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Fórmula de Dynkin

Em matemática, especificamente em processos estocásticos, a fórmula de Dynkin é um teorema que dá o valor esperado de qualquer estatística adequadamente suave de uma difusão de Itō em um tempo de parada. Pode ser vista como a generalização estocástica do (segundo) teorema fundamental do cálculo. Recebe este nome em homenagem ao matemático russo Eugene Dynkin.

Afirmação

Considere a difusão de Itō com valor em que resolve a equação diferencial estocástica

Para um ponto , considere que denota a lei de , sendo o dado inicial , e que denota o valor esperado em relação a .

Considere o gerador infinitesimal de , definido por sua ação em funções compactamente suportadas (duplamente diferenciáveis com segunda derivada contínua) , conforme

ou, equivalentemente,

Considere que é um tempo de parada com e é com suporte compacto. Então, a fórmula de Dynkin afirma que:[1]

Na verdade, se for o primeiro tempo de saída para um conjunto limitado com , então, a fórmula de Dynkin se aplica para todas as funções , sem o pressuposto do suporte compacto.

Exemplo

A fórmula de Dynkin pode ser usada para encontrar o primeiro tempo de saída esperado do movimento browniano da bola fechada

que, quando começa em um ponto no interior de , é dado por

Escolha um número inteiro . A estratégia é aplicar a fórmula de Dynkin com , e uma função com em . O gerador do movimento browniano é , em que denota o operador de Laplace. Por isso, pela fórmula de Dynkin,

Assim, para qualquer ,

Agora, considere para concluir que quase certamente e

como afirmado.[2]

Referências

  1. Dynkin, Eugene B. (1965). Markov Processes (em inglês). [S.l.]: Academic Press 
  2. Oksendal, Bernt (17 de abril de 2013). Stochastic Differential Equations: An Introduction with Applications (em inglês). [S.l.]: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783662025741 

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