List of peramelemorphs
Species in mammal order Peramelemorphia
Eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunni )
Greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis )
Peramelemorphia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals . Members of this order are called peramelemorphs and include bandicoots and bilbies . They are found in Australia and New Guinea , generally in forests, shrublands , grasslands , and savannas , though some species are found in inland wetlands and deserts. They range in size from the Arfak pygmy bandicoot , at 14 cm (6 in) plus a 11 cm (4 in) tail, to the giant bandicoot , at 56 cm (22 in) plus a 34 cm (13 in) tail. Peramelemorphs primarily eat insects and fruit, as well as other invertebrates and small vertebrates. Most peramelemorphs do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 1,000 to 100,000 mature individuals. The giant bandicoot , David's echymipera , and Seram bandicoot are endangered . The desert bandicoot , lesser bilby , and pig-footed bandicoot were driven to extinction in the mid-1900s.
The nineteen extant species of Peramelemorphia are divided into two families : Peramelidae , containing eighteen species divided between three genera in the subfamily Echymiperinae , two genera in the subfamily Peramelinae , and a single genus in the subfamily Peroryctinae ; and Thylacomyidae , containing one extant species in a single genus. Additionally, Peramelemorphia includes the extinct family Chaeropodidae , containing a single species. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Peramelemorphia species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[ 1]
Conventions
Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species . Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the peramelemorph's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "โ ".
Classification
The order Peramelemorphia consists of nineteen extant species in two extant families , Peramelidae and Thylacomyidae . Peramelidae is divided into three subfamilies: Echymiperinae , containing ten species in three genera ; Peramelinae , containing six species in two genera; and Peroryctinae , containing a single species. Thylacomyidae consists of one extant species. Additionally, Peramelemorphia includes the extinct family Chaeropodidae , containing a single species. Three species have been driven to extinction in recent times, all in the mid-1900s: the desert bandicoot in Peramelinae, the lesser bilby in Thylacomyidae, and the pig-footed bandicoot in Chaeropodidae. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.
Family Chaeropodidae โ
Genus Chaeropus โ (pig-footed bandicoots): one species (one extinct)
Family Peramelidae
Family Thylacomyidae
Genus Macrotis (bilbies): two species (one extinct)
Peramelemorphs
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis , as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists .[ 3]
Chaeropodidae
Genus Chaeropus โ โ Ogilby , 1838 โ one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Pig-footed bandicoot โ
C. ecaudatus[ a] (Ogilby , 1838)
Central and western Australia
Size : 23โ26 cm (9โ10 in) long, plus 10โ14 cm (4โ6 in) tail[ 4] Habitat : Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[ 5] Diet : Believed to be omnivorous[ 4]
EX
0 [ 5]
Peramelidae
Subfamily Echymiperinae
Genus Echymipera โ Lesson , 1842 โ five species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Clara's echymipera
E. clara Stein , 1932
Northern New Guinea
Size : 20โ50 cm (8โ20 in) long, plus 5โ13 cm (2โ5 in) tail[ 6] Habitat : Forest[ 7] Diet : Omnivorous, primarily fruit[ 6]
LC
Unknown [ 7]
Common echymipera
E. kalubu (J. B. Fischer , 1829)
E. k. cockerelli
E. k. kalubu
E. k. oriomo
E. k. philipi
New Guinea
Size : 22โ38 cm (9โ15 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail[ 8] Habitat : Inland wetlands and forest[ 9] Diet : Invertebrates and fruit[ 8]
LC
Unknown [ 9]
David's echymipera
E. davidi Flannery , 1990
Kiriwina island east of New Guinea
Size : 20โ50 cm (8โ20 in) long, plus 5โ13 cm (2โ5 in) tail[ 6] Habitat : Forest[ 10] Diet : Omnivorous[ 6]
EN
Unknown [ 10]
Long-nosed echymipera
E. rufescens (Peters , Doria , 1875)
E. r. australis
E. r. rufescens
New Guinea and northeastern Australia
Size : 20โ50 cm (8โ20 in) long, plus 5โ13 cm (2โ5 in) tail[ 11] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 12] Diet : Fruit, seeds, invertebrates, fungi, and plants[ 11]
LC
Unknown [ 12]
Menzies' echymipera
E. echinista Menzies , 1990
Southern New Guinea
Size : 20โ50 cm (8โ20 in) long, plus 5โ13 cm (2โ5 in) tail[ 6] Habitat : Savanna and forest[ 13] Diet : Omnivorous[ 6]
DD
Unknown [ 13]
Genus Microperoryctes โ Stein , 1932 โ four species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Arfak pygmy bandicoot
M. aplini Helgen , Flannery , 2004
Western New Guinea
Size : 14โ16 cm (6 in) long, plus 11โ12 cm (4โ5 in) tail[ 14] Habitat : Forest[ 15] Diet : Insects as well as fruit[ 16]
VU
Unknown [ 15]
Mouse bandicoot
M. murina Stein , 1932
Western New Guinea
Size : 15โ18 cm (6โ7 in) long, plus 10โ11 cm (4 in) tail[ 17] Habitat : Forest[ 18] Diet : Insects as well as fruit[ 16]
VU
Unknown [ 18]
Papuan bandicoot
M. papuensis (Laurie , 1952)
Eastern New Guinea
Size : 17โ20 cm (7โ8 in) long, plus 13โ16 cm (5โ6 in) tail[ 17] Habitat : Forest[ 19] Diet : Insects as well as fruit[ 16]
LC
Unknown [ 19]
Striped bandicoot
M. longicauda (Peters , Doria , 1876)
M. l. dorsalis
M. l. longicauda
M. l. ornatus
New Guinea
Size : 23โ31 cm (9โ12 in) long, plus 14โ26 cm (6โ10 in) tail[ 17] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 20] Diet : Insects as well as fruit[ 16]
LC
Unknown [ 20]
Genus Rhynchomeles โ Thomas , 1920 โ one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Seram bandicoot
R. prattorum Thomas , 1920
Seram Island west of New Guinea
Size : 24โ33 cm (9โ13 in) long, plus 10โ13 cm (4โ5 in) tail[ 21] Habitat : Forest[ 22] Diet : Unknown[ 21]
EN
Unknown [ 22]
Subfamily Peramelinae
Genus Isoodon โ Desmarest , 1817 โ three species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Golden bandicoot
I. auratus (Ramsay , 1887)
I. a. arnhemensis
I. a. auratus
I. a. barrowensis
Northwestern Australia
Size : 19โ30 cm (7โ12 in) long, plus 8โ13 cm (3โ5 in) tail[ 23] Habitat : Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[ 24] Diet : Insects and arachnids, as well as turtle eggs, small reptiles, and plant material[ 25]
VU
30,000 [ 24]
Northern brown bandicoot
I. macrourus (Gould , 1842)
I. m. macrourus
I. m. moresbyensis
Northern and eastern Australia and southern New Guinea (former in black)
Size : 30โ47 cm (12โ19 in) long, plus 8โ22 cm (3โ9 in) tail[ 26] Habitat : Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[ 27] Diet : Insects, as well as lizards, birds, plant matter, and fungi[ 26]
LC
Unknown [ 27]
Southern brown bandicoot
I. obesulus (Shaw , 1797)
I. o. nauticus
I. o. obesulus
Southwestern and southeastern Australia
Size : 28โ36 cm (11โ14 in) long, plus 9โ14 cm (4โ6 in) tail[ 28] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[ 29] Diet : Plants, fungi, and invertebrates[ 30]
LC
10,000โ100,000 [ 29]
Genus Perameles โ Geoffroy , 1803 โ four species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Desert bandicoot โ
P. eremiana Spencer , 1897
Central Australia
Size : 20โ43 cm (8โ17 in) long, plus 7โ17 cm (3โ7 in) tail[ 31] Habitat : Shrubland, grassland, and desert[ 32] Diet : Believed to be insects, as well as worms, snails, mice, lizards, and plants[ 31]
EX
0 [ 32]
Eastern barred bandicoot
P. gunnii Gray , 1838
Southern Australia
Size : 20โ43 cm (8โ17 in) long, plus 7โ17 cm (3โ7 in) tail[ 31] Habitat : Grassland[ 33] Diet : Insects and arachnids, as well as small vertebrates and plants[ 34]
VU
10,000โ100,000 [ 33]
Long-nosed bandicoot
P. nasuta Geoffroy , 1804
Eastern Australia
Size : 20โ43 cm (8โ17 in) long, plus 7โ17 cm (3โ7 in) tail[ 31] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 35] Diet : Insects, arachnids, small vertebrates, plant roots, and fungi[ 36]
LC
Unknown [ 35]
Western barred bandicoot
P. bougainville Quoy , Gaimard , 1824
Scattered western and central Australia
Size : 20โ43 cm (8โ17 in) long, plus 7โ17 cm (3โ7 in) tail[ 31] Habitat : Shrubland and grassland[ 37] Diet : Invertebrates, plants, roots, herbs, seeds, berries, and fungi, as well as small vertebrates[ 38]
VU
1,000โ5,000 [ 37]
Subfamily Peroryctinae
Genus Peroryctes โ Thomas , 1906 โ two species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Giant bandicoot
P. broadbenti (Ramsay , 1879)
Eastern New Guinea
Size : 39โ56 cm (15โ22 in) long, plus 11โ34 cm (4โ13 in) tail[ 39] Habitat : Forest[ 40] Diet : Believed to be omnivorous[ 40]
EN
Unknown [ 40]
Raffray's bandicoot
P. raffrayana (Milne-Edwards , 1878)
P. r. raffrayana
P. r. rothschildi
New Guinea
Size : 17โ39 cm (7โ15 in) long, plus 11โ23 cm (4โ9 in) tail[ 39] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 41] Diet : Insects, as well as other invertebrates, small vertebrates, and plants[ 42]
LC
Unknown [ 41]
Thylacomyidae
Genus Macrotis โ Reid , 1837 โ two species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Greater bilby
M. lagotis Reid , 1837
Western and central Australia
Size : 29โ55 cm (11โ22 in) long, plus 20โ29 cm (8โ11 in) tail[ 43] Habitat : Savanna and grassland[ 44] Diet : Seeds, bulbs, invertebrates, fruit, fungi, and lizards, as well as eggs and small mammals[ 45]
VU
9,000 [ 44]
Lesser bilby โ
M. leucura Thomas , 1887
Central Australia
Size : 20โ27 cm (8โ11 in) long, plus 12โ17 cm (5โ7 in) tail[ 43] Habitat : Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[ 46] Diet : Insects, fruit, seeds, and fungi[ 47]
EX
0 [ 46]
Notes
References
^ "Fossilworks: Peramelemorphia" . Paleobiology Database . University of WisconsinโMadison . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
^ Meredith, R. W.; Westerman, M.; Springer, M. S. (2008). "A timescale and phylogeny for "Bandicoots" (Peramelemorphia: Marsupialia) based on the sequences for five nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 47 (1): 1โ20. doi :10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.002 . PMID 18328736 .
^ Wilson, Reeder , pp. 38โ42
^ a b Nowak 2005 , p. 124
^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Chaeropus ecaudatus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T4322A21965168. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4322A21965168.en .
^ a b c d e f Nowak 2005 , p. 128
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Salas, L.; Seri, L.; Dickman, C.; Helgen, K.; Aplin, K. (2016). "Echymipera clara " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T7015A21966942. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7015A21966942.en .
^ a b Tran, Nghi (2023). "Echymipera kalubu " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
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^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L. (2016). "Echymipera davidi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T7017A21966774. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7017A21966774.en .
^ a b Hart, Myha (2012). "Echymipera rufescens " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Winter, J.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Echymipera rufescens " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T7019A21966655. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7019A21966655.en .
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^ Helgen, K. M.; Flannery, T. F. (2004). "A new species of bandicoot, Microperoryctes aplini , from western New Guinea". Journal of Zoology . 264 : 117โ124. doi :10.1017/S0952836904005667 .
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F. J.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L. (2019). "Microperoryctes aplini " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 : e.T136538A21965745. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136538A21965745.en .
^ a b c d Nowak 2018 , p. 214
^ a b c Nowak 2005 , p. 130
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F. J.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2019). "Microperoryctes murina " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 : e.T13389A21965585. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13389A21965585.en .
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Microperoryctes papuensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T13390A21965507. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13390A21965507.en .
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F. J.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Microperoryctes longicauda " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T84783217A21965649. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T84783217A21965649.en .
^ a b Nowak 2005 , p. 129
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Rhynchomeles prattorum " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T19711A21967091. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19711A21967091.en .
^ Strahan , p. 173
^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Isoodon auratus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T10863A115100163. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10863A21966258.en .
^ Norlin, Molly (2012). "Isoodon auratus " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
^ a b Szaura, Troy (2018). "Isoodon macrourus " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
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^ Strahan , p. 176
^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Isoodon obesulus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T40553A115173603. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40553A21966368.en .
^ Blevins, Kasey (2022). "Isoodon obesulus " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
^ a b c d e Nowak 2005 , p. 126
^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Perameles eremiana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T16570A21965953. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16570A21965953.en .
^ a b Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A. A. (2016). "Perameles gunnii " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T16572A21966027. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16572A21966027.en .
^ Lancaster, Eric (2001). "Perameles gunnii " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
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^ Rochefort, Laura (2013). "Perameles bougainville " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
^ a b Nowak 2018 , p. 208
^ a b c Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Peroryctes broadbenti " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T16710A21965270. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16710A21965270.en .
^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Peroryctes raffrayana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T16711A21965412. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16711A21965412.en .
^ Kennedy, Karen (2023). "Peroryctes raffrayana " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
^ a b Nowak 2005 , p. 122
^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Macrotis lagotis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T12650A21967189. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en .
^ Brown, Emily (2011). "Macrotis lagotis " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Macrotis leucura " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T12651A21967376. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12651A21967376.en .
^ Singh, Angela (2001). "Macrotis leucura " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 5, 2023 .
Sources
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Nowak, Ronald M. (2005). Walker's Marsupials of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978-0-8018-8222-7 .
Nowak, Ronald M. (2018). Walker's Mammals of the World . Vol. Monotremes, Marsupials, Afrotherians, Xenarthrans, and Sundatherians. Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978-1-4214-2468-2 .
Strahan, Ronald (1995). Mammals of Australia . Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 978-1-56098-673-7 .
By class By subclass or infraclass By order
Afrosoricids (golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs)
Artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates)
Carnivorans (carnivores)
Chiropterans (bats)
Cingulates (armadillos)
Dasyuromorphs (quolls, dunnarts, and other Australian carnivores)
Didelphimorphs (opossums)
Diprotodonts (kangaroos, possums, and wombats)
Eulipotyphlans (hedgehogs, moles, and shrews)
Lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, and pikas)
Macroscelids (elephant shrews)
Peramelemorphs (bandicoots and bilbies)
Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates)
Pilosans (anteaters and sloths)
Primates
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