Agriculture is a major industry in the United States, which is a net exporter of food.[1] As of the 2017 census of agriculture, there were 2.04 million farms, covering an area of 900 million acres (1,400,000 sq mi), an average of 441 acres (178 hectares) per farm.[2]
Agriculture in the United States is highly mechanized, with an average of only one farmer or farm laborer required per square kilometer of farmland for agricultural production.
Although agricultural activity occurs in every U.S. state, it is particularly concentrated in the Central Valley of California and in the Great Plains, a vast expanse of flat arable land in the center of the nation, in the region west of the Great Lakes and east of the Rocky Mountains. The eastern wetter half is a major corn and soybean-producing region known as the Corn Belt, and the western drier half is known as the Wheat Belt because of its high rate of wheat production.[3] The Central Valley of California produces fruits, vegetables, and nuts. The American South has historically been a large producer of cotton, tobacco, and rice, but it has declined in agricultural production over the past century. Florida leads the nation in citrus production and is the number two producer of oranges in the world behind only Brazil.
Colonists had more access to land in the colonial United States than they did in Europe. The organization of labor was complex including free persons, slaves and indentured servants depending on the regions where either slaves or poor landless laborers were available to work on family farms.[4]
European agricultural practices greatly affected the New England landscape. Colonists brought livestock over from Europe which caused many changes to the land. Grazing animals required a lot of land and food and the act of grazing itself destroyed native grasses, which were being replaced by European species. New species of weeds were introduced and began to thrive as they were capable of withstanding the grazing of animals, whereas native species could not.[5]
The practices associated with keeping livestock also contributed to the deterioration of the forests and fields. Colonists would cut down the trees and then allow their cattle and livestock to graze freely in the forest and never plant more trees. The animals trampled and tore up the ground so much as to cause long-term destruction and damage.[5]
Soil exhaustion was a huge problem in New England agriculture. Farming with oxen did allow the colonist to farm more land but it increased erosion and decreased soil fertility. This was due to deeper plow cuts in the soil that allowed the soil more contact with oxygen causing nutrient depletion. In grazing fields in New England, the soil was being compacted by the large number of cattle and this did not give the soil enough oxygen to sustain life.[5]
In the United States, farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled, leading to a "wheat frontier" that moved westward over the course of years. Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising hogs, complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads. After the "wheat frontier" had passed through an area, more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally took its place. Warmer regions saw plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle. In the early colonial South, raising tobacco and cotton was common, especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War. With an established source for labor, and the development of the cotton gin in 1793, the South was able to maintain an economy based on the production of cotton. By the late 1850s, the South produced one-hundred percent of the 374 million pounds of cotton used in the United States. The rapid growth in cotton production was possible because of the availability of slaves.[6] In the northeast, slaves were used in agriculture until the early 19th century.[7] In the Midwest, slavery was prohibited by the Freedom Ordinance of 1787.
Soybeans were not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s, and by 1942 it became the world's largest soybean producer, due in part to World War II and the "need for domestic sources of fats, oils, and meal". Between 1930 and 1942, the United States' share of world soybean production grew from 3% to 47%, and by 1969 it had risen to 76%. By 1973 soybeans were the United States' "number one cash crop, and leading export commodity, ahead of both wheat and corn".[8] Although soybeans developed as the top cash crop, corn also remains as an important commodity. As the basis for "industrial food," corn is found in most modern day items at the grocery store. Aside from items like candy and soda, which contain high fructose corn-syrup, corn is also found in non-edible items like the shining wax on store advertisements.[9]
Significant areas of farmland were abandoned during the Great Depression and incorporated into nascent national forests. Later, "Sodbuster" and "Swampbuster" restrictions written into federal farm programs starting in the 1970s reversed a decades-long trend of habitat destruction that began in 1942 when farmers were encouraged to plant all possible land in support of the war effort. In the United States, federal programs administered through local Soil and Water Conservation Districts provide technical assistance and partial funding to farmers who wish to implement management practices to conserve soil and limit erosion and floods.[10]
Farmers in the early United States were open to planting new crops, raising new animals and adopting new innovations as increased agricultural productivity in turn increased the demand for shipping services, containers, credit, storage, and the like.[11]
Although four million farms disappeared in the United States between 1948 and 2015, total output from the farms that remained more than doubled. The number of farms with more than 2,000 acres (810 ha) almost doubled between 1987 and 2012, while the number of farms with 200 acres (81 ha) to 999 acres (404 ha) fell over the same period by 44%.[12]
Farm productivity increased in the United States from the mid-20th century until the late-20th century when productivity began to stall.[13]
United States agriculture production in 2018
In 2018:
It was by far the largest world producer of maize (392 million tons). The country has been the world leader in maize production for decades and only recently China, with 257.3 million tonnes produced this year, has been approaching North American production;
It was the largest world producer of soy (123.6 million tons), a position that they held for many years, but recently, they have been competing with Brazil for world leadership. Brazil surpassed US soybean production in 2020.;[14]
It was the 4th largest world producer of wheat (51.2 million tons), behind China, India and Russia;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of sugar beet (30 million tons), behind Russia and France (the beet is used to manufacture sugar and ethanol) ;
It was the 10th largest world producer of sugar cane (31.3 million tons) – Cane is also used to manufacture sugar and ethanol;
It was the 5th largest world producer of potato (20.6 million tons), behind China, India, Russia and Ukraine;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of tomatoes (12.6 million tons), behind China and India;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of cotton (11.4 million tons), behind China and India;
It was the 12th largest world producer of rice (10.1 million tons);
It was the largest world producer of sorghum (9.2 million tons);
It was the 3rd largest world producer of grape (6.8 million tons), behind China and Italy;
It was the 4th largest world producer of orange (4.8 million tons), behind Brazil, China and India;
It was the 2nd largest world producer of apple (4.6 million tons), second only to China;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of onion (3.2 million tons), behind China and India;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of peanut (2.4 million tons), behind China and India;
It was the largest world producer of almonds (1.8 million tons);
It was the 2nd largest world producer of strawberry (1.3 million tons), second only to China;
It was the 10th largest world producer of oats (814 thousand tons);
It was the 8th largest world producer of lemon (812 thousand tons);
It was the 3rd largest world producer of pear (730 thousand tons), behind China and Italy;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of green pea (722 thousand tons), behind China and India;
It was the 6th largest world producer of peaches (700 thousand tons);
It was the 2nd largest world producer of walnut (613 thousand tons), second only to China;
It was the 2nd largest world producer of pistachio (447 thousand tons), second only to Iran;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of lentils (381 thousand tons), behind Canada and India;
It was the 2nd largest world producer of spinach (384 thousand tons), second only to China;
It was the 4th largest world producer of plum (368 thousand tons), behind China, Romania and Serbia;
It was the 4th largest world producer of tobacco (241 thousand tons), behind China, Brazil and India;
It was the 2nd largest world producer of lettuce and chicory(3.6 million tons) behind China;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of cauliflower and broccoli (1.2 million tons) behind China and India;
It was the 3rd largest world producer of carrots (1.5 million tons) behind China and Uzbekistan;
In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as melon (872 thousand tons), pumpkin (683 thousand tons), grapefruit (558 thousand tons), cranberry (404 thousand tons), cherry (312 thousand tons), blueberry (255 thousand tons), rye (214 thousand tons), olive (138 thousand tons), etc.[15]
Major agricultural products
Tonnes of United States agriculture production, as reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the U.N. in 2003 and 2013 (ranked roughly in order of value):[16]
Other crops appearing in the top 20 at some point in the last 40 years were: tobacco, barley, and oats, and, rarely: peanuts, almonds, and sunflower seeds. Alfalfa and hay would both be in the top ten in 2003 if they were tracked by FAO.
Goats, horses, turkeys and bees are also raised, though in lesser quantities. Inventory data is not as readily available as for the major industries. For the three major goat-producing states—Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas—there were 1.2 million goats at the end of 2002. There were 5.3 million horses in the United States at the end of 1998. There were 2.5 million colonies of bees at the end of 2005.
Farm type or majority enterprise type
Farm type is based on which commodities are the majority crops grown on a farm. Nine common types include:[23][24][25]
One characteristic of the agricultural industry that sets it apart from others is the number of individuals who are self-employed. Frequently, farmers and ranchers are both the principal operator, the individual responsible for successful management and day-to-day decisions, and the primary laborer for his or her operation. For agricultural workers that sustain an injury, the resultant loss of work has implications on physical health and financial stability.[26]
The United States has over 14,000 certified organic farms, covering more than 5 million acres, though this is less than 1% of total US farmland. The output of these farms has grown substantially since 2011, and exceeded US$7.5 billion in 2016.[27]
Agriculture in the United States is primarily governed by periodically renewed U.S. farm bills. Governance is both a federal and a local responsibility with the United States Department of Agriculture being the federal department responsible. Government aid includes research into crop types and regional suitability as well as many kinds of federal government subsidies, price supports and loan programs. U.S. farmers are not subject to production quotas and some laws are different for farms compared to other workplaces.[28][29]>[30]
Labor laws prohibiting children in other workplaces provide some exemptions for children working on farms with complete exemptions for children working on their family's farm.[31] Children can also gain permits from vocational training schools or 4-H clubs which allow them to do jobs they would otherwise not be permitted to do.
A large part of the U.S. farm workforce is made up of migrant and seasonal workers, many of them recent immigrants from Latin America. Additional laws apply to these workers and their housing which is often provided by the farmer.
Farmworkers in the United States have unique demographics, wages, working conditions, organizing, and environmental aspects. According to The National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health in Agricultural Safety, approximately 2,112,626 full-time workers were employed in production agriculture in the US in 2019 and approximately 1.4 to 2.1 million hired crop workers are employed annually on crop farms in the US.[32] A study by the USDA found the average age of a farmworker to be 33. In 2017, the Department of Labor and Statistics found the median wage to be $23,730 a year, or $11.42 per hour.
The types of farmworkers include field crop workers, nursery workers, greenhouse workers, supervisors, etc.[33] The United States Department of Labor findings for the years 2019-2020 report that 63 percent of crop workers were born in Mexico, 30 percent in the mainland United States or Puerto Rico, 5 percent in Central America, and 2 percent in other regions.[34] The amount of farm labor in the United States has changed substantially: in 1870, almost 50 percent of the U.S. population was employed in agriculture;[35] As of 2008[update], less than 2 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture.[36][37]
Potential health and safety issues that may be associated with farm work include vehicle rollovers, falls, musculoskeletal injuries, hazardous equipment, grain bins, pesticides, unsanitary conditions, and respiratory disease. According to the United States Department Of Labor, farmworkers are at risk of work-related lung diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, and certain cancers related to chemical use.[38] Farm workers also suffer disproportionately from heat stress, with fewer than average seeking treatment. While some progress has been made, many farm workers continue to struggle for fair pay, proper training, and safe working conditions.
Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries due to the use of chemicals and risk of injury.[39][40] Farmers are at high risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries (general traumatic injury and musculoskeletal injury), work-related lung diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, chemical-related illnesses, and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure.[40][41][42] In an average year, 516 workers die doing farm work in the U.S. (1992–2005). Every day, about 243 agricultural workers suffer lost-work-time injuries, and about 5% of these result in permanent impairment.[43] Tractor overturns are the leading cause of agriculture-related fatal injuries, and account for over 90 deaths every year. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends the use of roll over protection structures on tractors to reduce the risk of overturn-related fatal injuries.[43]
Farming is one of the few industries in which families (who often share the work and live on the premises) are also at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Agriculture is the most dangerous industry for young workers, accounting for 42% of all work-related fatalities of young workers in the U.S. between 1992 and 2000. In 2011, 108 youth, less than 20 years of age, died from farm-related injuries.[44] Unlike other industries, half the young victims in agriculture were under age 15.[45] For young agricultural workers aged 15–17, the risk of fatal injury is four times the risk for young workers in other workplaces[46] Agricultural work exposes young workers to safety hazards such as machinery, confined spaces, work at elevations, and work around livestock. The most common causes of fatal farm-related youth injuries involve machinery, motor vehicles, or drowning. Together these three causes comprise more than half of all fatal injuries to youth on U.S. farms.[47] Women in agriculture (including the related industries of forestry and fishing) numbered 556,000 in 2011.[40]
Agriculture in the U.S. makes up approximately 75% of the country's pesticide use. Agricultural workers are at high risk for being exposed to dangerous levels of pesticides, whether or not they are directly working with the chemicals.[42] For example, with issues like pesticide drift, farmworkers are not the only ones exposed to these chemicals; nearby residents come into contact with the pesticides as well.[48] The frequent exposure to these pesticides can have detrimental effects on humans, resulting in adverse health reactions associated with pesticide poisoning.[49][50] Migrant workers, especially women, are at higher risk for health issues associated with pesticide exposure due to lack of training or appropriate safety precautions.[51][52] United States agricultural workers experience 10,000 cases or more of physician-diagnosed pesticide poisoning
Some U.S. research centers are focused on the topic of health and safety in agricultural practices. These centers not only conduct research on the subject of occupational disease and injury prevention, but also promote agricultural health and safety through educational outreach programs. Most of these groups are funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the US Department of Agriculture, or other state agencies.[54] Centers include:
Farmers are among the most likely to die by suicide, in comparison to other occupations, according to a study published in January 2020 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[67] Researchers at the University of Iowa found that farmers, and others in the agricultural trade, had the highest suicide rate of all occupations from 1992 to 2010, the years covered in a 2017 study.[67] The rate was 3.5 times that of the general population.[67] This echoed a study conducted the previous year by the CDC[68] and another undertaken by the National Rural Health Association (NRHA).[69]
Most family farmers seem to agree on what led to their plight: government policy. In the years after the New Deal, they say, the United States set a price floor for farmers, essentially ensuring they received a minimum wage for the crops they produced. But the government began rolling back this policy in the 1970s, and now the global market largely determines the price they get for their crops. Big farms can make do with lower prices for crops by increasing their scale; a few cents per gallon of cow's milk adds up if you have thousands of cows.
Climate change and agriculture are complexly related processes. In the United States, agriculture is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), behind the energy sector.[70] Direct GHG emissions from the agricultural sector account for 8.4% of total U.S. emissions, but the loss of soil organic carbon through soil erosion indirectly contributes to emissions as well.[71] While agriculture plays a role in propelling climate change, it is also affected by the direct (increase in temperature, change in rainfall, flooding, drought) and secondary (weed, pest, disease pressure, infrastructure damage) consequences of climate change.[70][72]USDA research indicates that these climatic changes will lead to a decline in yield and nutrient density in key crops, as well as decreased livestock productivity.[73][74] Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to U.S. agriculture due to the sensitivity of agricultural productivity and costs to changing climate conditions.[75] Rural communities dependent on agriculture are particularly vulnerable to climate change threats.[72]
The US Global Change Research Program (2017) identified four key areas of concern in the agriculture sector: reduced productivity, degradation of resources, health challenges for people and livestock, and the adaptive capacity of agriculture communities.[72]
Large-scale adaptation and mitigation of these threats relies on changes in farming policy.[71][76]
Demographics
The number of women working in agriculture has risen and the 2002 census of agriculture recorded a 40% increase in the number of female farm workers.[77] Inequality and respect are common issues for these workers, as many have reported that they are not being respected, listened to, or taken seriously due to traditional views of women as housewives and caretakers.[78]
Women may also face resistance when attempting to advance to higher positions. Other issues reported by female farm workers include receiving less pay than their male counterparts and a refusal or reluctance by their employers to offer their female workers the same additional benefits given to male workers such as housing.[79]
As of 2012, there were 44,629 African-American farmers in the United States. The vast majority of African-American farmers were in southern states.[80]
Industry
Historically, farmland has been owned by small property owners, but as of 2017 institutional investors, including foreign corporations, had been purchasing farmland.[81] In 2013 the largest producer of pork, Smithfield Foods, was bought by a company from China.[81]
As of 2017, only about 4% of farms have sales over $1m, but these farms yield two-thirds of total output.[82] Some of these are large farms have grown organically from private family-owned businesses.[82]
Land ownership laws
As of 2019, six states—Hawaii, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Dakota, and Oklahoma—have laws banning foreign ownership of farmland. Missouri, Ohio, and Oklahoma are looking to introduce bills banning foreign ownership as of 2019.[83][84]
The state with the most foreign ownership as of 2019 is Maine, which has 3.1 million acres that are foreign-controlled, followed closely by Texas at 3 million acres. Alabama, at 1.6 million acres, Washington, at 1.5 million acres, and Michigan, at 1.3 million acres, round out the top five, according to the Midwest Center's analysis.[83]
^Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2004). History of World Soybean Production and Trade – Part 1. Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California: Unpublished Manuscript, History of Soybeans and Soyfoods, 1100 B.C. to the 1980s. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
^Pardey, Philip G.; Alston, Julian M. (2021). "Unpacking the Agricultural Black Box: The Rise and Fall of American Farm Productivity Growth". The Journal of Economic History. 81 (1): 114–155. doi:10.1017/S0022050720000649. ISSN0022-0507. S2CID232199950.
^"NIOSH- Agriculture". United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
^ abcSwanson, Naomi; Tisdale-Pardi, Julie; MacDonald, Leslie; Tiesman, Hope M. (13 May 2013). "Women's Health at Work". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
^ abCalvert, Geoffrey M.; Karnik, Jennifer; Mehler, Louise; Beckman, John; Morrissey, Barbara; Sievert, Jennifer; Barrett, Rosanna; Lackovic, Michelle; Mabee, Laura (Dec 2008). "Acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in the United States, 1998–2005". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 51 (12): 883–898. doi:10.1002/ajim.20623. ISSN1097-0274. PMID18666136. S2CID9020012.
^ ab"NIOSH- Agriculture Injury". United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
^NIOSH [2003]. Unpublished analyses of the 1992–2000 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Special Research Files provided to NIOSH by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (includes more detailed data than the research file, but excludes data from New York City). Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch, Special Studies Section. Unpublished database.
^BLS [2000]. Report on the youth labor force. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, pp. 58–67.
^Garcia, Ana M. (2003). "Pesticide Exposure and Women's Health". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 44 (6): 584–594. doi:10.1002/ajim.10256. PMID14635235.
^ abNational Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. 2019. Agriculture and Climate Change: Policy Imperatives and Opportunities to Help Producers Meet the Challenge. Washington D.C.
^ abcUSGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II[Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, US, 470 pp, doi:10.7930/J0J964J6.
^Carlisle, Liz, Maywa Montenegro de Wit, Marcia S. DeLonge, Alastair Iles, Adam Calo, Christy Getz, Joanna Ory, Katherine Munden-Dixon, Ryan Galt, Brett Melone, Reggie Knox, and Daniel Press. 2019. "Transitioning to Sustainable Agriculture Requires Growing and Sustaining an Ecologically Skilled Workforce." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems.https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00096
^Albright, Carmen (2006). "Who's Running The Farm?: Changes and characteristics of Arkansas women in Agriculture". American Agricultural Economics Association: 1315–1322 – via JSTOR.
^Jones, L. (2015). "North Carolina's Farm Women: Plowing around Obstacles". University of Georgia Press. – via JSTOR.
^Golichenko, M.; Sarang, A. (2013). "Farm labor, reproductive justice: Migrant women farmworkers in the US". Health and Human Rights – via JSTOR.
Hurt, R. Douglas. A Companion to American Agricultural History (Wiley-Blackwell, 2022)
Lauck, Jon. American agriculture and the problem of monopoly: the political economy of grain belt farming, 1953-1980 (U of Nebraska Press, 2000).
Riney-Kehrberg, Pamela. ed. The Routledge History of Rural America (2018)
Schapsmeier, Edward L; and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. Encyclopedia of American agricultural history (1975) online
Schmidt, Louis Bernard, and Earle Dudley Ross, eds. Readings in the economic history of American agriculture (Macmillan, 1925) excerpts from scholarly studies, colonial era to 1920s. online.
Spitze, Robert G. F.; Harold G. Halcrow; Joyce E. Allen-Smith (1994). Food and Agricultural Policy. Mcgraw-Hill College. ISBN0-07-025800-7.
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Revolución. La RevoluciónBerkas:Coverlarevolucion.jpgAlbum studio karya Wisin & YandelDirilis26 Mei 2009[1]Direkam2008-2009GenreReggaeton, R&B, electropopLabelWY Records, MacheteProduserNesty La Mente Maestra, Victor El Nazi, Marioso, Tainy, Luny TunesKronologi Wisin & Yandel Un Junte Pa' La Historia(2009)Un Junte Pa' La Historia2009 La Revolución(2009) El Dúo de la Historia Vol. 1(2009)El Dúo de la Historia Vol. 12009 Singel dalam album La…
Kerangka Penilaian Tingkat Keparahan Pandemi (PSAF, Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework) adalah kerangka kerja evaluasi yang menggunakan kuadran untuk mengevaluasi tingkat penularan dan keparahan klinis dari suatu pandemi dan menggabungkan keduanya ke dalam perkiraan dampak secara keseluruhan.[1] Tingkat keparahan klinis dihitung melalui berbagai ukuran termasuk tingkat kematian kasus, rasio kasus rawat inap, dan rasio kematian rawat inap. Sementara tingkat penularan virus diukur mela…
Guinayangan Munisipalitas di Filipina Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatFilipinaIsland group of the Philippines (en)LuzonRegion di FilipinaCalabarzonProvinsi di FilipinaQuezon NegaraFilipina PendudukTotal44.045 (2020 )Tempat tinggal11.521 (2020 )Bahasa resmiInagta Alabat (en) dan Tagalog GeografiLuas wilayah214,12 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian71 m Berbatasan denganLopez SejarahPembuatan1769 Informasi tambahanKode pos4319 Zona waktuUTC+…
First tankōbon volume of Dragon Ball, released in Japan on September 10, 1985 Dragon Ball is a Japanese manga series, written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama. The story follows the adventures of Son Goku, a child who goes on a lifelong journey beginning with a quest for the seven mystical Dragon Balls. Along the way, he goes through many rigorous martial arts training regimens and educational programs, defeats a series of increasingly powerful martial artists, and becomes the top martial arti…
14th State Affairs Commission← 13th15th →Emblem of the SAC Chairman12 April 2019 – Incumbent(4 years, 351 days)OverviewTypeState Affairs CommissionElection1st Session of the 14th Supreme People's AssemblyLeadershipChairmanKim Jong UnFirst Vice ChairmenChoe Ryong-haeVice ChairmenPak Pong-juMembersTotal19 Politics of North Korea Constitution Juche (state ideology) Songun (military-first policy) Eternal leaders Kim Il Sung Kim J…
الدوري الهولندي الممتاز تفاصيل الموسم 1975-1976 النسخة 20 البلد هولندا التاريخ بداية:17 أغسطس 1975 المنظم الاتحاد الملكي الهولندي لكرة القدم البطل نادي آيندهوفن مباريات ملعوبة 306 عدد المشاركين 18 أهداف مسجلة 866 الدوري الهولندي الممتاز 1974-1975 الدوري الهولندي ا…
Ability to digest milk after infancy This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: Lactase persistence – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) Lactase persistence is the continued activity of the lactase …
Komando Resor Militer atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Korem adalah satuan teritorial yang berada di bawah Komando Daerah Militer (Kodam). Korem membawahi beberapa Komando Distrik Militer (Kodim), satuan pendukung seperti Polisi Militer, Zeni Bangunan, Pembekalan dan Angkutan, Peralatan, Perhubungan, Kesehatan dan lainnya. Bahkan ada Korem yang mempunyai Yonif teritorial sendiri, seperti Korem 072/Pamungkas mempunyai Yonif Mekanis 403/Wirasada Pratista sebagai Yonif teritorial. Korem dipim…
Теплоёмкость C = δ Q d T {\displaystyle C={\frac {\delta Q}{\mathrm {d} T}}} Размерность L2MT −2Θ−1 Единицы измерения СИ Дж/К СГС эрг/К Примечания Скалярная величина Теплоёмкость — количество теплоты, поглощаемой (выделяемой) телом в процессе нагревания (остывания) на 1 кельвин. Более точно, тепл…
Basilika Bunda Maria dari PenyelenggaraanBasilika Minor Bunda Maria dari PenyelenggaraanPrancis: Basilique Notre-Dame de la DélivranceBasilika Bunda Maria dari PenyelenggaraanLokasiPopenguineNegaraSenegalDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusBasilika minorStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupan AgungKeuskupan Agung Dakar Basilika Bunda Maria dari Penyelenggaraan (Prancis: Basilique Notre-Dame de la Délivrance) adalah sebuah gereja basilika minor Katolil yang terletak di Pope…
Resolusi 432Dewan Keamanan PBBLokasi Teluk Walvis dan rujukan kepada Afrika SelatanTanggal27 Juli 1978Sidang no.2.082KodeS/RES/432 (Dokumen)TopikNamibiaRingkasan hasil15 mendukungTidak ada menentangTidak ada abstainHasilDiadopsiKomposisi Dewan KeamananAnggota tetap Tiongkok Prancis Britania Raya Amerika Serikat Uni SovietAnggota tidak tetap Bolivia Kanada Jerman Barat Gabon India Kuwait Mauritania Nigeria Cekoslowaki…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant une commune du Nord. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Le bandeau {{ébauche}} peut être enlevé et l’article évalué comme étant au stade « Bon début » quand il comporte assez de renseignements encyclopédiques concernant la commune. Si vous avez un doute, l’atelier de lecture du projet Communes de France est à votre disposition pour vous aider. Consultez également la page d’aide à la réd…
Attentat à la gare de Bruxelles-Central La police bloquant les accès à la gare le soir de l'attaque. Localisation Gare de Bruxelles-Central, Bruxelles, Belgique Cible Civils Coordonnées 50° 50′ 44″ nord, 4° 21′ 25″ est Date 20 juin 2017 20 h 44 Type Attentat à la bombe Armes Engin explosif improvisé Morts 1 (le terroriste) Blessés 0 Auteurs Oussama Zariouh Organisations État islamique Mouvance Terrorisme islamiste modifier Le lieu d…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant le droit français. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Article 88-7 de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 Données clés Présentation Pays France Langue(s) officielle(s) Français Type Article de la Constitution Adoption et entrée en vigueur Législature XIIIe législature de la Cinquième République française Gouvernement François Fillon (2e) Promulgation 23 …
Shohei ImamuraLahir(1926-09-15)15 September 1926Tokyo, JepangMeninggal30 Mei 2006(2006-05-30) (umur 79)Tokyo, JepangPekerjaansutradara, penulis latar, asisten sutradara, produser, aktorTahun aktif1951–2002PenghargaanGolden Palm1983 The Ballad of Narayama1997 The Eel Japan Academy Prize Picture of the Year1980 Vengeance Is Mine1984 The Ballad of Narayama1990 Black Rain Penghargaan Akademi Jepang untuk Sutradara Tahun Ini1980 Vengeance Is Mine1990 Black Rain1998 The Eel Shohei Imamura …
2020MileniumMilenium ke-3AbadAbad ke-20Abad ke-21 Abad ke-22Dasawarsa 2000-an2010-an2020-an2030-an2040-anTahun2017201820192020202120222023 2020 (MMXX) merupakan tahun kabisat yang diawali hari Rabu dalam kalender Gregorian, tahun ke-2020 dalam sebutan Masehi (CE) dan Anno Domini (AD), tahun ke-20 pada Milenium ke-3, tahun ke-20 pada Abad ke-21, dan tahun ke- 1 pada dekade 2020-an. Denominasi 2020 untuk tahun ini telah digunakan sejak periode Abad Pertengahan awal, ketika Era kalender Anno D…
City park in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: RIM Park – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template messag…
American politician (1799–1882) For the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Justice, see Reuben Atwater Chapman. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Reuben Chapman13th Governor of AlabamaIn officeDecember 16, 1847 – December 17, 1849Preceded byJoshua L. MartinSucceeded…