1816 United States presidential election

1816 United States presidential election
217 members of the Electoral College; 109 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	16.9% 23.5 pp
	Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Monroe and Orange denotes states won by King. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state.
President before election; James Madison; Democratic-Republican	Elected President ; James Monroe; Democratic-Republican

The 1816 United States presidential election was the eighth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from November 1 to December 4, 1816. In the first election following the end of the War of 1812, Democratic-Republican candidate James Monroe defeated Federalist Rufus King. The election was the last in which the Federalist Party fielded a presidential candidate.

As President James Madison chose to retire after serving two terms, the Democratic-Republicans held a congressional nominating caucus in March 1816. With the support of Madison and former President Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Monroe defeated Secretary of War William H. Crawford to win his party's presidential nomination. Governor Daniel D. Tompkins of New York won the Democratic-Republican vice presidential nomination, continuing the party's tradition of balancing a presidential nominee from Virginia with a vice presidential nominee from either New York or New England. The Federalists did not formally nominate a ticket, but Senator King of New York emerged as the de facto Federalist candidate.

The previous four years of American politics were dominated by the effects of the War of 1812. Its drawn outcome and the peace concluded in 1815 were satisfactory to the American people, and the Democratic-Republicans received credit for the results. Federalists were discredited by having opposed the war and by radical rhetoric from New England Federalists at the Hartford Convention. Also, President Madison had adopted certain measures favored by Federalists, including a national bank and protective tariffs. The Federalists had little to campaign on, and Monroe easily won the Electoral College, carrying 16 of the 19 states.

Nominations

Democratic-Republican Party nomination

James Monroe	Daniel D. Tompkins
Democratic-Republican Party 1816 Democratic-Republican Party Ticket
for President	for Vice President

5th U.S. Secretary of State (1811–1817)	4th Governor of New York (1807–1817)

Withdrew before caucus

Governor
Simon Snyder
of Pennsylvania
Governor
Daniel D. Tompkins
of New York

Declined to run

Speaker of the House
Henry Clay
from Kentucky
Former Justice of the state Supreme Court
Andrew Jackson
from Tennessee

James Monroe was the favorite candidate of both former President Jefferson and retiring President Madison. However, Monroe faced stiff competition from Secretary of War William H. Crawford of Georgia. Also, there was widespread sentiment, especially in New York, that it was time to end the Virginia dynasty of presidents, resulting in Daniel D. Tompkins and Simon Snyder, the governors of New York and Pennsylvania respectively, briefly considering running for the presidential nomination. But Monroe's long record of service at home and abroad made him a fitting candidate to succeed Madison. Crawford never formally declared himself a candidate, because he believed that he had little chance against Monroe and feared such a contest might deny him a place in the new cabinet. Tompkins and Snyder realized they had even less chance of beating Monroe to the nomination, and instead positioned themselves to run for the vice presidency. Still, Crawford's supporters posed a significant challenge to Monroe.^[2]

Fifty-eight of the Democratic-Republican members of the United States Congress attended the first nominating caucus. A second caucus in March 1816 was attended by one hundred nineteen members of Congress. Monroe won the presidential nomination against Crawford by a vote of sixty-five to fifty-four while Tompkins won the vice-presidential nomination against Snyder by a vote of eighty-five to thirty.^[3]

The Balloting
Presidential Ballot		Vice Presidential Ballot
James Monroe	65	Daniel D. Tompkins	85
William H. Crawford	54	Simon Snyder	30

Federalist Party candidates

Rufus King	John Eager Howard
Federalist Party 1816 Federalist Party Ticket
for President	for Vice President

U. S. Senator from New York (1789–1796, 1813–1825)	U. S. Senator from Maryland (1796–1803)

In hopes of uniting with disaffected Democratic-Republicans, as they had in the previous election, the Federalists initially planned to hold their own congressional nominating caucus after that of the Democratic-Republicans. With the end of the war and the nomination of Monroe, the Federalists abandoned their hopes of another fusion ticket, and the demoralized party failed to formally nominate a candidate. Senator Rufus King of New York, who had been the party's 1804 and 1808 vice presidential nominee, and who had been nominated for president by a dissident faction of the party in 1812, eventually emerged as the de facto Federalist presidential nominee. Several Federalists would receive electoral votes for vice president, with former Senator John Eager Howard of Maryland receiving the most votes.^[4] The Federalists did not formally select a vice-presidential candidate.^[5]

General election

Dispute about Indiana

On February 12, 1817, the House and Senate met in joint session to count the electoral votes for president and vice president. The count proceeded without incident until the roll came to the last state to be counted, Indiana. At that point, Representative John W. Taylor of New York objected to the counting of Indiana's votes. He argued that Congress had acknowledged the statehood of Indiana in a joint resolution on December 11, 1816, whereas the ballots of the Electoral College had been cast on December 4, 1816. He claimed that at the time of the balloting, there had been merely a Territory of Indiana, not a State of Indiana. Other representatives contradicted Taylor, asserting that the joint resolution merely recognized that Indiana had already joined the Union by forming a state constitution and government on June 29, 1816. These representatives pointed out that both the House and Senate had seated members from Indiana who had been elected prior to the joint resolution, which would have been unconstitutional had Indiana not been a state at the time of their election. Representative Samuel D. Ingham then moved that the question be postponed indefinitely. The House agreed almost unanimously, and the Senate was brought back in to count the electoral votes from Indiana. The issue had no bearing on the final result.

Results

When the votes were counted, Monroe had won all but three of the nineteen states. King thought that a Monroe victory was inevitable, and did not seriously contest the election.^[6]

Each of the three states that were won by King voted for a different person for vice president. Massachusetts electors voted for former United States Senator (and future Governor) John Eager Howard of Maryland. Delaware chose a different Marylander, sitting United States Senator Robert Goodloe Harper. Connecticut split its vote between James Ross of Pennsylvania and Chief Justice John Marshall.

Maryland did not choose its electors as a slate; rather, it divided itself into electoral districts, with each district choosing one elector. Three of Maryland's eleven districts were won by Federalist electors. However, these electors did not vote for King or for a Federalist vice president, instead casting blank votes as a protest.

Electoral results
Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote^{(a), (b)}		Electoral vote^(c)	Running mate
Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Count	Percentage	Electoral vote^(c)	Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote^(c)
James Monroe	Democratic-Republican	Virginia	93,871	72.9%	183	Daniel D. Tompkins	New York	183
Rufus King	Federalist	New York	16,983	13.2%	34	John E. Howard	Maryland	22
						James Ross	Pennsylvania	5
						John Marshall	Virginia	4
						Robert Goodloe Harper	Maryland	3
Unpledged electors	None	N/A	17,997	14.0%	0	N/A	N/A	0
Total			128,851	100%	217			217
Needed to win					109			109

Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825^[7]

^(a) Only 10 of the 19 states chose electors by popular vote.
^(b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
^(c) One Elector from Delaware and three Electors from Maryland did not vote.

Popular vote

Monroe			72.9%
King			13.2%
Unpledged electors			14.0%

Electoral vote—President

Monroe			84.3%
King			15.7%

Electoral vote—Vice President

Tompkins			84.3%
Howard			10.1%
Ross			2.3%
Marshall			1.8%
Harper			1.4%

Maps

Map of presidential election results by county, shaded according to the vote share of the highest result for an elector of any given candidate
Map of presidential election results by electoral district, shaded according to the vote share of the highest result for an elector of any given candidate. Electoral boundaries for Maryland and most of Tennessee could not be found

Results by state

Elections in this period were vastly different from modern day presidential elections. The actual presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given candidate. For example, if three Monroe electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Monroe would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.

The Federalist parties of New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania did not provide a slate of electors, and as such Monroe was virtually unopposed in most of these states (with the exception of Federalist unpledged electors who received a handful of votes).^[8]^[9]^[10] In Pennsylvania, the federalist supported Monroe electors with opposition coming from an independent ticket of unpledged electors.^[10]

Voters in Tennessee cast ballots, but they have been lost to time.^[11]


		James Monroe Democratic-Republican			Rufus King Federalist			Other			Margin		Not cast	Citation
State	Electoral vote	#	%	Electoral vote	#	%	Electoral vote	#	%	Electoral vote	#	%	#
Connecticut	9	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		9	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
Delaware	4	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		3	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		1
Georgia	8	no popular vote		8	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
Indiana	3	no popular vote		3	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
Kentucky	12	1,864+	100%	12	no ballots		0	no ballots		0	1,864	100%	-	^[12]
Louisiana	3	no popular vote		3	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
Maryland	11	7,426	70.72%	8	3,048	29.03%	-	26	0.25%	0	4,352	41.44%	3	^[13]
Massachusetts	22	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		22	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
New Hampshire	8	15,225	53.17%	8	13,338	46.58%	0	74	0.26%	0	1,813	6.33%	-	^[14]
New Jersey	8	5,441	97.46%	8	no ballots		0	142	2.54%	0	5,299	94.92%	-	^[8]
New York	29	no popular vote		29	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
North Carolina	15	9,549	98.37%	15	no ballots		0	158	1.63%	0	9,391	96.74%	-	^[15]
Ohio	8	3,326	84.87%	8	593	15.13%	0	no ballots		0	2,733	69.74%	-	^[16]
Pennsylvania	25	42,945	70.93%	25	no ballots		0	17,597	29.07%	0	25,348	52.28%	-	^[10]
Rhode Island	4	1,236+	100%	4	no ballots		0	no ballots		0	1,236	100%	-	^[9]
South Carolina	11	no popular vote		11	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
Tennessee	8	no data	100%	8	no ballots		0	no ballots		0	no data		-	^[11]
Vermont	8	no popular vote		8	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		0	no popular vote		-
Virginia	25	6,859	99.94%	25	4	0.06%	0	no ballots		0	6,855	99.88%	-	^[17]

States that flipped from Federalist to Democratic-Republican

States where the margin of victory was under 10%

New Hampshire, 6.33% (1,813 votes)

Electoral college selection

Method of choosing electors	State(s)
Each Elector appointed by state legislature	Connecticut Delaware Georgia Indiana Louisiana Massachusetts New York South Carolina Vermont
Each Elector chosen by voters statewide	New Hampshire New Jersey North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Virginia
State is divided into three electoral districts, with four Electors chosen per district by the voters of each district	Kentucky
State is divided into electoral districts, with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district	Maryland Tennessee

References

^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
^ William DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Gramercy 1997
^ National Party Conventions, 1831-1976. Congressional Quarterly. 1979.
^ Deskins, Donald Richard; Walton, Hanes; Puckett, Sherman (2010). Presidential Elections, 1789-2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data. University of Michigan Press. pp. 65–66.
^ Howe 2007, p. 90.
^ Sabato, Larry; Ernst, Howard (January 1, 2009). Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections. Infobase Publishing. pp. 304–305.
^ "A New Nation Votes".
^ ^a ^b "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2020.