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永嘉学派

永嘉学派,又称“事功学派”、“功利学派”,是南宋时期重要的一个儒家学派,与朱熹的“理学”、陆九渊的“心学”呈鼎足相抗之势。因成型及发展于永嘉(今温州)地区,代表人物又多为永嘉学者,故称为“永嘉学派”。

历史

渊源于北宋庆历年间的王开祖、丁昌期流派,永嘉地区学者辈出,史稱“温多士,为东南最”[1]。元丰年间,周行己许景衡刘安节刘安上戴述赵霄张辉沈躬行蒋元中就学于太学,号称“永嘉九先生”[2]。到南宋时,在郑伯熊薛季宣陈傅良徐谊等永嘉学者手中形成学派,后叶适集永嘉学派前辈之大成[3],进一步扩大了“永嘉学派”的影响,在南宋的学术界拥有举足轻重的地位。黄宗羲稱“濂洛之统合诸家,横渠之礼教、康节之数学、东莱之文献、艮斋止斋之经制、水心之文章,莫不旁推交通,连珠合璧,自来儒林所未有也”[4]

背景

南宋时期,永嘉地区工商业经济发达,出现数量众多的富商、富工及经营工商业的地主,他们要求抵御外侮,维持社会安定,主张买卖自由,尊重富人,并希望能减轻捐税,发展商业。这和宋代一定程度上市场经济的发达、资本主义势力的发展有密切关系。

内容

永嘉学派最早提出了“事功”思想,亦是永嘉学派最大的特点,主张利与义的一致性,“以利和义,不以义抑利”,反对某些道学家的空谈义理或是无条件的付出。

  • 认为“道不离器”,反对“专以心性为宗主”,对董仲舒提出的“正其义不谋其利,明其道不计其功”的说法表示异议,曰:“既无功利,则道义者无用之虚语尔。”
  • 继承了传统儒学中“外王”和“经世”,提倡“学与道合,人与德合”,杰出人物应是“实德”和“实政”的结合。
  • 论述了“夷夏之辨”与“正恶之辨”的区别,突出金兵入侵的非正义性,强调抗击金人的正义性与合法性。
  • 强调以民为本,坚持改革政弊,重视历史和制度的研究,考求历代国家的成败兴亡、典章制度的兴废,希望以此寻出振兴南宋,转弱为强的途径。
  • 反对传统“重农抑商”的政策,主张“通商惠工,以国家之力扶持商贾,流通货币”,认为应该大力发展工业与商品经济,并指出雇佣关系和私有制的合理性。

評價

  • 陈亮稱“人物满东瓯”[5]宋元学案記載:“永嘉之学,教人就事上理会,步步着实,言之必使可行,足以开物成务。盖亦鉴一种闭眉合眼,目蒙瞳精神,自附道学者,于古今事物之变不知为何等也。”[6]
  • 谭嗣同唐才常十分推崇永嘉之学。谭嗣同在《仁学·自序》中将永嘉归之于墨学中的“任侠”派:“墨有两派:一曰‘任侠’,吾所谓仁也,在汉有党锢,在宋有永嘉,略得其一体。”

代表人物

注釋

  1. ^ 宋元学案》卷七十四
  2. ^ 全祖望稱:“世知永嘉诸子之传洛学,不知其兼传关学。考所谓九先生者,其六人及程门,其三则私淑也。而周浮止、沈彬老又尝从蓝田吕氏游,非横渠之再传乎?……吾浙学之盛,实始于此。”(《宋元学案》卷三十二《周许诸儒学案·序录》)
  3. ^ 《宋元学案》卷五十四《水心学案上》
  4. ^ 全祖望:《梨洲先生神道碑》
  5. ^ 《陈亮集》卷四十九
  6. ^ 《宋元学案》卷五十二《艮斋学案》

参见

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