Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Peace Monument

Peace Monument
Photograph of the Peace Monument with the U.S. Capitol in the background
West face of the monument with the U.S. Capitol in the background
Location1st Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, D.C., U.S.
Coordinates38°53′26.28″N 77°0′44.39″W / 38.8906333°N 77.0123306°W / 38.8906333; -77.0123306
Built1878
ArchitectFranklin Simmons (sculptor)
Edward Clark (architect)
David Dixon Porter (designer)
Part ofNational Mall Historic District (66000031)[1]
Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site (66000865)[2]
Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. (78000257)[3]
L'Enfant Plan (97000332)[4]
Significant dates
Designated CP• October 15, 1966 (National Mall Historic District)
• October 15, 1966 (Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site)
• September 20, 1978 (Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.)
• April 24, 1997 (L'Enfant Plan)
Designated DCIHS• November 8, 1964 (National Mall Historic District)
• January 19, 1971 (L'Enfant Plan)
• June 19, 1973 (Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site)
• March 3, 1979 (Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.)

The Peace Monument, also known as the Navy Monument, Naval Monument or Navy-Peace Monument, stands on the western edge of the United States Capitol Complex in Washington, D.C. It is in the middle of Peace Circle, where First Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW intersect. The surrounding area is Union Square, which the monument shares with the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, James A. Garfield Monument, and the Capitol Reflecting Pool. The front of the monument faces west towards the National Mall while the east side faces the United States Capitol.

The idea of a monument honoring men who fought in the Union Navy during the Civil War was spearheaded by Admiral David Dixon Porter, who wanted the monument to stand in Annapolis, Maryland, where his father, Commodore David Porter, had assisted in the installation of the Tripoli Monument. Due to an uneasy relationship between the younger Porter and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, the monument was not installed in Annapolis. Porter lobbied Congress and an additional $20,000 was allocated to build the base. This was in addition to the $9,000 Porter raised amongst naval personnel and private citizens. Porter chose Franklin Simmons to sculpt the monument's statues, one of many works in Washington, D.C., by Simmons. Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark designed the base. Pieces of the monument began to arrive in 1876, and the final piece arrived in January 1878. Unlike most of the city's war monuments, there was no formal dedication ceremony.

The monument is made of Carrara marble, which has led to numerous restorations, since that type of marble is not meant to be outside in the elements. The monument is 44 feet (13 m) high and is 10 feet (3.0 m) long on each side. There were additional pieces that were to be installed, including decorative lampposts and water features, but either due to funding or Welles' intervention, the monument remained unfinished. The monument has become a gathering place during protests and rallies, leading to further deterioration of the marble. People protesting against the Vietnam War, the Three Mile Island accident, and the murder of George Floyd, have gathered at the monument. It was also a site where rioters gathered before the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

The Peace Monument is a contributing property to four listings on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites: the National Mall Historic District, the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, the collective listing of Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C., and the L'Enfant Plan. Ownership of the monument was transferred in 1973 to the Architect of the Capitol, which has performed several cleaning and restoration projects since that time.

History

Memorial plans and installation

After the Civil War, there were plans to erect a significant number of memorials in Washington, D.C., honoring men who served in the Union Army. Admiral David Dixon Porter wanted to also honor Union Navy sailors amongst the memorials. Porter had started planning for a memorial in 1864 after Union forces captured Fort Fisher. His father, Commodore David Porter, had also led a movement to honor United States Navy sailors who fought in the Barbary Wars. His father's memorial, the Tripoli Monument, was originally placed in the Washington Navy Yard, but it was moved to Annapolis, Maryland, in 1860. Porter Jr. was selected to lead the United States Naval Academy after the war. It was there, in 1865, that he began making serious plans for the Civil War monument.[5][6]

Porter raised money for his project via naval personnel and private citizens.[5][6] By 1871, he had raised $9,000, and sketched what the monument should look like. No competition to design the monument was held, as Porter directly selected Franklin Simmons to sculpt the work. Simmons was known for his works in Washington, D.C., including the equestrian statue of John A. Logan and his many busts and statues in the Capitol.[7][8] Porter had probably seen Simmons' works since the latter had moved to Washington, D.C., in the 1860s. Simmons had also already designed one Civil War monument located in Lewiston, Maine. Porter gave Simmons his sketch for the monument, and insisted it be made of Carrara marble. After fundraising was complete, Simmons began carving the commission at his art studio in Rome. Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, was angry that he was not consulted on the matter. The two men had a tumultuous relationship; Porter knew Welles would have rejected the idea.[5][7]

After Porter lobbied members of Congress in 1872, the federal government approved the monument and allocated $20,000 for the base. Porter wanted the monument to be placed in Annapolis, where his father's monument was located, but Welles said no. The Congress found a better location for the monument, near the United States Capitol complex.[7][9] An Act of Congress passed on July 31, 1876, allowing for the monument to be erected on the proposed site. The following year, Simmons began shipping pieces of the monument to Washington, D.C., on a boat named Supply. Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark designed the granite base and most pieces of the monument were installed in 1877. The statue of Peace was added to the monument in January 1878.[5][6]

Unlike many other Civil War memorials erected at the time, the Naval Monument (later renamed the Peace Monument by the press), did not receive an elaborate dedication with a parade and speeches from prominent individuals. This may be in part to the bad blood between Porter and Welles, or the fact the monument was not actually finished.[9] Decorative lampposts and elaborate water features were never completed, possibly due to lack of funding. One writer mentioned the parts that were never installed: "Cascades flow from the mouths of bronze dolphins in the sub-base, and four artistic lamp posts stand at the rim of the basin."[6]

Later history

The monument is a contributing property to four listings on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS). The National Mall Historic District was listed on the DCIHS on November 8, 1964, and the NRHP on October 15, 1966. The Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site was listed on the NRHP on October 15, 1966, and the DCIHS on June 19, 1973. The monument is one of eighteen sculptures, fountains, and other memorials related to the Civil War, which were collectively listed on the NRHP on September 20, 1978, and the DCIHS on March 3, 1979. The fourth and final listing is the L'Enfant Plan, listed on the DCIHS on January 19, 1971, and the NRHP on April 24, 1997.[10]

During the 1970s, people scaled the monument during protests against the Vietnam War and the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident.[11][12] In 1973, ownership of the monument transferred to the Architect of the Capitol as part of the United States Capitol grounds. By that time the monument was in serious need of repairs and cleaning. There were pieces missing, as well as lichen and grime on the monument. The marble type used to build the monument is not accustomed to being outdoors, exposed to the elements. After many tests and observations, the monument was cleaned in 1991, a year after masonry and other parts were repaired. Fissures were filled, missing pieces replaced, and a stone consolidant was applied to everything that was marble. Additional cleaning took place in 1999 and 2010.[5] In 1999, The Washington Post reporter DeNeen L. Brown noted the monument "was missing feet, arms and facial features, eaten away by wind and acid rain and damaged by frequent protesters."[13]

The monument was vandalized by unknown assailants during the George Floyd protests with spray-painted messages like "BLM," "all pigs will die," and "capitalism must fall." The monument was power washed by Architect of the Capitol employees afterwards.[14] Before the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021, members of the Proud Boys and other rioters gathered around the monument.[15][16] It is also where flowers and flags were left after the death of United States Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who died from two strokes after the attack.[7] In 2022, art and architecture critic Philip Kennicott called for a national memorial to victims of gun violence in the United States. He said the best location would be at the foot of the Capitol, between the Peace Monument and James A. Garfield Monument.[17]

Location and design

The Peace Monument is located on Reservation 202A in Union Square, along with the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, James A. Garfield Monument, and Capitol Reflecting Pool. The square is on the west side of the United States Capitol Complex, which borders the eastern edge of the National Mall. The Peace Monument is in the middle of Peace Circle where First Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW intersect.[6][18] The monument's name has several varieties, including the original Navy Monument, the Naval Monument, and Navy-Peace Monument.[18][19]

The monument measures 44 feet (13 m) high and is 10 feet (3.0 m) long on each side.[19] The entire monument is made of Carrara marble, which has required long-term maintenance since that type of marble is not intended for outdoor purposes.[5] The sculptures at the top of the monument face west and depict America crying on the shoulder of History, both of whom are wearing classical robes. America is crying due to the lives lost during the Civil War. History has a stylus and a tablet which reads, "They died that their country might live."[19][20]

On the west side of the monument's second tier is Victory holding an oak branch in her left hand. Neptune and Mars are depicted as small children holding weaponry. In addition to the branch, Victory is holding a laurel wreath with her right hand. Further down the base is the quatrefoil basin which is on all sides of the monument. The east side of the monument, facing the Capitol, features a topless statue of Peace. She is wearing a robe that she holds with her left arm and her right hand is holding an olive branch. There are two cherubs at her feet. Also by her feet is a dove resting on wheat, symbolizing Agriculture and Plenty, and on the other side of her feet are Science, Literature, and Art emblems.[19][20]

See also

References

  1. ^ "National Register Information System – National Mall Historic District (#66000031)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  2. ^ "National Register Information System – Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site (#66000865)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  3. ^ "National Register Information System – Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. (#78000257)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  4. ^ "National Register Information System – L'Enfant Plan (#97000332)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Peace Monument". Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e DeFerrari, John (December 19, 2012). "Washington's Unloved, Never-Finished, Crumbling Peace Monument". Streets of Washington. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d Tucker, Abigail (March 2021). "The Tragic Irony of the U.S. Capitol's Peace Monument". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  8. ^ Collins, Steve (June 30, 2019). "Franklin Simmons: A forgotten giant of American sculpture got his start in Lewiston". Sun Journal. ProQuest 2249629844. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  9. ^ a b Jacob, Kathryn Allamong (1998). Testament to Union: Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 51–54. ISBN 9780801858611.
  10. ^ "District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites" (PDF). District of Columbia Office of Planning – Historic Preservation Office. September 30, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  11. ^ "Protesters sit on the Peace Monument in front of the Capitol building holding a 'Veterans for Peace' sign and a picture of Mao Zedong during the Vietnam War Out Now demonstration, 24 April 1971". Washington Research Library Consortium. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  12. ^ "Anti-nuclear protesters sit around the Peace Monument on the U.S. Capitol Grounds in Washington, D.C., 06 May 1979". Washington Research Library Consortium. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  13. ^ Brown, DeNeen L. (September 1, 1999). "Losing Our Marbles: The City's Aging Statues, It Turns Out, Are Less Than Monumental". The Washington Post. pp. C01. ProQuest 408522437. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  14. ^ Givhan, Robert (June 9, 2020). "Washington has turned upside down and inside out in a time of protest". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  15. ^ "Ohio Man Arrested for Assaulting Law Enforcement and Other Charges During Jan. 6 Capitol Breach". U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Columbia. February 23, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  16. ^ Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse (June 10, 2022). "New video released in Jan. 6 hearing shows mob gathering, violence". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Kennicott, Philip (May 25, 2022). "We need a national memorial to gun violence. Now". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  18. ^ a b Scott, Gary (September 19, 1997). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form – Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C." National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  19. ^ a b c d "Peace Monument, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  20. ^ a b Goode, James M. (1974). The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 242.

Read other articles:

Pencitraan Landsat 7 dari Danau Gippsland. Danau Entrance terlihat di bagian kanan atas gambar. Danau-danau Gippsland adalah jaringan danau, rawa dan laguna di Gippsland timur, Victoria, Australia seluas sekitar 600 km persegi, danau terbesarnya adalah Danau Wellington (bahasa Gunai: Murla[1]), Danau King dan Danau Victoria. Mereka dimasukkan oleh sungai Avon, Thomson, Latrobe, Mitchell, Nicholson dan Tambo. Danau terbentuk oleh dua proses utama. Yang pertama adalah delta sungai endapan …

1 Korintus 15Surat 1 Korintus 7:33-8:4 yang tertulis pada naskah Papirus 15, dibuat sekitar abad ke-3 M.KitabSurat 1 KorintusKategoriSurat-surat PaulusBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian BaruUrutan dalamKitab Kristen7← pasal 14 pasal 16 → 1 Korintus 15 (atau I Korintus 15, disingkat 1Kor 15) adalah bagian surat rasul Paulus yang pertama kepada jemaat di Korintus dalam Perjanjian Baru di Alkitab Kristen.[1][2] Dikarang oleh rasul Paulus dan Sostenes[3] di Efesus.&…

Neofelis Periode Pleistosen Awal sampai sekarang Macan dahan (Neofelis nebulosa)Macan dahan sunda (Neofelis diardi)TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoCarnivoraFamiliFelidaeGenusNeofelis Gray, 1867 Spesies N. nebulosa N. diardi DistribusiPersebaran Neofelis lbs Neofelis adalah genus yang terdiri dari dua spesies, macan dahan (N. nebulosa) dari Asia, dan macan dahan Borneo (N. diardi) dari Sumatra dan Kalimantan.[1][2] Nama ilmiah Neofelis adalah gabungan dari k…

Halaman ini memuat daftar paroki di Keuskupan Sanggau. Daftar ini tidak dimaksudkan sebagai suatu daftar yang lengkap atau selalu terbarui. Jika Anda melihat artikel yang seharusnya tercantum di sini, silakan sunting halaman ini dan tambahkan pranala ke artikel tersebut. Gunakan perubahan terkait untuk melihat perubahan terbaru dari artikel-artikel yang tercantum pada halaman ini.[1][2][3] Daftar Dekanat Santo Petrus Gambar Paroki Pelindung Lokasi Stasi/Kapel Paroki Kated…

Liga Champions UEFA 1997–1998Amsterdam Arena mengadakan finalInformasi turnamenJadwalpenyelenggaraan23 Juli – 27 Agustus 1997 (babak kulaifikasi)17 September 1997 – 20 Mei 1998 (kompetisi utama)Jumlahtim peserta24 (babak grup)55 (keseluruhan)Hasil turnamenJuara Real Madrid (gelar ke-7)Tempat kedua JuventusStatistik turnamenJumlahpertandingan85Jumlah gol239 (2,81 per pertandingan)Jumlahpenonton2.868.568 (33.748 per pertandingan)Pencetak golterbanyakAlessandro Del Piero (Juventus)(…

1987 United States Supreme Court caseSan Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic CommitteeSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued March 24, 1987Decided June 25, 1987Full case nameSan Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic CommitteeCitations483 U.S. 522 (more)107 S. Ct. 2971; 97 L. Ed. 2d 427; 1987 U.S. LEXIS 2895Case historyPriorSummary judgment for respondent granted, 219 U.S.P.Q. 982 (N.D. Cal., 1982); affirmed, 781 F.2d 733 (9th Cir. 1986), rehear…

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento società calcistiche è ritenuta da controllare. Motivo: Questa pagina parla più della storia di tutte le squadre possibili e immaginabili che hanno giocato a calcio a Merano, piuttosto che parlare della società in oggetto. Andrebbero scorporate le varie storie parlando delle singole società, dato che adesso si capisce ben poco. Partecipa alla discussione e/o correggi la voce. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione …

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Canal (disambigua). Canal D'azzurro al palo accostato da sei gigli, tre per parte, il tutto di oro[1] D'argento, allo scaglione d'azzurro[2] Stato Repubblica di Venezia TitoliPatrizi veneti EtniaItaliana Manuale I Canal (o da Canal) furono una famiglia patrizia veneziana. Pur essendo stati inclusi nella serrata del Maggior Consiglio del 1297[3][4][5], erano considerati di nobiltà più …

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:СинапсидыКл…

Turkish ultra-nationalist political organization This article is about the Turkish militant organization. For other uses, see Grey Wolf (disambiguation). For another Turkish ultra-nationalist organization which uses similar symbolism, see Atsız Youth. Idealist Clubs Educationaland Cultural FoundationÜlkü Ocakları Eğitim ve Kültür VakfıLogoLeaderAhmet Yiğit Yıldırım[1]Dates of operation1968 (1968)–presentActive regionsTurkey,[2][3] Northern Cyprus,&…

Constellation of American military satellites This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Milstar – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR …

City in Missouri, United StatesNorth Kansas City, MissouriCityCity of North Kansas City FlagNickname(s): Northtown, NKCLocation of North Kansas City, MissouriU.S. Census mapCoordinates: 39°08′23″N 94°33′51″W / 39.13972°N 94.56417°W / 39.13972; -94.56417CountryUnited StatesStateMissouriCountyClayArea[1] • Total4.61 sq mi (11.94 km2) • Land4.37 sq mi (11.32 km2) • Water0.24 sq…

Stasiun Ina-Kamisato伊那上郷駅Staaiun Ina-Kamisato, Juni 2008Lokasi276 Kamisato-Kuroda, Iida-shi, Nagano-ken 395-0004 JepangKoordinat35°31′10″N 137°50′21″E / 35.5195°N 137.8392°E / 35.5195; 137.8392Koordinat: 35°31′10″N 137°50′21″E / 35.5195°N 137.8392°E / 35.5195; 137.8392Ketinggian500.0 meter[1]Operator JR CentralJalur Jalur IidaLetak131.1 km dari ToyohashiJumlah peron1 peron sisiInformasi lainStatusTanpa…

1907 French naval attack This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bombardment of CasablancaPart of the French conquest of MoroccoThe French cruiser Gloire bombarding Casablanca, August 1907 printed on a postcard.Date5–7 August 1907LocationCasablanca, MoroccoResult French conquest and occupation …

نهائي كأس الكونكاكاف الذهبية 1993الحدثكأس الكونكاكاف الذهبية 1993 المكسيك الولايات المتحدة 4 0 التاريخ25 يوليو 1993الملعبملعب أزتيكا، مكسيكو سيتيالحكمروبرت ساوتيل (كندا)الحضور120,000 → 1991 1996 ← نهائي كأس الكونكاكاف الذهبية 1993 (بالإنجليزية: 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup final)‏ هي مباراة كرة قدم أقيمت ف…

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6] 得…

American college football season 2020 Sam Houston State Bearkats footballNCAA Division I championSouthland championNCAA Division I Championship Game, W 23–21 vs. South Dakota StateConferenceSouthland ConferenceRankingSTATSNo. 1FCS CoachesNo. 1Record10–0 (6–0 Southland)Head coachK. C. Keeler (7th season)Offensive coordinatorRyan Carty (3rd season)Offensive schemeSpread optionDefensive coordinatorClayton Carlin (4th season)Base defense4–2–5Home sta…

English footballer (born 1988) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ryan Burge Burge with the National League South title trophyPersonal informationFull name Ryan James Burge[1]Date of birth (1988-10-12) 12 October 1988 (age 35)[…

كريستييان وراسيك معلومات شخصية الميلاد 26 يوليو 1987 (37 سنة)  فاراجدين  الطول 170 سنتيمتر  الجنسية كرواتيا  الوزن 58 كيلوغرام  الحياة العملية الفرق فريق الإمارات (2013–)أدريا موبيل  [لغات أخرى]‏ (2012–2012)  المهنة دراج  نوع السباق سباق الدراجات على الطريق  بل…

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддійсь…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya