 23 March 1943.
^Born on 18 September 1879 in Mielnica Mała, Poland or Mielnica, Ukraine. She was onboard Convoy No. 53, which departed Drancy for Sobibor on 25 March 1943.
^Born on 10 May 1899 in Łódź, Poland. He was onboard Convoy No. 49 from Drancy to Auschwitz on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 23 November 1921 in Strasbourg, France. Here letters to her family written while she was in Drancy have been preserved and were read during commemorations of the roundup. She was deported from Drancy to Sobibor with Convoy No. 53 on 25 March 1943. She died on 30 March 1943.
^Born on 2 January 1896 in Troza. She was deported from Drancy to Auschwitz onboard Convoy No. 49, on 2 March 1943.
^Born on 5 December 1885 in Korczyna, Poland. He was onboard Convoy No. 53 on 25 March 1943 from Drancy to Sobibor.
^Born on 14 June 1878 in Starasol, then in Poland but now in Ukraine. He was onboard Convoy No. 49, which departed Drancy for Auschwitz on 2 March 1943.
Doré-Rivé, Isabelle (2012). Vivier, Marion (ed.). Une ville dans la guerre: Lyon 1939-1945. Les collections du Centre d'Histoire de la Résistance et de la Déportation (in French). Lyon: Fage. ISBN978-2-84975-279-1.
Klarsfeld, Serge (1978). Mémorial de la Déportation des Juifs de France (in French). Fils et filles des déportés juifs de France. p. 812. OCLC828859236.
Klarsfeld, Serge (1985a). Vichy-Auschwitz. Tome 2, 1943-1944 le rôle de Vichy dans la solution finale de la question juive en France. Paris: Fayard. ISBN9782213015736.
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Batman ConfidentialCover to Batman Confidential #1, art by Whilce Portacio and Richard Friend.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleMonthlyFormatOngoing seriesPublication dateDecember 2006 - March 2011No. of issues54Main character(s)BatmanCreative teamWritten byAndy DigglePenciller(s)Whilce Portacio, Rags Morales, Kevin Maguire, José Luis García-López, Jerry BinghamInker(s)Kevin Nowlan Batman Confidential is an American monthly comic book series from DC Comics which debuted on Dece…
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العلاقات البوتانية الناوروية بوتان ناورو بوتان ناورو تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البوتانية الناوروية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بوتان وناورو.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة بوتان نا…
Vanderbilt Avenue (menghadap utara) Koordinat: 40°45′16″N 73°58′37″W / 40.754336°N 73.977031°W / 40.754336; -73.977031 Vanderbilt Avenue adalah sebuah jalan pendek di borough Manhattan, New York City. Jalan ini membentang dari 42nd Street hingga 47th Street, antara Park Avenue dan Madison Avenue. Jalan ini dibentuk pada akhir 1860-an akibat pembangunan Grand Central Depot dan dinamai sesuai Cornelius Vanderbilt, pembangun terminal sesungguhnya.[1] Gran…
FA Cup 1999-2000 Competizione FA Cup Sport Calcio Edizione 119ª Organizzatore FA Luogo Inghilterra Risultati Vincitore Chelsea(3º titolo) Secondo Aston Villa Semi-finalisti Newcastle Utd Bolton Cronologia della competizione 1998-99 2000-01 Manuale La FA Cup 1999-2000 è stata la centodiciannovesima edizione della competizione calcistica più antica del mondo. È stata vinta dal Chelsea contro l'Aston Villa nell'ultima finale di Fa Cup disputata al vecchio Wembley S…
Hungarian-born American composer (1887–1951) Romberg in 1949 Sigmund Romberg (July 29, 1887 – November 9, 1951)[1] was a Hungarian-born American composer. He is best known for his musicals and operettas, particularly The Student Prince (1924), The Desert Song (1926) and The New Moon (1928). Early in his career, Romberg was employed by the Shubert brothers to write music for their musicals and revues, including several vehicles for Al Jolson. For the Shuberts, he also adapted several …
Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et le Trentin-Haut-Adige. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Cavareno Administration Pays Italie Région Trentin-Haut-Adige Province Trentin Code postal 38011 Code ISTAT 022051 Code cadastral C380 Préfixe tel. 0463 Démographie Gentilé cavarenesi Population 1 122 hab. (1er janvier 2023[1]) Densité 125 hab./km2…
Anarchism in Turkey A Short History of Anarchism in Turkey, London, Karambol Publications, 1994. Part of a series onAnarchism History Outline Schools of thought Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Total liberation Individualist Egoist Free-market Naturist Philosophical Mutualism Postcolonial African Black Queer Religious Christian Jewish Social Collectivist Parecon Communist Magonism Without adjectives Methodology Agorism Illegalism Insurrectionary Communization Expropriative Pacifist Plat…
Sidorame TimurKelurahanKantor Kelurahan Sidorame TimurNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKotaMedanKecamatanMedan PerjuanganKodepos20236Kode Kemendagri12.71.18.1006 Kode BPS1275160006 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Sidorame Timur adalah kelurahan di kecamatan Medan Perjuangan, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Galeri Gereja HKBP Saroha di Kelurahan Sidorame Timur lbsKecamatan Medan Perjuangan, Kota Medan, Sumatera UtaraKelurahan Tegal Rejo Sidorame Barat I Sidor…
Valley in Jammu & Kashmir, India For other uses, see Kashmir (disambiguation). Kashmir valleyVale of KashmirSatellite imagery of the Kashmir Valley, showcasing the snow-capped peaks of the Pir Panjal Range (left in image; southwest in compass) and the Great Himalayas (right in image; northeast in compass) flanking it on either sideA 1938 geological map of the Kashmir ValleyLength83 miles (134 km) Northwest-SoutheastWidth20 miles (32 km)Area15,520.3 km2 (5,992.4 sq…
Election 1897 San Diego mayoral election ← 1895 April 6, 1897 (1897-04-06) 1899 → Nominee Daniel C. Reed C.F. Holland Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,400 933 Percentage 39.3% 26.2% Mayor before election William H. Carlson Independent Elected Mayor Daniel C. Reed Republican Elections in California Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 193…
2019 Gander RV 400 Race details[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Race 21 of 36 in the 2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series The 2019 Gander RV 400 program cover.Date July 28, 2019 (2019-07-28)Location Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, PennsylvaniaCourse Permanent racing facility2.5 mi (4 km)Distance 163 laps, 407.5 mi (652 km)Scheduled Distance 160 laps, 400 mi (640 km)Average speed 133.804 miles per hour (215.337 km/h)Pole po…
Danny Wuerffel Wuerffel nel 2009. Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza 185 cm Peso 96 kg Football americano Ruolo Quarterback Termine carriera 2008 CarrieraGiovanili 1993-1996 Florida GatorsSquadre di club 1997-1999 New Orleans Saints2000 Rhein Fire (NFLE)2000 Green Bay Packers2001 Chicago Bears2002 Washington Redskins Statistiche aggiornate al 13 ottobre 2013 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Daniel Carl Wuerffel (Fort Walton Beach, 27 maggio 1974) è…
Stuttgart Indoor 1981 Sport Tennis Data 23 marzo – 29 marzo Edizione 3a Superficie Cemento indoor Campioni Singolare Ivan Lendl Doppio Buster Mottram / Nick Saviano 1980 Lo Stuttgart Indoor 1981 è stato un torneo di tennis giocato sul cemento indoor. È stata la 3ª edizione dello Stuttgart Indoor, che fa parte del Volvo Grand Prix 1981. Si è giocato a Stoccarda in Germania, dal 23 al 29 marzo 1981. Indice 1 Campioni 1.1 Singolare 1.2 Doppio 2 Collegamenti esterni Campioni Singolare Lo stess…
周處除三害The Pig, The Snake and The Pigeon正式版海報基本资料导演黃精甫监制李烈黃江豐動作指導洪昰顥编剧黃精甫主演阮經天袁富華陳以文王淨李李仁謝瓊煖配乐盧律銘林孝親林思妤保卜摄影王金城剪辑黃精甫林雍益制片商一種態度電影股份有限公司片长134分鐘产地 臺灣语言國語粵語台語上映及发行上映日期 2023年10月6日 (2023-10-06)（台灣） 2023年11月2日 (2023-11-02)（香港、…
Агентство національної безпеки (АНБ)англ. National Security Agency (NSA) Штаб-квартира АНБ Загальна інформація: Тип: спецслужба Юрисдикція: США Дата заснування: 4 листопада 1952 Відомство-попередник: Агентство безпеки збройних сил Девіз: Defending Our Nation. Securing The Future.(укр. Захищаючи на…
Formosa redirects here. For other uses, see Formosa (disambiguation). Geography of TaiwanTaiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The Penghu Islands appear in the Taiwan Strait to the west of the main island.RegionEast AsiaAreaRanked 138 • Total36,197 km2 (13,976 sq mi) • Land89.7% • Water10.3%Coastline1,566.3 km (973.3 mi)Highest pointYu Shan, 3,952 m (12,966 ft)ClimateTropical marine…
Calculation of π by 3rd century mathematician Liu Hui Part of a series of articles on themathematical constant π 3.1415926535897932384626433... Uses Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae Properties Irrationality Transcendence Value Less than 22/7 Approximations Madhava's correction term Memorization People Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Jamshīd al-Kāshī Ludolph van Ceulen François Viète Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenko William Jones John Machin William Shanks Sr…
Ketul Ketul, Bidens pilosa var. minorDarmaga, Bogor Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Tracheophyta (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Eudikotil (tanpa takson): Asterid Ordo: Asterales Famili: Asteraceae Genus: Bidens Spesies: B. pilosa Nama binomial Bidens pilosaL.[1] Sinonim Bidens sundaica Bl., 1826 B. leucorrhiza (Lour.) DC., 1836 Ketul atau ajeran (Bidens pilosa) adalah sejenis tumbuhan anggota suku Asteraceae. Terna ini umumnya ditemukan liar sebaga…
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