Periapical periodontitis

Periapical periodontitis
Periapical periodontitis
Other names	Apical periodontitis, periradicular periodontitis
	Periapical dental radiograph showing chronic periapical periodontitis on the root of the left maxillary second premolar. Note large restoration present in the tooth, which will have undergone pulpal necrosis at some point before the development of this lesion.
Specialty	Endodontics
Complications	Apical extrusion of pulpal debris, abscesses in the head and neck, Ludwig Angina
Causes	Pulp infection
Risk factors	Dental caries, dental trauma, dental procedures, professional misconduct
Diagnostic method	Apical Radiolucencies, Apical Radiopacities
Treatment	Root canal treatment, periradicular surgery, retrograde root canal treatment
Medication	Antibiotic in case of a sudden onset of symptoms in less than 24 hours.

Periapical periodontitis or apical periodontitis^[9] (AP) is an acute or chronic inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth root, most commonly caused by bacterial invasion of the pulp of the tooth.^[10] It is a likely outcome of untreated dental caries (tooth decay), and in such cases it can be considered a sequela in the natural history of tooth decay, irreversible pulpitis and pulpal necrosis. Other causes can include occlusal trauma due to 'high spots' after restoration work, extrusion from the tooth of root filling material, or bacterial invasion and infection from the gums. Periapical periodontitis may develop into a periapical abscess, where a collection of pus forms at the end of the root, the consequence of spread of infection from the tooth pulp (odontogenic infection), or into a periapical cyst, where an epithelial lined, fluid-filled structure forms.

Etymologically, the name refers to inflammation (Latin, -itis) around (peri- ) the root tip or apex (-apical) of the tooth (-odont-). Periradicular periodontitis is an alternative term.

Diagnosis

The radiographic features of periapical inflammatory lesions vary depending on the time course of the lesion. Because very early lesions may not show any radiographic changes, diagnosis of these lesions relies solely on the clinical symptoms. More chronic lesions may show lytic (radiolucent) or sclerotic (radiopaque) changes, or both.

Classification

Classification of periapical periodontitis is usually based on whether the process is acute/symptomatic or chronic/asymptomatic.

(Note: alternative names for periapical periodontitis include 'apical periodontitis' and 'periradicular periodontitis'.)

Acute periapical periodontitis

Acute (or symptomatic) periapical periodontitis.... Malaise throbbing pain due to Inflammation within periodontal ligament

Chronic periapical periodontitis

Chronic (or asymptomatic) periapical periodontitis.

Related lesions

In addition to periapical abscesses, periapical periodontitis can give rise to various related lesions, including periapical granulomas and cysts.^[11] A periapical granuloma (also referred to as an 'apical granuloma' or 'radicular granuloma') is a mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue that forms at the apex of the root of a nonvital (dead) tooth.^[12] (Although not a true granuloma, given the absence of granulomatous inflammation, the term 'periapical granuloma' is widely accepted.)^[12]

Treatment

Treatment options may include antibiotic therapy (in the short term, augmented by chewing gum), root canal therapy, or extraction.^{[citation needed]}

Epidemiology

Periapical periodontitis of some form is a very common condition. The prevalence of periapical periodontitis is generally reported to vary according to age group, e.g. 33% in those aged 20–30, 40% in 30- to 40-year-olds, 48% in 40- to 50-year-olds, 57% in 50- to 60-year-olds and 62% in those over the age of 60.^[13] Most epidemiologic data has been generated in European countries, especially Scandinavia. While millions of root canal treatments are carried out in the United States alone each year, total numbers of such cases do not provide reliable indicators of frequency, even for symptomatic periapical periodontitis (given that root canal treatment is not always indicated or complied with, and may also be performed in the absence of periapacial periodontitis).

References

^ ^a ^b Blake, Ahren; Tuttle, Travis; McKinney, Reed (2024). "Apical Periodontitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36943974. Further management is indicated when a periapical radiolucency remains unchanged after one year of root canal treatment, when it has increased in size, or if it appears in an endodontic-treated tooth without a prior apical disease.
^ Blake, Ahren; Tuttle, Travis; McKinney, Reed (2024). "Apical Periodontitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36943974.
^ ^a ^b Blake, Ahren; Tuttle, Travis; McKinney, Reed (2024). "Apical Periodontitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36943974. It may occur due to the advancement of dental caries, trauma, or operative dental procedures. The infected pulp is the main cause of apical periodontitis.
^ Blake, Ahren; Tuttle, Travis; McKinney, Reed (2024). "Apical Periodontitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36943974. A periapical radiolucency often persists when the root canal treatment cannot control the infection because some clinical steps were not adequately followed, such as insufficient aseptic control, poor instrumentation, inadequate access cavity design, unreached canals, and restoration leakage.
^ Blake, Ahren; Tuttle, Travis; McKinney, Reed (2024). "Apical Periodontitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36943974. Apical radiopacities are likely not associated with endodontic infection directly but are commonly found on routine radiographic evaluation. Radiopacities are generally benign.
^ Blake, Ahren; Tuttle, Travis; McKinney, Reed (2024). "Apical Periodontitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36943974. non-surgical endodontic retreatment or periradicular surgery are treatment alternatives to save the tooth.
^ Kvist, Thomas; Jonasson, Peter (2021). Retrograde Root Canal Treatment. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78666-3. ISBN 978-3-030-78666-3.
^ Blake, Ahren; Tuttle, Travis; McKinney, Reed (2024). "Apical Periodontitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36943974. Antibiotic use is generally contraindicated, except in cases with rapid onset or systemic involvement.
^ Nair PN (April 2006). "On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review". International Endodontic Journal. 39 (4): 249–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01099.x. PMID 16584489.
^ Segura-Egea JJ, Castellanos-Cosano L, Machuca G, López-López J, Martín-González J, Velasco-Ortega E, et al. (March 2012). "Diabetes mellitus, periapical inflammation and endodontic treatment outcome". Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 17 (2): e356-61. doi:10.4317/medoral.17452. PMC 3448330. PMID 22143698.
^ Graunaite I, Lodiene G, Maciulskiene V (January 2012). "Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis: a literature review". Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research. 2 (4): e1. doi:10.5037/jomr.2011.2401. PMC 3886078. PMID 24421998.
^ ^a ^b Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 113–124. ISBN 978-0721690032.
^ Hargreaves KM, Cohen S, Berman LH, eds. (2010). Cohen's pathways of the pulp (10th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 529–555. ISBN 978-0-323-06489-7.