电子亲合能

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在一般化學與原子物理學中，电子亲合能（或电子亲和势、电子亲和力，electron affinity，E_ea）的定義是，將單個電子結合到電中性的氣態原子或分子上所釋放的能量^[1]：

X(g) + e⁻ → X⁻(g) + E_ea

注意在此定義下，大多數元素原子的電子親和能為正數，即結合電子的過程是放熱的。這裏定義的電子親和能的正負號選取和一般熱力學的定義相反。

在固態物理學之中，對於一表面的電子親合能定義不同。

並非所有的元素的電子親合能均為正，電子親合能為正表示其 -1 價的離子需吸收能量才能變為電中性的原子（早期的教科書寫有些元素，例如稀有氣體，其電子親合能為負，此說法並未被現代的化學家接受）。若其陰離子較不穩定，容易變成原子，則其電子親合能較低。元素中氯的電子親合能最高，汞和稀有氣體等元素的電子親合能都接近零。一般來說，非金屬的電子親合能都比金屬高。

总的来说，同一周期从左至右，價殼層電子递增，使得原子穩定性上昇，原子半径递减，对电子的吸引能力渐强，因而電子親合能递增；同族元素从上到下，因原子半径的增大，而且總電子數增加，原子穩定性下降，元素电负性值递减。 实际上，随核电荷数递增或同族元素从上到下，电子亲和能的变化并不单调。

下列数据以kJ/mol为单位。带星号的元素在量子力学基態被认为有接近零的电子亲合能。

電子親合能 E_ea 的定義也可以延伸到分子。如苯和萘的電子親合能為負值，而蒽 、菲、芘的電子親合能為正值。電腦模擬實驗證實六氰基苯 C₆(CN)₆ 的電子親合能較富勒烯要高。^[4]

• Koopmans' theorem
• One-electron reduction
• 游離能
• 电负性
• 价电子

1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology，4-th ed. (The Gold Book) (1997)。在線校正版: (2006–) "Electron affinity"。doi:10.1351/goldbook.E01977
2. ^ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3} Bratsch, S.G.; Lagowski, J.J. Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K.. Polyhedron. 1986, 5 (11): 1763–1770. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8. 
3. ^ ^{3.0 3.1} 存档副本. [2019-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-03）. 
4. ^ Remarkable electron accepting properties of the simplest benzenoid cyanocarbons: hexacyanobenzene, octacyanonaphthalene and decacyanoanthracene Xiuhui Zhang, Qianshu Li, Justin B. Ingels, Andrew C. Simmonett, Steven E. Wheeler, Yaoming Xie, R. Bruce King, Henry F. Schaefer III and F. Albert Cotton Chemical Communications, 2006, 758 - 760 Abstract

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• Electron affinity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, IUPAC 金色書的定義
• Article about Electron Affinity

本条目的部分内容翻译自英語維基百科条目Electron affinity並以知识共享-署名-相同方式共享4.0协议授权使用。原文作者列表請參閱其页面历史。