一項在2016年所做的系統評價和整合分析發現,在乙醇消費方面,與終生禁酒的人相比,適当的消費不會延長壽命。[16]在疾病對全球負擔(Global Burden of Disease)的研究數據所做的系統分析發現,乙醇的攝取會增加罹患癌症的風險,並提高全因死亡率的風險,結論是,讓疾病數量達到最小化的乙醇攝取量,是零飲用。[17]
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