共和黨派分為多數“舊權利”(駐紮在中西部)和自由派,駐紮在東北,支持了許多新政。舊右派猛烈抨擊“第二筆新政”,並說這代表了階級鬥爭和社會主義。羅斯福於1936年在總統大選中以壓倒性勝利再次當選;然而,隨著他第二任期的開始,經濟下滑,罷工飆升,他無法控制最高法院或從民主黨中清除南方保守派。共和黨人在1938年的選舉中捲土重來,並出現了新的後起之秀,如右側的俄亥俄州的罗伯特·A·塔夫脱(Robert A. Taft)和左側的紐約的托马斯·杜威(Thomas E. Dewey)。南部保守派與大多數共和黨人組成保守聯盟,直到1964年為止,它一直在國會的國內問題上佔據主導地位。雙方在外交政策問題上分歧很大,反戰孤立主義者在共和黨中占主導地位,干預主義者則想阻止阿道夫·希特勒占主導地位。在民主黨,罗斯福分別於1940年和1944年贏得第三和第四屆任期。保守派在戰爭期間廢除了大部分新政,但他們並未試圖推翻社會保障或監管業務的機構。
在1938年初,美國又爆發了一次嚴重的經濟衰退,主要的罷工潮遍及全美國,羅斯福也沒有成功去除最高法院裡的保守派法官,共和黨在1938年的國會選舉裡於眾議院重新奪回了75席。保守派的民主黨人—大多數來自南方,與共和黨組成了保守派聯盟,並且主導了國會的國內議題一直到1964年為止。從1939年至1941年間,共和黨內部在是否支持英國以及對二戰的立場上產生分歧,干涉主義者如亨利·刘易斯·史汀生主張支持英國,而孤立主義者則強烈反對美國參戰。共和黨和民主黨兩黨的反戰勢力並且一同組成了美國第一委員會(America First Committee)以阻止美國參戰。在1940年,毫不知名的溫德爾·威爾基在全國代表大會上脫穎而出代表共和黨參選,他批評羅斯福的新政效率低落,並且也批評羅斯福的競選破壞了美國總統連任不過三屆的傳統。珍珠港事件終結了干預主義和孤立主義之間的爭論,共和黨在1942年的期中選舉裡進一步奪回更多席次,終於平衡了民主黨長期以來的多數派地位。隨著戰時軍工生產而來的經濟繁榮,保守派聯盟停止了大部分的新政計畫。
歷史學家喬治·納什(George H. Nash)認為:“ 共和黨溫和的國際主義,主要是與東方的共和黨人不同,他們接受(或至少是默許了)羅斯福革命和杜魯門總統外交政策的基本前提,而共和黨的權利本質上是反革命、反集體主義、反共產主義、反新政,熱衷於有限政府、自由市場經濟學和國會(相對於行政)的特權。保守派從一開始就必須進行持續的兩方面戰爭:反對自由民主黨和來自內部的共和黨人”。
20世紀下半葉,共和黨總統艾森豪威爾、理查德·尼克松、杰拉德·福特、罗纳德·里根和喬治·W·布什當選或繼任。艾森豪威爾在1952年的提名中擊敗了保守派領袖參議員羅伯特·塔夫脫(Robert A. Taft),但保守派主導了艾森豪威爾政府的國內政策。選民們對艾森豪威爾的喜愛遠勝於對共和黨的喜愛,他證明無法將黨派推向更溫和的位置。自1976年以來,除了一些東北方面的支持之外,自由主義實際上已經從共和黨中消失了。
共和黨提出的政見包括了一系列對政府的主要改革,例如預算平衡法案和福利制度改革。共和黨將這一系列政見命名為為「與美國有約」(Contract With America)運動,以此作為當年選舉的文宣主軸。在選舉勝利後,共和黨成功通過了其中一些法案,但在其他一些如國會議員任期限制的法案上遭到挫敗。柯林頓反對共和黨的一些社會議題政策,但接受了福利制度改革以及平衡聯邦預算的法案。這使得美國福利制度經歷大規模的轉變,民主黨內保守派對此表示支持、而自由派則大力反對。1995年,共和黨重新控制國會兩院後,與民主黨的柯林頓政府之間的一場預算鬥爭導致聯邦政府暫時陷入癱瘓,但事件的負面效果使柯林頓得以在1996年總統選舉中順利當選連任,擊敗共和黨提名的總統候選人兼參議院領袖鮑勃·多爾。
共和黨全國委員會(Republican National Committee, RNC)負責組織協調共和黨的競選活動並推展共和黨的政策。當總統是共和黨籍時,RNC的主席是由總統親自指派,當共和黨在野時則由各地的州黨部選出。總統喬治·沃克·布希在2005年1月指派了肯·梅爾曼(Ken Mehlman)擔任全國委員會的主席。在總統選舉中,全國委員會則需負責監督全國代表大會的進行過程,包括了籌款和選舉戰略的協調。在各州的黨部和主要城市、郡、和行政區域也都有類似的委員會,但規模都比全國委員會要來的小。
雖然民主黨的歷史比共和黨還要悠久,但「大老黨」(Grand Old Party)這一詞經常被用以作為共和黨的暱稱,而其縮寫G.O.P.也經常被人使用。依據牛津英語詞典的解釋,將共和黨稱為大老黨最早源於1876年,當時的美國國會記錄中記載共和黨在南北內戰中領導對抗聯盟國並取得勝利的表現獲得讚譽為「這個英勇的老黨」(this gallant old party),隔年《Cincinnati Commercial》上的一篇文章使用了「大老黨」(Grand Old Party)一詞,而其縮寫G.O.P.則源於1884年。
^Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12
Kleppner, Paul, et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983), applies party systems model
Mayer, George H. The Republican Party, 1854-1966. 2d ed. (1967)
Rutland, Robert Allen. The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush (1996)
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001).
Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000 (2001), long essays by specialists on each time period:
includes: "'To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs;": 1820-1865 by Joel H. Silbey; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835-1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865-1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885-1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910-1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930-1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955-2000" by Byron E. Shafer
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972)
Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 2006: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (2005).
Aistrup, Joseph A. The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South (1996)
Black, Earl and Merle Black. The Rise of Southern Republicans (2002)
Ehrman, John, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005)
Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (2005)
Frum, David. What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America (1996)
"Movement Interruptus: September 11 Slowed the Democratic Trend That We Predicted, but the Coalition We Foresaw Is Still Taking Shape" The American Prospect Vol 16. Issue: 1. January 2005
Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999)
Sabato, Larry J. and Bruce Larson. The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future (2001) textbook.
Shafer, Byron and Richard Johnston. The End of Southern Exceptionalism (2006), uses statistical election data & polls to argue GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change
Shelley II, Mack C. The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (1983)
Mel Steely. The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt Gingrich Mercer University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-86554-671-1.
Fried, Joseph, Democrats and Republicans — Rhetoric and Reality (New York: Algora Publishing, 2008), 74–5.
Frank Newport, "Who are the Democrats?," The Gallup News Service(August 11, 2000), as cited in Joseph Fried, Democrats and Republicans — Rhetoric and Reality (New York, Algora Publishing, 2008) 74.
Fried, Joseph, Democrats and Republicans — Rhetoric and Reality (New York: Algora Publishing, 2008), 76–7.
Republican Party on the Issues "Civil_Rights Republican Party on the Issues". Republican Party on the Issues(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Republican Party on the Issues. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics 2010: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (2009).
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