Geordie (/ˈdʒɔːrdi/JOR-dee) is a nickname for a person from the Tyneside area of North East England[1] and the dialect used by its inhabitants, also known in linguistics as Tyneside English or Newcastle English. There are different definitions of what constitutes a Geordie. The term is used and has been historically used to refer to the people of the North East.[2][3][4][5][6] A Geordie can also specifically be a native of Tyneside (especially Newcastle upon Tyne) and the surrounding areas.[5][6][7] Not everyone from the North East of England identifies as a Geordie.[8][9]
Geordie is a continuation and development of the language spoken by Anglo-Saxon settlers, initially employed by the ancient Brythons to fight the Pictish invaders after the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century.[5] The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes who arrived became ascendant politically and culturally over the native British through subsequent migration from tribal homelands along the North Sea coast of mainland Europe. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged in the Dark Ages spoke largely mutually intelligible varieties of what is now called Old English, each varying somewhat in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. This linguistic conservatism means that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the Venerable Bede can be translated more successfully into Geordie than into Standard English.[10] In Northern England and the Scottish borders, then dominated by the kingdom of Northumbria, there developed a distinct Northumbrian Old English dialect.
The British Library points out that the Norse, who primarily lived south of the River Tees, affected the language in Yorkshire but not in regions to the north. This source adds that "the border skirmishes that broke out sporadically during the Middle Ages meant the River Tweed established itself as a significant northern barrier against Scottish influence". Today, many who speak the Geordie dialect use words such as gan ('go' – modern German gehen) and bairn ('child' – modern Danish barn), which "can still trace their roots right back to the Angles".[11]
The word "Geordie" can refer to a supporter of Newcastle United.[12] The Geordie Schooner glass was traditionally used to serve Newcastle Brown Ale.[13] The Geordie dialect and identity are primarily associated with those of a working-class background.[14] A 2008 newspaper survey found the Geordie accent the "most attractive in England".[15]
Geographical coverage
People
When referring to the people, as opposed to the dialect, dictionary definitions of a Geordie typically refer to a native or inhabitant of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, or its environs,[16] an area that encompasses North Tyneside, Newcastle, South Tyneside and Gateshead.[17][18] This area has a combined population of around 700,000, based on 2011 census-data.
The term itself, according to Brockett, originated from all the North East coal mines.[2] The catchment area for the term "Geordie" can include Northumberland and County Durham[3][4] or be confined to an area as small as the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and the metropolitan boroughs of Tyneside.[1]
Scott Dobson, the author of the book Larn Yersel Geordie, once stated that his grandmother, who was brought up in Byker, thought the miners were the true Geordies.[5] There is a theory the name comes from the Northumberland and Durham coal mines. Poems and songs written in this area in 1876 (according to the OED), speak of the "Geordie".[6]
Dialect
Academics refer to the Geordie dialect as "Tyneside English".[19][20][21][22]
According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as Pitmatic and Mackem. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".[23]
Etymology
A number of rival theories explain how the term "Geordie" came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name George,[24] "a very common name among the pitmen"[2][25] (coal miners) in North East England; indeed, it was once the most popular name for eldest sons in the region.[citation needed]
One account traces the name to the times of the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Jacobites declared that the natives of Newcastle were staunch supporters of the Hanoverian kings, whose first representative George I reigned (1714–1727) at the time of the 1715 rebellion. Newcastle contrasted with rural Northumberland, which largely supported the Jacobite cause. In this case, the term "Geordie" may have derived from the popular anti-Hanoverian song "Cam Ye O'er Frae France?",[26] which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", a play on "George the Guelph".
Another explanation for the name states that local miners in the northeast of England used Geordie safety lamps, designed by George Stephenson, known locally as "Geordie the engine-wright",[27] in 1815[28] rather than the competing Davy lamps, designed about the same time by Humphry Davy and used in other mining communities. Using the chronological order of two John Trotter Brockett books, Geordie was given to North East pitmen; later he acknowledges that the pitmen also christened their Stephenson lamp Geordie.[2][25]
Linguist Katie Wales[29] also dates the term earlier than does the current Oxford English Dictionary; she observes that Geordy (or Geordie) was a common name given to coal-mine pitmen in ballads and songs of the region, noting that such usage turns up as early as 1793. It occurs in the titles of two songs by songwriter Joe Wilson: "Geordy, Haud the Bairn" and "Keep your Feet Still, Geordie". Citing such examples as the song "Geordy Black", written by Rowland Harrison of Gateshead, she contends that, as a consequence of popular culture, the miner and the keelman had become icons of the region in the 19th century, and "Geordie" was a label that "affectionately and proudly reflected this," replacing the earlier ballad emblem, the figure of Bob Crankie.
In the English Dialect Dictionary of 1900, Joseph Wright gave as his fourth definition of "Geordie": A man from Tyneside; a miner; a north-country collier vessel, quoting two sources from Northumberland, one from East Durham and one from Australia. The source from Durham stated: "In South Tyneside even, this name was applied to the Lower Tyneside men."[30]
Newcastle publisher Frank Graham's Geordie Dictionary states:
The origin of the word Geordie has been a matter of much discussion and controversy. All the explanations are fanciful and not a single piece of genuine evidence has ever been produced.
In Graham's many years of research, the earliest record he found of the term's use dated to 1823 by local comedian Billy Purvis. Purvis had set up a booth at the Newcastle Races on the Town Moor. In an angry tirade against a rival showman, who had hired a young pitman called Tom Johnson to dress as a clown, Billy cried out to the clown:
Ah man, wee but a feul wad hae sold off his furnitor and left his wife. Noo, yor a fair doon reet feul, not an artificial feul like Billy Purvis! Thous a real Geordie! gan man an hide thysel! gan an' get thy picks agyen. Thou may de for the city, but never for the west end o' wor toon.[31]
(Rough translation: "Oh man, who but a fool would have sold off his furniture and left his wife? Now, you're a fair downright fool, not an artificial fool like Billy Purvis! You're a real Geordie! Go on, man, and hide yourself! Go on and get your picks [axes] again. You may do for the city, but never for the west end of our town!")
John Camden Hotten wrote in 1869: "Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."[4] Using Hotten[4] as a chronological reference, Geordie has been documented for at least 255 years as a term related to Northumberland and County Durham.
The name Bad-weather Geordy applied to cockle sellers:
As the season at which cockles are in greatest demand is generally the most stormy in the year – September to March – the sailors' wives at the seaport towns of Northumberland and Durham consider the cry of the cockle man as the harbinger of bad weather, and the sailor, when he hears the cry of 'cockles alive,' in a dark wintry night, concludes that a storm is at hand, and breathes a prayer, backwards, for the soul of Bad-Weather-Geordy.
— S. Oliver, Rambles in Northumberland, 1835
Travel writer Scott Dobson used the term "Geordieland" in a 1973 guidebook to refer collectively to Northumberland and Durham.[3]
The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by Watt & Allen (2003). Other scholars may use different transcriptions. Watt and Allen stated that there were approximately 800,000 people in the early 2000s who spoke this form of British English.[35][36]
Tyneside English (TE) is spoken in Newcastle upon Tyne, a city of around 260,000 inhabitants in the far north of England, and in the conurbation stretching east and south of Newcastle along the valley of the River Tyne as far as the North Sea. The total population of this conurbation, which also subsumes Gateshead, Jarrow, North and South Shields, Whitley Bay, and Tynemouth, exceeds 800,000.
/ɪŋ/ appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in reading) is pronounced as [ən] (thus, reading is [ˈɹiːdən]).
The Geordie accent does not use the glottal stop in a usual fashion. It is characterised by a unique type of glottal stops. /p,t,k/ can all be pronounced simultaneously with a glottal stop after them in Geordie, both at the end of a syllable and sometimes before a weak vowel.[37]
T-glottalisation, in which /t/ is realised by [ʔ] before a syllabic nasal (e.g., button as [ˈbʊtʔn̩]), in absolute final position (get as [ɡɛtʔ]), and whenever the /t/ is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (pity as [ˈpɪtʔi]).
Glottaling in Geordie is known as 'pre-glottalisation', which is "an occlusion at the appropriate place of articulation and 'glottalisation', usually manifested as a short period of laryngealised voice before and/or after and often also during the stop gap".[38] This type of glottal is unique to Tyneside English.[39]
The dialect is non-rhotic like most other dialects of England, with /r/ being realised most commonly as an alveolar approximant [ɹ], although a labiodental realisation [ʋ] is additionally growing in prevalence among younger females. (This variant is also possible, albeit rarer, in the speech of older males.) Traditionally, intrusive R was not present in Geordie, with speakers instead glottalising between boundaries; however, it is present in newer varieties of the dialect.[38]
Yod-coalescence in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that dew becomes [dʒɵʊ]).
/l/ is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the velarised allophone is absent. However, modern accents may periodically use [ɫ] in syllable final positions, sometimes it may even be vocalised (as in bottle[ˈbɒʔʊ]).[38]
For some speakers, vowel length alternates with vowel quality in a very similar way to the Scottish vowel length rule.[40]
Vowel length is phonemic for many speakers of Geordie, meaning that length is often the one and only phonetic difference between DRESS and SQUARE (/ɛ/ and /ɛː/) or between LOT and START (/ɒ/ and /ɒː/).[40] If older or traditional dialect forms are considered, TRAP (/a/) also has a phonemic long counterpart /aː/, which is mostly used in THOUGHT words spelled with ⟨a⟩, making minimal pairs such as tack/tak/ vs. talk/taːk/ (less broad Geordie pronunciation: /tɔːk/). Another [aː] appears as an allophone of /a/ before final voiced consonants in words such as lad[laːd].[41]
Phonetic quality and phonemic incidence
FLEECE and GOOSE, /iː,uː/, are typically somewhat closer than in other varieties in morphologically closed syllables; /uː/ is also less prone to fronting than in other varieties of BrE and its quality is rather close to the cardinal [u]. However, younger women tend to use a central [ʉː] instead.[40] In morphologically open syllables, FLEECE and GOOSE are realised as closing diphthongs [ei,ɵʊ]. This creates minimal pairs such as freeze[fɹiːz] vs. frees[fɹeiz] and bruise[bɹuːz~bɹʉːz] (hereafter transcribed with ⟨uː⟩ for the sake of simplicity) vs. brews[bɹɵʊz].[40][42]
The HAPPY vowel is tense [i] and is best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ phoneme.[43]
As with other Northern English varieties, Geordie lacks the FOOT–STRUT split, so that words like cut, up and luck have the same /ʊ/ phoneme as put, sugar and butcher. The typical phonetic realisation is unrounded [ɤ], but it may be hypercorrected to [ə] among middle-class (especially female) speakers.[44]
The long close-mid vowels /eː,oː/, in FACE and GOAT, may be realised as monophthongs [eː,oː] in open syllables or as opening diphthongs [ɪə,ʊə] in closed syllables. Alternatively, /eː/ can be a closing diphthong [eɪ] and /oː/ can be centralised to [ɵː].[40] The opening diphthongs are recessive, as younger speakers reject them in favour of the monophthongal [eː,oː~ɵː].[45]
Other, now archaic, realisations of /oː/ include [aː] in snow[snaː] and [aʊ] in soldiers[ˈsaʊldʒɐz].[40]
Many female speakers merge GOAT/oː/ with THOUGHT/ɔː/, but the exact phonetic quality of the merged vowel is uncertain.[40]
NURSE, /øː/, may be phonetically [øː] or a higher, unrounded vowel [ɪː].[40] An RP-like vowel [ɜ̝ː] is also possible.[42]
In older broadest Geordie, NURSE merges with THOUGHT/ɔː/ to [ɔː] under the influence of a uvular [ʁ] that once followed it (when Geordie was still a rhotic dialect).[42][46] The fact that the original /ɔː/ vowel is never hypercorrected to [øː] or [ɜ̝ː] suggests that either this merger was never categorical, or that speakers are unusually successful in sorting those vowels out again.[42]
The schwa /ə/ is often rather open ([ɐ]). It also tends to be longer in duration than the preceding stressed vowel, even if that vowel is phonologically long. Therefore, words such as water and meter are pronounced [ˈwɔd̰ɐː] and [ˈmid̰ɐː].[40] This feature is shared with the very conservative (Upper Crust) variety of Received Pronunciation.[47]
Words such as voices and ended have /ə/ in the second syllable (so /ˈvɔɪsəz,ˈɛndəd/), rather than the /ɪ/ of RP. That does not mean that Geordie has undergone the weak vowel merger because /ɪ/ can still be found in some unstressed syllables in place of the more usual /ə/. An example of that is the second syllable of seven/ˈsɛvɪn/, but it can also be pronounced with a simple schwa /ə/ instead. Certain weak forms also have /ɪ/ instead of /ə/; these include at/ɪt/ (homophonous with strong it), of/ɪv/ (nearly homophonous with if), as/ɪz/ (homophonous with strong is), can/kɪn/ and us/ɪz/ (again, homophonous with strong is).[48]
As in other Northern English dialects, the BATH vowel is short /a/ in Geordie, thus there is no London-style trap–bath split. There are a small number of exceptions to this rule; for instance, half,[42]master, plaster and sometimes also disaster are pronounced with the START vowel /ɒː/.[49]
Some speakers unround START, /ɒː/, to [ɑː].[40] Regardless of the rounding, the difference in backness between /ɒː/ and /a/ is very pronounced, a feature which Geordie shares with RP and some northern and midland cities such as Stoke-on-Trent and Derby, but not with the accents of the middle north.[41]
Older traditional Geordie does not always adhere to the same distributional patterns of vowels found in standard varieties of English. Examples of that include the words no and stone, which may be pronounced [niː] and [stɪən], so with vowels that are best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ and /iə/ phonemes.[40]
The second elements of NEAR and CURE, /iə,uə/, are commonly as open as the typical Geordie realisation of /ə/ ([ɐ]).[46]
The first element of MOUTH, /æʊ/, varies between [æ], [ä] and [ɛ].[38][50] Traditionally, this whole vowel was a high monophthong [uː] (with town being pronounced close to RP toon) and this pronunciation can still be heard, as can a narrower diphthong [əu] (with town being pronounced close to RP tone).[48]
PRICE is /ɛɪ/, but Geordie speakers generally use a less common allophone for certain environments in accordance with the Scottish vowel length rule, [äɪ], which has a longer, lower, and more back onset than the main allophone. Thus [ɛɪ] is used in words such as knife[nɛɪf], whereas [äɪ] is used in knives[näɪvz].[40] For simplicity, both of them are written with ⟨ɛɪ⟩ in this article.
The Geordie dialect shares similarities with other Northern English dialects, as well as with the Scots language (See Rowe 2007, 2009).
Dorfy, real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer.[51][52] In her column for the South Shields Gazette, Samuelson-Sandvid attests many samples of Geordie language usage, such as the nouns bairn ("child")[53] and clarts ("mud");[54] the adjectives canny ("pleasant")[55] and clag ("sticky");[54] and the imperativeverb phrasehoway ("hurry up!"; "come on!")[56]
Howay is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!" or the French "Allez-y!" ("Go on!"). Examples of common use include Howay man!, meaning "come on" or "hurry up", Howay the lads! as a term of encouragement for a sports team for example (the players' tunnel at St James' Park has this phrase just above the entrance to the pitch), or Ho'way!? (with stress on the second syllable) expressing incredulity or disbelief.[57] The literal opposite of this phrase is haddaway ("go away"); although not as common as howay, it is perhaps most commonly used in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.').[58]
Another word, divvie or divvy ("idiot"), seems to come from the Co-op dividend,[59] or from the two Davy lamps (the more explosive Scotch Davy[60] used in 1850, commission disapproved of its use in 1886 (inventor not known, nicknamed Scotch Davy probably given by miners after the Davy lamp was made perhaps by north east miners who used the Stephenson Lamp[28][61]), and the later better designed Davy designed by Humphry Davy also called the Divvy.[62]) As in a north east miner saying 'Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the word divvie then translated to daft lad/lass. Perhaps coming from the fact one would be seen as foolish going down a mine with a Scotch Divvy when there are safer lamps available, like the Geordie, or the Davy.
The Geordie word netty,[63] meaning a toilet and place of need and necessity for relief[63][64][65] or bathroom,[63][64][65] has an uncertain origin.[66] However, some have theorised that it may come from slang used by Roman soldiers on Hadrian's Wall,[67] which may have later become gabinetti in the Romance languageItalian[67] (such as in the Westoe Netty, the subject of a famous painting from Bob Olley[67][68]). However, gabbinetto is the Modern Italian diminutive of gabbia, which actually derives from the Latincavea ("hollow", "cavity", "enclosure"), the root of the loanwords that became the Modern Englishcave,[69]cage,[70] and gaol.[71] Thus, another explanation would be that it comes from a Modern Italian form of the word gabinetti,[66] though only a relatively small number of Italians have migrated to the North of England, mostly during the 19th century.[72]
Some etymologists connect the word netty to the Modern English word needy. John Trotter Brockett, writing in 1829 in his A glossary of north country words...,[65] claims that the etymon of netty (and its related form neddy) is the Modern Englishneedy[73] and need.[74]
Bill Griffiths, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, points to the earlier form, the Old Englishníd; he writes: "MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of his house a knyttyng" York 1419, in which case the root could be OE níd 'necessary'".[64] Another related word, nessy is thought (by Griffiths) to derive from the Modern English "necessary".[64]
A poem called "Yam" narrated by author Douglas Kew demonstrates the usage of a number of Geordie words.[75][76]
^Simpson, David (2009). "Venerable Bede". Retrieved 6 August 2010. Bede's Latin poems seem to translate more successfully into Geordie than into modern day English!
^ abBrockett, John Trotter (1846). A Glossary of North Country Words (revised ed.). Newcastle-upon-Tyne, E. Charnley. p. 187. GEORDIE, George – a very common name among the pitmen. 'How! Geordie man! How is't' The Pitmen have given the name of Geordie to Mr George Stephenson's lamp in contra-distinction of the Davy, or Sir Humphry Davy's Lamp.
^Smiles, Samuel (1862). "chapter 8". The lives of the engineers. Vol. III.
^ abSmiles, Samuel (1859). The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer. Ticknor and Fields. p. 120. As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor.
^Arthur, T. (1875). The Life of Billy Purvis. S. Cowan and Co., Strathmore Printing Works, Perth. p. 82. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
^Orton, Harold; Halliday, Wilfrid J (1962). Survey of English Dialects: Volume 1 Basic Material, Six Northern Counties and Man: Part 1. Leeds: EJ Arnold & Son. pp. 17–18.
^Petyt, Keith Malcolm (1980). The Study of Dialect: An introduction to dialectology. Andre Deutsch. pp. 94–96. ISBN0233972129.
^Docherty, Gerard; Foulkes, Paul Foulkes (2005). "Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: an acoustic profiling study". In Hardcastle, William; Janet Beck (eds.). A Figure of Speech – a Festschrift for John Laver. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 173–199.
^ abcd"Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Wor Geordie taalk is hyemly taalk; an wawds like 'clag' and 'clarts'
^ ab"Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Is canny, friendly, hyemly wawds that waarms aall Geordie hearts.
^ ab"Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. wawds y've nigh forgot – ""Howay!"" ""Gan on!""
^Colls, Robert; Lancaster, Bill; Bryne, David; Carr, Barry; Hadaway, Tom; Knox, Elaine; Plater, Alan; Taylor, Harvey; Williamson; Younger, Paul (2005). Geordies. Northumbria University Press. p. 90. ISBN978-1-904794-12-7. Hadaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'
^IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems). BSI Standards. 2003. p. 10. ISBN978-0-580-41426-8. An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...
^Henderson, Clarks. "NEIMME: Lamps – No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP". Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007. CONSTRUCTION. Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter. 41/2" high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the peak. 24 mesh iron. Light. Candle.
^ abcGraham, Frank (November 1986). The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide. Butler Publishing; New Ed edition. ISBN978-0-946928-08-8.
^ abcdGriffiths, Bill (1 December 2005). A Dictionary of North East Dialect. Northumbria University Press. p. 122. ISBN978-1-904794-16-5. Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. "nessy or netty" Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; "outside netties" Dobson Tyne 1972; 'lavatory' Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N'd. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of hys house knyttyng" York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid 'necessity'. Plus "to go to the Necessary" (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: "lav" Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; "oot back" G'head 2001 Q; "larty – toilet, a children's word, the school larties'" MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory
^ abcTrotter Brockett, John (1829). A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions. Oxford University. p. 214. NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick's Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity.
^ ab"Netty". although some theories suggest it is an abbreviation of Italian gabbinetti, meaning 'toilet'
^ abcWainwright, Martin (4 April 2007). "Urinal finds museum home". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 October 2007. the urinals have linguistic distinction: the Geordie word "netty" for lavatory derives from Roman slang on Hadrian's Wall which became "gabinetto" in Italian
^Saunders, Rod. "Italian Migration to Nineteenth Century Britain: Why and Where, Why?". anglo-italianfhs.org.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2008. They were never in great numbers in the northern cities. For example, the Italian Consul General in Liverpool, in 1891, is quoted as saying that the majority of the 80–100 Italians in the city were organ grinders and street sellers of ice-cream and plaster statues. And that the 500–600 Italians in Manchester included mostly Terrazzo specialists, plasterers and modellers working on the prestigious, new town hall. While in Sheffield 100–150 Italians made cutlery.
^ ab"Here's a word from Dorfy". South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Thor's music in the hyemly soond o' 'howk,' or 'haadaway.'
Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, ISBN3-11-017532-0
Colls, Robert; Lancaster, Bill (1992), Geordies: roots of regionalism (2nd ed.), Newcastle upon Tyne : Northumbria University Press, ISBN978-1904794127
Di Martino, Emilia (2019), Celebrity Accents and Public Identity Construction. Geordie Stylizations, Routledge, ISBN978-1000022407
Rowe, Charley (2007), "He divn't gan tiv a college ti di that, man! A study of do (and to) in Tyneside English", Language Sciences, 12 (2): 360–371, doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.013
Rowe, Charley (2009), Salience and resilience in a set of Tyneside English shibboleths, Language Variation: European Perspectives II, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 191–204
Simmelbauer, Andrea (2000), The dialect of Northumberland: A lexical investigation, Anglistische Forschungen, Universitätsverlag C. Winter, ISBN978-3825309343
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Sounds Familiar?Archived 27 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine—Listen to examples of Geordie and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
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Coordinate: 43°30′S 170°30′E / 43.5°S 170.5°E-43.5; 170.5 Alpi meridionaliLa catena montuosa delle Alpi meridionali vista dal satellite in quest'immagine dell'Isola del SudContinenteOceania Stati Nuova Zelanda Cima più elevataMonte Cook (3.754 m s.l.m.) Le Alpi meridionali sono una catena montuosa che si sviluppa lungo la costa occidentale dell'Isola del Sud, in Nuova Zelanda. Il nome si applica generalmente all'intero sistema montuoso, benché sia a sua v…
First human inhabitants of the Caribbean At the time of first contact between Europe and the Americas, the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean included the Taíno of the northern Lesser Antilles, most of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas, the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles, the Ciguayo and Macorix of parts of Hispaniola, and the Guanahatabey of western Cuba. The Kalinago have maintained an identity as an indigenous people, with a reserved territory in Dominica. Introduction Burning of Hatuey…
Keuskupan Agung UdineArchidioecesis UtinensisKatolik Katedral UdineLokasiNegaraItaliaProvinsi gerejawiUdineStatistikLuas4.500 km2 (1.700 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2010)505.018484,898 (96%)Paroki374InformasiDenominasiGereja KatolikRitusRitus RomaPendirian6 Juli 1751KatedralCattedrale Metropolitana di S. Maria AnnunziataKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskup AgungAndrea Bruno MazzocatoEmeritusPietro BrolloPetaSitus webudine.chiesacattolica.it Keuskupan Agu…
Babi gembol Phacochoerus Phacochoerus africanus di NamibiaTaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoArtiodactylaFamiliSuidaeGenusPhacochoerus F.Cuvier, 1826 Tipe taksonomiAper aethiopicus Tata namaSinonim taksonAper Pallas, 1766 (en) Gender of a scientific name of a genus (en)maskulin Spesies Phacochoerus africanus Phacochoerus aethiopicus lbs Phacochoerus adalah suatu genus dalam famili Suidae, umumnya dikenal dengan nama warthog, babi kutil afrika atau babi gembol.[1] Mere…
Julung-julung (Ippang, 2023)Rentang fosil: Eocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Julung-julung Hemiramphus brasiliensis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Beloniformes Subordo: Belonoidei Superfamili: Exocoetoidea Famili: HemiramphidaeGill, 1859 Anaksuku dan Marga Hemiramphinae Gill, 1859 Arrhamphus Chriodorus Euleptorhamphus Hemiramphus Hyporhamphus Melapedalion &#…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Aneflus zilchi Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Aneflus Spesies: Aneflus zilchi Aneflus zilchi adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Sp…
Jacq pada tahun 2013 Christian Jacq (bahasa Prancis: [ʒak]; lahir 28 April 1947) merupakan seorang penulis dan ahli Mesir kuno. Ia menulis beberapa novel tentang Mesir Kuno, terutama lima seri buku mengenai firaun Ramses II, karakter yang sangat dikagumi oleh Jacq. Referensi Annette Lévy-Willard, « Christian Jacq, le nouveau pharaon », Libération, 09/05/1996. Françoise Monier, « Christian Jacq: scribe best-seller », L'Express, 03/08/2000. Thiébault Dromard, «&#…
Masjid MenüçehrMenûçihr CamiiAgamaAfiliasiIslam – SunniProvinsiKarsLokasiLokasiAniNegara TurkiArsitekturTipeMasjidGaya arsitekturTurkiDidirikan1072Menara1 Masjid Menüçehr (Turkish: Menûçihr Camiicode: tr is deprecated ) adalah sebuah masjid bersejarah peninggalan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah yang berada di kota Ani, Provinsi Kars, Turki. Masjid ini awalnya dibangun pada tahun 1072, atas perintah Sultan Ebu'l Manuçehr dari etnis Kurdi, Dinasti Shaddadid. Kemudian masjid ini mulai dipugar…
Cricket team This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Ghana women's national cricket team. GhanaGhana flagNickname(s)Black Batters[1]AssociationGhana Cricket AssociationPersonnelCaptainSamson AwiahInternational Cricket CouncilICC statusAssociate member[2] (2017)ICC regionAfricaICC Rankings Current[3] Best-everT20I 65th 28th (2 May 2019)International cricketFirst international Gold Coast v. Lagos Colony (Lagos, 25 May 1904)Twenty20 International…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يوليو 2019) منتخب روسيا لاتحاد الرغبي للسيدات بلد الرياضة روسيا تاريخ التأسيس 11 أبريل 1994 الموقع الرسمي الموقع ال…
Rudal Hellfire bergerak dengan pemandu laser semi aktif. Roket ini dapat ditembakkan dari berbagai pelantar udara, laut dan darat. Rudal dapat mencari target secara mendiri (autonomous), atau sasaran sudah ditentukan dengan penanda remote laser. Hellfire dilengkapi three–axis inertial measurement unit, memungkinkan rudal menyerang sasaran dari samping dan dari sisi belakang. Laser-Guided bombs. Pemandu laser (bahasa Inggris:laser guidance) adalah sebuah teknik sistem pemandu peluru kendali yan…
RaijuaPeta lokasi RaijuaKoordinat10°39′0″LS,121°35′0″BTNegaraIndonesiaGugus kepulauanSunda kecilProvinsiNusa Tenggara TimurKabupatenSabu RaijuaLuas36 km²Populasi- Pulau Raijua adalah sebuah pulau yang terletak di Kecamatan Raijua, Kabupaten Sabu Raijua, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. Luas Pulau Raijua adalah 36 km2. Lokasi Pulau Raijua berada di sebelah barat daya Pulau Sawu. Wilayah administratif Pulau Raijua masuk dalam wilayah administratif Kabupaten Sabu Raijua.[…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. SMA Islam Teratai Putih Global BekasiInformasiDidirikan2004JenisSekolah SwastaAkreditasiANomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20231726Jumlah kelas8 Kelas RegulerJurusan atau peminatanIPA, IPSRentang kelasX IPA, X IPS, XI IPA, XI IPS, XII IPA, XII IPSKurikulu…
Jalan Tol Soreang-Pasirkoja (Soroja)Informasi ruteDikelola oleh PT Citra Marga Lintas Jabar (Citra Marga Nusaphala Persada)Panjang:10.55 km (6,56 mi)Berdiri:4 Desember 2017; 6 tahun lalu (2017-12-04) – sekarangPersimpangan besarJalan sabuk sekitar BandungDari: Jalan Tol Padalarang-Cileunyi Simpang Susun PasirkojaSimpang Susun Marga AsihSimpang Susun KatapangRamp SoreangKe:SoreangLetakKota besar:Kota BandungBandungSistem jalan bebas hambatan Sistem Jalan di Indonesia Jalan Tol Jal…
Form of earthbag construction This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as Portions written in second-person like and instruction manual, article seems to veer into advocacy for this method. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2010) Cal-Earth polypropylene tubes (sandbags) being used to construct domed structures Superadobe Construction Superadobe is a form of earthbag construction that was developed by Iranian architect Nader …
Town and island in the Chesapeake Bay, United States This article is about the town in the US state of Virginia. For the city in Morocco which the town is named after, see Tangier. For other uses, see Tangier (disambiguation). Tangier Island, VirginiaTownTangier Combined School and the Tangier water tower, two landmarks on the island FlagTangierShow map of VirginiaTangierShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°49′33″N 75°59′32″W / 37.82583°N 75.99222°W / …
Il existe un autre John Hobson, politicien anglais du XXe siècle John Atkinson HobsonBiographieNaissance 6 juillet 1858DerbyDécès 1er avril 1940 (à 81 ans)HampsteadNationalité britanniqueFormation Lincoln CollegeÉcole de Derby (en)Activités Économiste, homme politiqueAutres informationsA travaillé pour London School of EconomicsParti politique Parti travailliste indépendantMembre de Union of Democratic Control (en)Rainbow CircleInfluencé par Henry George, Henry Hyndman, Albe…
