List of talpids
Species in mammal family Talpidae
Clockwise from top right: Small Japanese mole (Mogera imaizumii ), Russian desman (Desmana moschata ), Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus ), European mole (Talpa europaea ), Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus )
Talpidae is one of the four families of small mammals in the order Eulipotyphla . A member of this family is called a talpid and the family includes moles , shrew moles , and desmans . Talpids are found in North America, Europe, and Asia, primarily in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and wetlands, though some species can also be found in deserts or coastal areas. They range in size from the Chinese shrew mole , at 6 cm (2 in) plus a 5 cm (2 in) tail, to the Russian desman , at 22 cm (9 in) plus a 22 cm (9 in) tail. Talpids primarily eat earthworms, insects, and other invertebrates , but some also consume fish, mollusks , amphibians , crustaceans , plants, and fungi . No talpids have population estimates, but the Pyrenean desman and Echigo mole are categorized as endangered species , while the Russian desman is categorized as critically endangered .
The forty-five extant species of Talpidae are divided into three subfamilies: Scalopinae , containing seven mole species in five genera , Talpinae , containing thirty-three mole, shrew mole, and desman species in eleven genera, and Uropsilinae , containing four shrew mole species in a single genus. A few extinct prehistoric Talpidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[ 1]
Conventions
Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species . Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the talpid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.
Classification
The family Talpidae consists of three subfamilies: Scalopinae , containing seven mole species in five genera , Talpinae , containing thirty-three mole, shrew mole, and desman species in eleven genera, and Uropsilinae , containing four shrew mole species in a single genus.
Family Talpidae
Talpids
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis , as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists .[ 3]
Subfamily Scalopinae
Genus Condylura – Illiger , 1811 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Star-nosed mole
C. cristata (Linnaeus , 1758)
Eastern United States and Canada
Size : 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[ 4] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[ 5] Diet : Aquatic invertebrates , as well as other invertebrates, crustaceans , mollusks and small fish[ 6]
LC
Unknown [ 5]
Genus Parascalops – True , 1894 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Hairy-tailed mole
P. breweri (Bachman , 1842)
Eastern United States and Canada
Size : 13–18 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[ 7] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 8] Diet : Insects, as well as other invertebrates[ 7]
LC
Unknown [ 8]
Genus Scalopus – Geoffroy , 1803 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern mole
S. aquaticus (Linnaeus , 1758)
S. a. anastasae (Anastasia Island mole)
S. a. aquaticus (Eastern mole)
S. a. bassi (Englewood mole)
S. a. texanus (Presidia mole)
Eastern and central North America
Size : 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 9] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 10] Diet : Insects and earthworms, as well as plants[ 9]
LC
Unknown [ 10]
Genus Scapanulus – Thomas , 1912 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Gansu mole
S. oweni Thomas , 1912
Central China
Size : 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 11] Habitat : Forest[ 12] Diet : Earthworms and other invertebrates[ 11]
LC
Unknown [ 12]
Genus Scapanus – Pomel , 1848 – three species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Coast mole
S. orarius (True , 1896)
S. o. orarius
S. o. schefferi (Scheffer's coast mole)
Western United States and Canada
Size : 13–19 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 13] Habitat : Forest, grassland, and coastal marine[ 14] Diet : Earthworms, as well as other invertebrates, mollusks, plants, and fungi [ 13]
LC
Unknown [ 14]
Northern broad-footed mole
S. latimanus (Bachman , 1842)
Western United States and Mexico
Size : 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 2–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 4] Habitat : Grassland, savanna, and forestDiet : Earthworms and other invertebrates[ 4]
LC
Unknown
Townsend's mole
S. townsendii (Bachman , 1839)
Western United States and Canada
Size : 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 2–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 4] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 16] Diet : Earthworms, as well as other invertebrates and plants[ 17]
LC
Unknown [ 16]
Subfamily Talpinae
Genus Desmana – Güldenstädt , 1777 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Russian desman
D. moschata (Linnaeus , 1758)
Western and central Asia
Size : 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[ 18] Habitat : Inland wetlands[ 19] Diet : Fish, mollusks, amphibians , crustaceans, and insects[ 18]
CR
Unknown [ 19]
Genus Dymecodon – True , 1886 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
True's shrew mole
D. pilirostris (True , 1886)
Japan
Size : 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 20] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 21] Diet : Worms, insects, and other invertebrates[ 20]
LC
Unknown [ 21]
Genus Euroscaptor – Miller , 1940 – seven species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Greater Chinese mole
E. grandis Miller , 1940
Southern China
Size : About 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail[ 22] Habitat : Forest[ 23] Diet : Insects and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 23]
Himalayan mole
E. micrura (Hodgson , 1841)
Southern Asia
Size : 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[ 22] Habitat : Forest[ 25] Diet : Insects and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 25]
Japanese mountain mole
E. mizura (Günther , 1880)
Japan
Size : About 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[ 24] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 26] Diet : Insects and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 26]
Kloss's mole
E. klossi (Thomas , 1929)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 11–17 cm (4–7 in) tail[ 22] Habitat : Forest[ 27] Diet : Insects and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 27]
Long-nosed mole
E. longirostris (A. Milne-Edwards , 1870)
Southeastern China
Size : 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[ 22] Habitat : Forest[ 28] Diet : Insects and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 28]
Small-toothed mole
E. parvidens Miller , 1940
Southeastern Asia
Size : About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail[ 22] Habitat : Forest[ 29] Diet : Insects and other invertebrates[ 24]
DD
Unknown [ 29]
Vietnamese mole
E. subanura Kawada , Son , & Can , 2012
Northern Vietnam
Size : 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[ 30] Habitat : Forest[ 31] Diet : Insects and other invertebrates[ 24]
DD
Unknown [ 31]
Genus Galemys – Kaup , 1829 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Pyrenean desman
G. pyrenaicus (Geoffroy , 1811)
G. p. pyrenaicus
G. p. rufulus
Iberian Peninsula
Size : 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[ 32] Habitat : Inland wetlands[ 33] Diet : Insects and crustaceans[ 34]
EN
Unknown [ 33]
Genus Mogera – Pomel , 1848 – seven species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Echigo mole
M. etigo Yoshiyuki & Imaizumi , 1991
Central Japan
Size : 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail[ 35] Habitat : Grassland[ 36] Diet : Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[ 24]
EN
Unknown [ 36]
Insular mole
M. insularis Swinhoe , 1863
Eastern China, Hainan Island , and Taiwan
Size : 8–14 cm (3–6 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[ 24] Habitat : Forest[ 37] Diet : Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 37]
Japanese mole
M. wogura (Temminck , 1842)
Southern Japan
Size : 12–18 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[ 35] Habitat : Grassland, shrubland, and forest[ 38] Diet : Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 38]
Sado mole
M. tokudae Kuroda , 1940
Sado Island , Japan
Size : 13–17 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail[ 35] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 39] Diet : Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[ 24]
NT
Unknown [ 39]
Senkaku mole
M. uchidai Abe , Shiraishi , & Arai , 1991
Senkaku Islands
Size : About 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[ 24] Habitat : Grassland[ 40] Diet : Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[ 24]
VU
Unknown [ 40]
Small Japanese mole
M. imaizumii Kuroda , 1957
Japan
Size : 10–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[ 35] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 41] Diet : Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[ 24]
LC
Unknown [ 41]
Ussuri mole
M. robusta Nehring , 1891
Eastern Asia
Size : 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail[ 24] Habitat : Forest[ 42] Diet : Earthworms, caterpillars and insects[ 42]
LC
Unknown [ 42]
Genus Neurotrichus – Günther , 1880 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
American shrew mole
N. gibbsii (Baird , 1858)
Western North America
Size : 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 43] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[ 44] Diet : Earthworms, insects, other invertebrates, fungi, and seeds[ 45]
LC
Unknown [ 44]
Genus Parascaptor – Gill , 1875 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
White-tailed mole
P. leucura (Blyth , 1850)
Eastern Asia
Size : 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[ 20] Habitat : Forest[ 46] Diet : Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[ 20]
LC
Unknown [ 46]
Genus Talpa – Linnaeus , 1758 – eleven species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Altai mole
T. altaica Nikolsky , 1833
Northern Asia
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest[ 52] Diet : Earthworms, as well as insects[ 52]
LC
Unknown [ 52]
Balkan mole
T. stankovici Martino & Martino , 1931
Balkans in Europe
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Coastal marine[ 53] Diet : Worms and insects[ 51]
LC
Unknown [ 53]
Blind mole
T. caeca Savi , 1822
Southern Europe
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 54] Diet : Earthworms and other invertebrates[ 54]
LC
Unknown [ 54]
Caucasian mole
T. caucasica Satunin , 1908
Caucasus Mountains in Russia and Georgia
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 55] Diet : Earthworms, as well as insects[ 55]
LC
Unknown [ 55]
European mole
T. europaea Linnaeus , 1758
Europe and western Asia
Size : 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 56] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 57] Diet : Earthworms and insects[ 56]
LC
Unknown [ 57]
Levant mole
T. levantis Thomas , 1906
Caucasus and Northern Turkey
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 58] Diet : Earthworms and other invertebrates[ 58]
LC
Unknown [ 58]
Ognev's mole
T. ognevi Stroganov , 1948
Georgia and northeastern Turkey
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 59] Diet : Worms and insects[ 51]
LC
Unknown [ 59]
Père David's mole
T. davidiana (H. Milne-Edwards , 1884)
Turkey and northwestern Iran
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Grassland[ 60] Diet : Worms and insects[ 60]
DD
Unknown [ 60]
Roman mole
T. romana Thomas , 1902
Southern Italy
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest[ 61] Diet : Earthworms[ 61]
LC
Unknown [ 61]
Spanish mole
T. occidentalis A. Cabrera , 1907
Spain and Portugal
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 62] Diet : Earthworms and other invertebrates[ 62]
LC
Unknown [ 62]
Talysch mole
T. talyschensis Vereshchagin , 1945
Southern Azerbaijan and northern Iran
Size : 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[ 51] Habitat : Forest and shrubland[ 63] Diet : Worms and insects[ 51]
LC
Unknown [ 63]
Genus Urotrichus – Temminck , 1841 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Japanese shrew mole
U. talpoides Temminck , 1841
Japan
Size : 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[ 20] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 64] Diet : Insects, spiders, worms, and other invertebrates[ 20]
LC
Unknown [ 64]
Subfamily Uropsilinae
Genus Uropsilus – A. Milne-Edwards , 1871 – four species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Anderson's shrew mole
U. andersoni (Thomas , 1911)
Central China
Size : 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[ 65] Habitat : Unknown[ 66] Diet : Invertebrates[ 65]
DD
Unknown [ 66]
Chinese shrew mole
U. soricipes A. Milne-Edwards , 1871
Central China
Size : 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[ 67] Habitat : Forest[ 68] Diet : Invertebrates[ 65]
LC
Unknown [ 68]
Gracile shrew mole
U. gracilis (Thomas , 1911)
Southern China and northern Myanmar
Size : 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[ 65] Habitat : Forest, shrubland, and grassland[ 69] Diet : Invertebrates[ 65]
LC
Unknown [ 69]
Inquisitive shrew mole
U. investigator (Thomas , 1922)
Southern China
Size : 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[ 67] Habitat : Forest and grassland[ 70] Diet : Invertebrates[ 65]
DD
Unknown [ 70]
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^ a b c Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scaptochirus moschatus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41476A115188844. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41476A22322461.en .
^ a b Nowak , p. 233
^ a b Chiozza, F. (2016). "Scaptonyx fusicaudus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41477A22322866. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41477A22322866.en .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nowak , p. 234
^ a b c Stubbe, M.; Samiya, R.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, T.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M.; Gankhuyag, P. (2017). "Talpa altaica " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T41478A22321277. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T41478A22321277.en .
^ a b Vladimir Vohralík, Boris Kryštufek. (2016). "Talpa stankovici " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41485A2953771. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41485A2953771.en .
^ a b c Cassola, F. (2016). "Talpa caeca " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41479A2953438. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41479A2953438.en .
^ a b c Gazzard, A.; Kryštufek, B. (2023). "Talpa caucasica " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 : e.T221753755A221753922. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221753755A221753922.en .
^ a b Sondergaard, Emily (2006). "Talpa europaea " . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ a b Gazzard, A.; Atkinson, R. (2023). "Talpa europaea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 : e.T221751920A221752008. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221751920A221752008.en .
^ a b c Gazzard, A. (2023). "Talpa levantis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 : e.T221754684A221754963. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221754684A221754963.en .
^ a b Gazzard, A.; Kryštufek, B. (2023). "Talpa ognevi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 : e.T221753106A221753660. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221753106A221753660.en .
^ a b c Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2017). "Talpa davidiana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T135458A22321046. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T135458A22321046.en .
^ a b c Amori, G. (2016). "Talpa romana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41484A2953688. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41484A2953688.en .
^ a b c Cassola, F. (2016). "Talpa occidentalis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41483A2953593. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41483A2953593.en .
^ a b Gazzard, A.; Kryštufek, B. (2023). "Talpa talyschensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 : e.T221754376A221754615. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221754376A221754615.en .
^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Urotrichus talpoides " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41489A22323186. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41489A22323186.en .
^ a b c d e f Nowak , p. 230
^ a b Johnston, C.; Smith, A. T. (2016). "Uropsilus andersoni " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T41486A22321699. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41486A22321699.en .
^ a b Smith; Xie , p. 327
^ a b Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2016). "Uropsilus soricipes " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22810A22322040. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T22810A22322040.en .
^ a b Chiozza, F. (2017). "Uropsilus gracilis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T41487A22321800. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T41487A22321800.en .
^ a b Johnston, C.; Smith, A. T. (2016). "Uropsilus investigator " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22809A22321929. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T22809A22321929.en .
Sources
By class By subclass or infraclass By order
Afrosoricids (golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs)
Artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates)
Carnivorans (carnivores)
Chiropterans (bats)
Cingulates (armadillos)
Dasyuromorphs (quolls, dunnarts, and other Australian carnivores)
Didelphimorphs (opossums)
Diprotodonts (kangaroos, possums, and wombats)
Eulipotyphlans (hedgehogs, moles, and shrews)
Lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, and pikas)
Macroscelids (elephant shrews)
Peramelemorphs (bandicoots and bilbies)
Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates)
Pilosans (anteaters and sloths)
Primates
Rodents
Scandentians (treeshrews)
By suborder or family
By species