In the first step, borane (BH3) adds to the double bond, transferring one of the hydrogen atoms to the carbon adjacent to the one that becomes bonded to the boron. This hydroboration is repeated two additional times, successively reacting each B–H bond so that three alkenes add to each BH3. The resulting trialkylborane is treated with hydrogen peroxide in the second step. This process replaces the B-C bonds with HO-C bonds. The boron reagent is converted to boric acid. The reaction was originally described by H.C. Brown in 1957 for the conversion of 1-hexene into 1-hexanol.[3]
Hexanol synthesis
Knowing that the group containing the boron will be replaced by a hydroxyl group, it can be seen that the initial hydroboration step determines the regioselectivity. Hydroboration proceeds in an anti-Markovnikov manner. The reaction sequence is also stereospecific, giving syn addition (on the same face of the alkene): the hydroboration is syn-selective and the oxidation replaces the boron with hydroxyl having the same geometric position. Thus 1-methylcyclopentene reacts with diborane predominantly to give trans-1-hydroxy-2-methylcyclopentane[4]—the newly added H and OH are cis to each other.
Until all hydrogens attached to boron have been transferred away, the boron group BH2 will continue adding to more alkenes. This means that one mole of hydroborane will undergo the reaction with three moles of alkene. Furthermore, it is not necessary for the hydroborane to have more than one hydrogen. For example, reagents of the type R2BH are commonly used, where R can represents the remainder of the molecule. Such modified hydroboration reagents include 9-BBN, catecholborane, and disiamylborane.
Oxidation step
In the second step of the reaction sequence, the nucleophilic hydroperoxideanion attacks the boron atom. Alkyl migration to oxygen gives the alkyl borane with retention of stereochemistry (in reality, the reaction occurs via the trialkyl borate B(OR)3, rather than the monoalkyl borinic ester BH2OR).
Hydroboration–oxidation mechanism
The 'H' atom in the reaction comes from B2H6, the 'O' atom comes from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) whereas the O attached 'H' atom comes from the solvent (refer mechanism).
Alkyne hydroboration
A hydroboration reaction also takes place on alkynes. Again the mode of action is syn and secondary reaction products are aldehydes from terminal alkynes and ketones from internal alkynes. In order to prevent hydroboration across both the pi-bonds, a bulky borane like disiamyl (di-sec-iso-amyl) borane is used.[5]
Hydroboration–oxidation of terminal alkyne
Alternative oxidations
Use of other oxidants instead of hydrogen peroxide can lead to carbonyl products rather than alcohols from alkenes. N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide with catalytic tetrapropylammonium perruthenate converts the alkylborane into a carbonyl, thus a ketone or aldehyde product depending on what other groups were attached to that carbon in the original alkene.[6] Various dichromates or related chromium(VI) reagents give ketones as well, but give carboxylic acids instead of aldehydes for terminal alkenes.[7]
Other oxidation substrates
Aside from boranes, the oxidation of silanes and disilanes can also yield hydroxy groups. A major difference is that while silyl groups like the phenyldimethylsilyl group are converted to the hydroxy group after acid or other electrophile treatment followed by oxidation by hydrogen peroxide, disilanyl groups are converted after TBAF treatment followed by peroxide oxidation. This allows for selective oxidation of either group.[8]
References
^Marc G. Loudon (2002). "Addition Reactions of Alkenes". Organic Chemistry (fourth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 168–172. ISBN0-19-511999-1.
^Brown, H. C.; Zweifel, G. (1959). "A Sterepspecific Cis Hydration of the Double Bond in Cyclic Derivatives". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81: 247. doi:10.1021/ja01510a059.
^Brown, H.; Rao, B. C. (1957). "Communications – Selective Conversion of Olefins into Organoboranes Through Competitive Hydroboration, Isomerization and Displacement Reactions". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 22 (9): 1137. doi:10.1021/jo01360a626.
^Hawthorne, M. F. (1961). "Amine Boranes. VIII. The Hydroboration of Terminal Olefins, Dienes and Terminal Acetylenes with Trimethylamine t-Butylborane". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 83 (11): 2541–2544. doi:10.1021/ja01472a027.
^Brown, H. C.; Gupta, S. K. (1972). "Catecholborane (1,3,2-benzodioxaorole) as a new, general monohydroboration reagent for alkynes. Convenient synthesis of alkeneboronic esters and acids from alkynes via hydroboration". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 94 (12): 4370. doi:10.1021/ja00767a072.
^Yates, Matthew H. (1997). "One-pot conversion of olefins to carbonyl compounds by hydroboration / NMO–TPAP oxidation". Tetrahedron Lett. 38: 2813–2816. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(97)00476-0.
^Brown, Herbert C.; Kulkarni, Shekhar V.; Khanna, Vijay V.; Patil, Virendra D.; Racherla, Uday S. (1992). "Organoboranes for Synthesis. 14. Convenient Procedures for the Direct Oxidation of Organoboranes from Terminal Alkenes to Carboxylic Acids". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 57 (23): 6173–6177. doi:10.1021/jo00049a024.
